Modern Sport

The tremendous scientific progress in various fields of life is one of the hallmarks of the current era, as this age thrives within a fabric of integrated science. Such progress is a measure of the advancement and refinement of nations. Youth play a pivotal role in society, being the creative energy and the future leaders who bear the significant responsibility of societal development and progress. Students, in particular, are instrumental in driving economic, technological, and educational advancements within society. Therefore, nurturing this demographic is the highest priority for any educational system aiming to elevate, advance, and foster social, cultural, and economic growth.

Teacher training institutes are among the vital educational institutions that accommodate students during a critical stage of their development. This phase is marked by the student standing at a crossroads between late adolescence and early adulthood, experiencing a state of uncertainty and hesitation about their role in the adult world. At times, they are treated as children, while at other times, they are regarded as young adults. While striving for independence from adolescent groups and everything associated with that stage, they simultaneously seek to belong to adult groups. However, these groups often do not acknowledge their inclusion, viewing them with indifference or discomfort. As a result, they find themselves without a genuine affiliation with either group.

From the perspective of **Lewin’s Field Theory**, this stage can be described as a period of shifting group affiliation. After being perceived by adults as adolescents, young individuals begin to see themselves as adults deserving of adult-like treatment. This sudden shift in group belonging—from adolescents to adults—represents an abrupt transition to a new, unfamiliar stage for which they have not been adequately prepared, particularly in terms of cognitive readiness.

Scientific progress, which has spanned many fields, has also impacted the field of physical education due to its connection with other sciences, such as anatomy, kinesiology, and sports physiology. This has been achieved through the use of the best scientific methods and principles derived from experiments and research in the integrated preparation of athletes. Since sports training is what leads to reaching higher levels, it requires comprehensive preparation in all skill, tactical, physical, psychological, and educational aspects, which coaches must consider and focus on due to their interconnection.

Volleyball is a team sport that requires a high level of skill and physical ability, as well as scientifically programmed training to achieve high performance. Therefore, it is a competitive sport, but it is also one that can be played for fun and recreation during leisure time.

The preparation of the setter is one of the most important requirements in volleyball because the integration and connection of basic skills lead to the enhancement of the player's level and team performance. On the other hand, a weakness in skill performance negatively impacts the player individually and the team as a whole. Therefore, specialized preparation for the game is of great importance in the athlete's training process. This preparation is developed through learning and practicing skills and tactics in a way that is interconnected with specific physical conditioning. Hence, attention must be paid to skill development as it is the means to reach the highest levels and achieve the best results. It is one of the tools that allows the team to achieve success, as it forms the foundation for both offensive and defensive strategies against the opposing team.

**Research Abstract**

Higher education represents a critical phase in preparing students, carrying essential responsibilities to meet their needs, aspirations, and desires while simultaneously equipping them to address societal demands and developmental planning requirements. As part of its functions and its position at the pinnacle of the educational ladder, aligned with the state's educational philosophy, higher education plays a balanced educational and social role, preparing students to integrate into professional life according to their aptitudes and abilities.

The significance of this research lies in evaluating all components of a well-structured curriculum, including its content, objectives, teaching methods, accompanying educational activities, and instructional materials. This evaluation aims to enhance and modernize the curriculum to meet the requirements of contemporary society.

The problem addressed in this research involves evaluating the teaching methods curriculum in physical education colleges in Iraq, assessing its adequacy concerning time constraints, objectives, content, instructional aids, and accompanying activities, as well as teaching methodologies. The study aims to evaluate the teaching methods curriculum for third-year students in physical education colleges across Iraq.

**Research Scope:**
The study targeted instructors of teaching methods in physical education colleges at Iraqi universities during the period from December 1, 2005, to March 1, 2006.

The researchers utilized the survey method, which is suitable for addressing the research problem. The study population consisted of 45 instructors of teaching methods in physical education colleges in Iraq, selected intentionally.

After preparing the final version of the questionnaire designed to evaluate the teaching methods curriculum, it was distributed to the instructors at the physical education colleges. The collected data were analyzed statistically using the SPSS software.

**Findings:**
1. There is a strong correlation between the content of the teaching methods curriculum and other sciences. The curriculum enhances students' knowledge of the subject, develops their hobbies, stimulates scientific thinking, and provides opportunities for self-learning. This is attributed to the curriculum's inclusion of ideas, facts, concepts, principles, fundamental applications, exercises, and questions at the end of each chapter that foster scientific thinking. Additionally, the curriculum content encourages creativity, report writing, research, and the formulation of educational and training plans, while promoting scientific thinking to solve problems.
2. There is no significant correlation between the content of the teaching methods curriculum and reinforcing students' belief in the principles and objectives of the state's philosophy for building individuals and society. Furthermore, the textbook (the theoretical aspect) is not presented in an attractive manner for students, and typographical errors were found in the teaching methods textbook.
3. Instructors do not use threats of failure as a method to pressure students.

**Recommendations:**
The researchers recommend introducing students to ways of preserving the environment, which is not adequately addressed in the teaching methods curriculum. The theoretical content of the textbook should be presented in an appealing format for students, and typographical errors in the textbook should be corrected. Additionally, emphasis should be placed on equipping laboratories with modern, appropriate instructional aids that align with the curriculum.

In competitive sports that involve physical contact and the pursuit of scoring goals, both defense and offense hold equal importance in achieving victory. Specialists even emphasize that a team with players excelling in defensive skills enhances the quality and appeal of the game. Unfortunately, defensive actions are not followed by spectators with the same enthusiasm, and players often regard the defensive zone as a resting area after intense offensive efforts. Furthermore, if a defender feels that committing a mistake—whether obvious or subtle—will not result in strict penalties, they are less likely to exert effort in training to master defensive skills. This is especially true since such training requires significant physical, mental, and psychological effort and is often monotonous, as it is typically performed without the ball.

All these factors have led to a lack of focus on defensive training, particularly in mastering the fundamental skills of individual defenders. This has resulted in a noticeable weakness among players in this area, prompting the researcher to examine the current state of these skills among defenders in the Iraqi league. The study involves analyzing the positive and negative defensive performances of individual defenders to provide a comprehensive assessment of their capabilities. This analysis will undoubtedly contribute significantly to identifying weaknesses and enabling coaches to address them effectively.

The methods and tools used in learning and training for individuals with disabilities have advanced significantly in general, but they have diversified and evolved even more in the field of intellectual disabilities, including those with Down syndrome.

Since motor activities are among the most important tools for developing this group of individuals, story-based motor activities have a profound impact on enhancing basic skills and movements, particularly for individuals with intellectual disabilities at an early age.

Sports activities serve as a crucial factor in the education and training process, promoting greater development. This is especially true when a program incorporates games and story-based motor activities, using colorful, varied tools of different sizes and shapes, in spacious areas, and under the supervision of specialists in sports training for individuals with disabilities. This highlights the importance of the research.

Abstract

The aim of this study is knowing the grades of attribution and psychological skills of advanced fencing players in Baghdad and also to know the relationship between the psychological skills and attribution of advanced fencing players in Baghdad .
The searcher uses the descriptive program by survey. The sample of the research are advanced fencing players in Baghdad whose number are(12) players from police club, army club and al-sallam club
The researcher concludes that:
1. there is difference in attribution and psychological skills levels in fencing players.
2. there is a signify-cant association between the psychological skills and sport attribution as the following:
a- between the mental preparation skill and inter attribution
b- between the self confidence skill and inter attribution
3. there is no significant association between psychological skills (worry and concentration) and attribution
the researcher recommends with the following :
1. giving important to training the psycho skills of players will help in developing these skills in order to face the psychological pressure faced by the players.
2. giving important continuously to psycho tests in addition to skill and physical tests in order to reach the best level.

**Abstract**
Through the researcher’s observation of gymnastics team performances, a deficiency in certain kinematic variables was noted during the execution of the front handspring skill on the floor exercise mat. As a preparatory movement, mastering this skill contributes significantly to the integration of acrobatic movements. Thus, the researcher designed a set of exercises using body mechanics to improve these variables.

Consulting experts in the field confirmed that these exercises align with the nature of the problem. Undoubtedly, identifying the issue and addressing it with advanced methods will enhance the skill performance level of the athletes.

The research aimed to:
- Examine the effect of certain exercises on improving selected kinematic variables and the performance level of the front handspring skill.

The researcher hypothesized:
- There are statistically significant differences in the development of selected kinematic variables using body mechanics exercises between the pre- and post-tests in favor of the experimental group.

The experimental method was employed on a sample of four gymnastics players aged 10–12 years. Pre-test filming was conducted to extract the selected kinematic variables before starting the program, which included the proposed exercises and lasted for eight weeks. After completing the program, post-test filming was conducted, and the results were analyzed using appropriate statistical methods to evaluate the level of improvement achieved through the exercises.

The researcher concluded several findings, including:
- Significant statistical differences were observed between the pre- and post-test results in the variables of hip joint angle, knee joint angle, shoulder joint angle, trunk inclination angle, and hip joint height at the moment of takeoff.

**The Role of Referees in Modern Football: An Analysis of Physical and Functional Preparedness**

Football is one of the most popular sports globally, garnering significant attention due to its role in enhancing physical fitness and its positive impact on players' biological variables. In recent years, football has seen tremendous advancements in performance levels among teams worldwide. Undoubtedly, this development in football stems from the integration of science into sports training.

The modern era is characterized by continuous competition among individuals and nations to achieve advancements across all fields, including sports. Consequently, many countries prioritize this domain by leveraging scientific progress derived from advanced research. Football, in particular, has exemplified the merger of science with practical and theoretical applications. Acquiring knowledge that explains the functional changes resulting from various physical loads aids in understanding the physiological principles underlying these developments and the nature of athletic form. Therefore, it becomes crucial to comprehend the nature of changes as athletes reach peak performance levels (6:213).

Decision-making is the primary duty of referees, as their decisions ultimately determine a team's standing within the competition framework. The referee’s role is pivotal in evaluating the efforts of coaches, administrators, and players during matches within the framework of the rules. Since referees make decisions at every moment of a game, their effectiveness is fundamentally tied to their abilities (48:7).

Football, as a team sport, is characterized by its fast-paced rhythm and continuous maneuvers between defense, midfield, and attack throughout both halves of the game. Consequently, referees face substantial responsibilities, including constant monitoring, observing player movements, positioning themselves strategically on the field, and adhering to the rules. This role requires referees to possess specific attributes that enable them to handle such critical responsibilities, especially during matches.

Given the varied physical demands placed on referees, developing their functional and physical capabilities is essential. These demands reflect the unpredictable and diverse intensities required during a match, necessitating high levels of effort at unexpected intervals. Referees often rely heavily on anaerobic energy systems due to rapid sprints and sudden directional changes (14:31).

To achieve the highest level of efficiency in officiating, referees must undergo comprehensive preparation that addresses functional, physical, mental, and psychological aspects, aligned with football's demands. Several factors contribute to this need, including the nature of play, the 90-minute match duration, the large field size, and the increasing pressures on referees (51:2).

Achieving high levels of performance for referees requires fulfilling essential physiological and physical criteria due to their direct connection to sports performance. Physiological measurements are a critical domain for assessing and enhancing referees’ performance. Metrics such as heart rate, vital capacity, and maximum oxygen consumption reflect the functional efficiency of the body’s vital systems (52:4).

Furthermore, high physical fitness levels are among the most critical factors for improving referees' performance. Exceptional refereeing demands a high degree of physical fitness, as a physically fit referee can meet the demands of managing matches with exceptional efficiency.

**The Impact of Sports Information Processing Between Academic Excellence and Sports Practice on Performance and Learning of Solo Movements**

Over the past decades, the scientific arena has been filled with numerous hypotheses and theories that approach research as a means to find solutions and explanations. Even if they cannot be fully relied upon, these hypotheses and theories often serve as a reference for analyzing and interpreting material and non-material scientific phenomena. Among the phenomena studied, theoretical and practical human learning processes have been at the forefront.

One of the most important and widely accepted hypotheses in this regard is the interpretation of learning as a result of an individual’s interaction with their surrounding environment, composed of both living and non-living elements. This environment, rich in information and knowledge, provides the individual with both necessary and unnecessary inputs. Based on this, the idea emerged that the human being is a processor of information (Humans are Processors of Information) (89.9: 24.10).

Individuals receive information as stimuli from their environment through various sensory channels (e.g., vision, hearing, etc.) in the form of inputs (Input Information). Through memory (Memory), these inputs undergo processes such as collection, classification, and separation of relevant from irrelevant information, followed by encoding (Coding) for storage until they are retrieved or recalled when needed. These outputs often manifest as behaviors, typically accompanied by movement.

However, due to several factors—genetic, congenital, life experiences, or social influences—individuals vary in their mental and motor abilities as well as in their inclinations and tendencies. This variability ultimately impacts their life goals. According to certain scientific indicators, such as academic achievement levels, some individuals can be described as having greater mental or cognitive abilities than others. Conversely, some individuals exhibit superior motor abilities or specific tendencies compared to others. Consequently, individuals may differ in their ability to process incoming information based on their mental or motor abilities or even their inclinations and tendencies.

This raises critical questions for the researcher, including: Are individuals who excel academically, as indicated by high academic achievement, always better at processing diverse and complex information than those with lower academic performance? Or, are individuals with specific inclinations, tendencies, or motor abilities always better at processing information relevant to their expertise, even if they do not achieve high academic excellence?

This research aims to address these questions by conducting a comparative study between two groups. The first group is characterized by academic excellence (based on the general annual average for high school education), but exhibits low motor skills and lacks prior sports practice. The second group is characterized by high motor abilities and prior sports practice, but has average or below-average academic performance (according to the same indicator). The comparison aims to study the ability of both groups to process sports-related information and its impact on the performance and learning of specific solo movements.

**The Contemporary Sports Revolution and Its Impact on Wrestling Performance**

In the contemporary world, we have witnessed a true revolution in the field of sports, marked by achievements and championships in arenas and halls worldwide. Countries now fiercely compete to host these championships, prepare their athletes, and allocate substantial financial resources to achieve these objectives. Theoretical research, studies, and laboratory-based sports science have played a pivotal role in this development.

Training has become the focal point for specialists and researchers in sports, forming the foundation of athletic achievement. Effective organization and execution of training programs are critical to crafting victories and champions.

Wrestling, as a competitive sport with diverse skills and tactical approaches, necessitates the successful structuring of training units. This includes focusing on physical, technical, tactical, and psychological development. Wrestling is noted for its ability to promote balanced physical growth and equip its practitioners with the capability to utilize all muscles and body systems efficiently.

The emphasis on muscular endurance (strength endurance) is particularly critical for outstanding wrestlers, serving as the key element to enhancing their performance. A wrestler with high muscular endurance can transform defeat into victory during the final moments of a match. Maintaining a high level of endurance enables wrestlers to successfully execute all technical skills under varying conditions until the end of the competition.

The significance of this research lies in shedding light on the importance of endurance, proposing a methodology for its development, and examining its impact on the execution of wrestling techniques.

### 1.2 Research Problem:
The evolution of competition levels in wrestling has compelled specialists and coaches to explore innovative training methods and address issues affecting the training process. Through the researcher’s experience and close observation of the sport, it has been noted that the performance of technical skills often declines as the match progresses. This leads to the failure of many holds and techniques during the final moments of competition.

The researcher attributes this decline to several factors, foremost among them being the weakness in muscular endurance (strength endurance). Thus, the research problem arises from this observation, prompting the researcher to address it and propose appropriate solutions.

ABSTRACT
The research include five chapters, chapter one consisted the introduction the importance of the study to center on packaging environmental learning, motivation in learning and center on all things new in this research (dexterity surroudings and achievement surroudings, The problem of research to center on scanty of attention by providing the special learning surroundings to raising learning effective, In this study using experimental research at the design of two experimentals groups, and to apply two learning curriculums in third chapter, After treating data and results, analysis and discussion using the statistical method to explain the results. Chapter five conclusions and recommendation of the research, The dexterity surroudings and achievement surroudings its the better in learning, But the dexterity surroudings the best in learning .

The research is aimed at analyzing the Olympic records for women in the triple jump competition scientifically through the historic context since including it within the program of the track and field competitions pertaining the Olympic games represented in Atlanta round in the year 1996a.d up to Athena round in the year 2004a.d in order to provide a pace of full perception and awareness in the role of women in the sport and Olympic movement , and the necessity of looking at the their present reality through the Olympic history in order to prove their presence and abilities in participating in the Olympic games and attaining records similar as the men . the researcher depended on Arab and foreign references and obtaining the special documentations pertaining the Olympic records registered in the Olympic rounds in the triple jump competition from the archive website of the international Olympic committee organization available at the internet of the international informatics .
Of the most important results researched to was that the best level of the Olympic record in the triple jump competition was in Atlanta round in the year 1996a.d in spite of being considered the first round in which the triple jump competition for women was introduced .
The development of the record level for woman in the triple jump competition depends in the most important variables affecting in the technique which reaching to high speed of rising and flight in addition to reaching to a suitable blight angle together with the economical division of the exerted force on the three jumps positively and in what achieves maximum rising for the level of the distance the development of women rivalry and their participation in the track and field competitions in general and the triple jump in particular in the Olympic rounds is an indication that women become having clear pattern of the stray sport personality .
And women are no more resembling women , together with the increased conviction in societies in the enjoyment of women in abilities that enables them to compete , straggle and break Olympic accords in what is comparable with the ability of the other sex of men.
As for the most important recommendation , it is the necessity to increase the awareness and perception in the role of women and having belief in there abilities to face the challenges in sports competitions, and opining the way for them to practice sports with out obstacles and give them the opportunity to be included in the leading positions of the women sports movement and the participation in the training and refereeing process . the necessity of observing the selection of the youth in the triple jump competition together with being guided by the training methods and the variables participating in the second level which recult in positive results concluded from the descriptive and experiential researches and studies .

**Abstract**
At the beginning of the academic year 2006-2007, Al-Mustansiriyah University established the College of Physical Education, preparing its curriculum according to the objectives behind its establishment. The curriculum included both practical and theoretical subjects. This prompted the researcher to study the effect of practical achievement gained from practical lessons on certain components of physical fitness, with the aim of modifying and enhancing the adopted work plans for their final implementation. Practical skill achievement, like any dependent variable, is influenced by the student’s possession of various abilities, such as physical fitness and physical capabilities. These abilities interact to produce high skill performance and achievement in any sports activity.

Physical fitness derives its importance from being one of the components of comprehensive fitness, which qualifies an individual to live a balanced life. This requires the individual to be physically, mentally, and psychologically prepared. Physical fitness is significant due to its connection with daily life requirements and sports activity participation.

The study at the College of Physical Education combines theoretical and practical learning, with practical components constituting a significant portion of the academic curriculum for sports activities delivered to students over four years. This uniqueness imposes various competitive behaviors and demands, particularly during practical lessons. Among these requirements, physical fitness stands out as essential for students to pass skill-based courses in this college.

Any well-planned program must undergo experimentation and scientific research to assess the changes it induces, whether positive or negative. This helps in understanding the true dimensions of the curriculum.

The research problem lies in the observation that the primary focus of practical lessons is skill learning, often neglecting the physical aspect, as the core goal of the lesson is skill acquisition.

The researcher employed an experimental method on a sample of 37 first-year students during the 2006-2007 academic year. Pre-tests were conducted, followed by the implementation of practical lessons according to the college’s prepared curriculum over a span of 22 weeks. Post-tests were then conducted, and the results were statistically analyzed using the (T-test).

The researcher concluded that practical achievement plays a vital role in developing certain physical fitness components among first-year students. The researcher recommends incorporating physical exercises into practical lessons to enhance students’ fitness, as this contributes significantly to the practical aspect of their education.

Research consisted of five section s so as contains:-
Title :- ( effect of a proposed training curriculum for developed of the explosive
Power of the arms and legs muscles and improve the powers of)
Part one: included:-
1- introduction of the research :- through improve in recent times in the forms andLevels of physical training by many experts and training, which require research And modern means of new and advanced in physical training and skills for the Purpose of upgrading the level of the best athletes.
2- research problem :- investigators found that a training program proposed for the Young players to develop some physical and functional capacities.
3- research objectives :- identify the explosive power of the arms and legs muscles and anaerobic capacity to sample and identify research on the impact of the proposed training curriculum
4- research assumptions :- there are statistically significant differences between tribal and addition of sample search capabilities in explosive and anaerobic between experimental and the control groups for the benefit of the tests in additionto learning that there is statistically significant difference in tests addition group for the benefit of addition a sample search
5- research area :- human area : (12 ) player , the optional area : - sports hall at the university of sulaymaniyah , and temporal area
part two :included theoretical studies , and similar amounts to some sources
part three : included :-
research methodology :- has been chosen pilot curriculum – sample search – a sample search – and homogeneity – and sample – and the means and instruments used to collect date -and action research – and experience reconnaissance-and statistical means .
section IV : included presentation of results , analysis and discussion
part v : included research findings were to;
• of training program prepared a clear impact in raising the physical abilities of explosive power of the muscles , arms and legs physiological capacity in the amount of wind capacity of young ball players aircraft .
• through exercises designed to test muscle lifting capacity of the arms and legs raises the pole
Recommendations:
• investigators recommended a variety of other research by some researchers inThe area of volleyball to improve this game
• investigators recommended a variety of other training programmers for theDevelopment of physical abilities and other diver and skill in volleyball finally sources and references used in the search

One of the primary concerns of teachers and coaches is to teach, master, and develop sports skills within designated and sequential educational units throughout the season, focusing on a specific unit through repeated attempts and practice. To achieve better learning outcomes, it is essential to have numerous practice attempts. The impact of practice lies in the complete execution or achievement of a particular task or duty. Since training for learning purposes involves employing, adapting, and allocating effort and time, various methods of learning and performing exercises have emerged.

Therefore, researchers and specialists continuously strive to find alternative and diverse teaching methods to achieve effective learning and accelerate the process. Progress in motor learning is closely linked to using methods that assist in learning and mastering sports activities, particularly handball.

Based on this premise, the importance of this research lies in selecting and employing teaching methods that can facilitate students in achieving their goals, such as distributed and massed practice methods. These methods differ based on rest intervals between exercises, with distributed practice incorporating rest periods between repetitions and massed practice involving no rest periods. Furthermore, the significance of this research extends to understanding educational methods and their impact on physical and skill-related variables.

Research Summary
Started recently and administration functions take great importance in all spheres of life this is one organization entrances for the Advancement of activity Scout school.
This prompted the researcher to conduct a study dealing with the reality Scout organization of work and school for secondary schools suffer from basic problems and target research: --
Identification of organizational problems experienced by school teams scout.
Researcher curriculum used descriptive style swabs to suit the nature of the study, a sample search hits (20) School Educational sports of the Directorate General of Educational Baghdad Karkh was the first to address the results of statistical means to determine the appropriate level of organization of work through the school Scout form questionnaire prepared by the researcher, consisting of four Key hubs in the organization of work Scout school.
Researcher concluded: --
• weakness of the field visits between secondary schools.
• Irregular schedules meeting (Party - the honor - the Governing Council Party).
• Leaders lack of (physical education teachers, to guide or brochure includes vocabulary Scout organization of school work).
The researcher recommends: --
• continuous visits by officials of the Directorate of Sports and Scout activity.
• Conduct a study on the qualifications of the scout teams scout leaders