journal of Language Studies

This study aims to clarify the patterns and representations of syntactic structure. It is also to show the inflectional aspects, if any, and clarify the Quranic and semantic context for each of the verses of affirmation and negation. In addition, it is to state the significance of the Quranic evidence in Surat Hud (peace be upon him). The research is consisted of a preface and two sections of an applied study, the first section discusses the affirmation of the nominal and verbal sentence, as an applied study, and the second section touches upon the negation, as an applied study. The study is summed up with conclusion, results and list of references
Keywords: syntactic structure, Quranic evidence, semantic context

This is an analytical research that works on fictional material by the storyteller Ghaleb Al-Muttalabi. He uses the romantic doctrine as his method of study, consideration, and conclusion. The research dealt with the most important topics that appeared in the stories of “Absent Things,” which are death, birth, and dreaming. The research explains how the storyteller employed these topics in an artistic way that blended It contains reality with imagination, presence with absence, and birth with death, with an attempt to find a logical explanation for the reason for employing themes in this way, and to clarify the artistic method drawn by the storyteller to reach the goal and purpose. During the research, an appropriate number of texts were cited to support the point of view, and in conclusion it falls within The romantic direction that closely matches the narrative material.
Keywords: Romanticism, dreaming, death, birth, presence.

The research deals with the study of unique models of prophetic rhetoric, which are the noble prophetic hadiths that consisted of only two words, in Sahih al-Bukhari or Sahih Muslim, or both.
The importance of the research comes from the ability of these hadiths to express comprehensive meanings and inclusive concepts. In spite of being brief in terms of short phrases, and this is achieved thanks to expressive linguistic accuracy, either in the nominal sentence that indicates proof and characterization in a permanent and stable manner, or in the actual sentence if the intended speech is related to a specific intended time, or is related to a request or prohibition, or it is intended to denote a meaning. Renewed with the change of times.
Briefness is one of the most important features of expression in Arabic, and rhetoricians adhered to it, and its presence in the noble Qur’anic sentence and the noble Prophet’s hadith was a credibility for ruling with eloquence and splendor of eloquence.
The research has dealt with the means by which the brevity of these honorable hadiths occurred, by explaining the aspect of brevity in its two types: the brevity of omission and the brevity of shortening, and it appeared by extrapolation that the brevity of shortening is the most present in those hadiths, and it is based on the means of comprehensiveness and linguistic generality, and the manifestations of sufficiency and reduction in the sentence Such as referral, allusions, and the use of words of common denotation over multiple meanings.
The research presented these means by analyzing the pillars of the sentences of these hadiths and it appeared that they are determined in three basic contents: defining the legal ruling, exhortations, commandments, and establishing the initial facts. The Prophet, may God bless him and grant him peace, and the ease of memorization and the firmness of ideas.
Keywords: Prophetic hadith, brevity, significance.

This research took the linguistic and idiomatic definition of accompanying, then referring to the image in which the old writers dealt Jarir is divided into five pictures, the first: with the affairs of linguistic with the poetry of Jarir between the additive and the added to it, and the second: the linguistic with the poetry of Jarir between the wretched and the consequences, and the third: the linguistic companions in the poetry of Jarir between the adjective and the described, and the fourth: the linguistic companions in Jarir's poetry between The verb and name, and the fifth: the study of linguistic affairs in Jarir's poetry between the verb and the preposition, and every image of the foregoing.
Keywords: rhetoric, linguistic accompaniment, Jarir’s poetry

This research is entitled: (The Selections of Ibn Ashor Al-Andalusi (1040 A. H) in the Quranic Drawing – A study to his book "Fatih Al-Manan Al-Morori Bi Mawrid Al-Daman), in which I discussed the introduction of this imam and his book, the sheikhs, and his students, and then I commented on the statement of his selections in the Qur’anic drawing through his book.
The most important results that I reached in this research are that most of his choices in drawing came on deletion and confirmation, as it is the broadest section in Qur’anic drawing.
His selections in drawing were based on foundations that he took care of in choosing, such as relying on counterparts, following the report of the imams of the predecessors, multiple aspects of reading, and others.
Keywords: Selections - Ibn Ashir - Fath Al-Mannan.

Undoubtedly, Characters are of great significance in novels cannot be written without them. The character is classified in several types in the novel, Each of these categories is based on a purpose. Eventually, all these types are reflected in the novel. This study is an attempt to present the types of characters in the novel. This study is an attempt to present the types of characters in the novel using a descriptive analysis method.
Our research consists of two chapters. The first part entitled” concepts of characters in the novel”, an account is given regarding the main terms of the study including “, character, and the types of character in novels”. The second part entitled “the types of characters in the Novel "Nights of Adam" by “Bayan Salman”.
Keywords: types, personality, Novel

Oral communication is one of the most important forms of communication. It is through which the speaker directly delivers the content of the verbal message to the addressee. Usually, the existence of any defect or disorder in the speaker’s vocal cords may result in not delivering the message properly. One of the problems that cause such improper delivery of a verbal message is voice disorders, especially voice hoarseness (Dysphonia). Thus, this paper is entitled (Dysphonia as a Speech Disorder), which refers to the changes occurring in the speaker’s voice that are marked as disorders compared to the normal patterns. Such disorder occurs due to a defect in the elements needed for the process of voice production in a healthy person. This disorder is not confined to a specific age group. It can occur at any age, from childhood onwards, and it may be a temporary or chronic disorder.
Speech disorders and their treatment methods are often approached in the domain of applied linguistics, and dysphonia is one of those voice disorders that have not received ample attention from researchers in general, and speech pathologists in particular, despite the steady increase in the number of cases day after day due to several factors including the noise pollution and crowdedness in cities, and some everyday duties that cause injury, which then can be an effective factor for this disorder to occur.
Hence, this study is determined to introduce the most important modern trends in rehabilitating voice disorders and presenting methods for curing them.
Keywords: voice hoarseness (dysphonia), speech disorders, vocal cords, neurolinguistics.

Dialects and languages in the world are categorized according to various theories and typologies, and morphological theory is one of them. In this study, the development phases of this theory are illustrated, from its founder to the linguists that developed it. This study is a practical effort in which the dialects of Kurdish Language are applied in the shade of the morphological theory with elaborated examples in accordance with both holistic and partial approaches, as the two approaches of the mentioned theory. In addition, this study shows the enrichment of the dialects of Kurdish Language having all types from the holistic approach with dominance of the dialects in one type, and the attractiveness of the dialects from the perspective of gender, for example, from the partial approach.
Key Word : Morphology, Typology, Dialects, Holistic Approach, Partial Approach

Language is an ever-changing entity that is constantly evolving and improving. As new ideas and concepts emerge, new words and terms are required to describe them. To create these new words and terms, language has various methods and techniques at its disposal, including the combination of existing words and concepts. One of the key terms in the process of combining words is "interfix", which is essential in creating many new words and terms.
This research aims to provide an explanation and discussion of the term "interfix" and its function as a method for combining and creating words. The study includes examples of interfixes [و ، ە] (in Kurdish) and their ability to combine words, as well as examples of words that incorporate interfixes. Additionally, the research explores the role of interfixes in morpheme words and their place in morphology.
This study comprises two main parts, in addition to the introduction, conclusion, and bibliography.
Part One of this study includes a discussion of several topics related to morphology, such as independent morphemes, combined morphemes, morphemes of grammar, and morphemes used for word-making, including prefixes, interfixes, and suffixes. The section also provides a definition of interfix, its nature, the way it appears, and how it differs from other similar concepts in terminology and morphology. Additionally, the study explores the distinction between ending (ی) and interfix (ی).
Part Two of this study focuses on interfixes in terminology, with a specific emphasis on (و ، ە) as examples of interfixes.
Key Word : interfixe, combination, combined Words, and Word making.

This paper entitled “Linguistic Impoliteness, and Reputation and Personality in Kurdish Language” mentions a negative aspect of using the Kurdish language through unethical language usage and linguistic impoliteness by the people who have reputations in Kurdish society and use language in a wrong way that cannot correlate with their personality and reputation. This study discusses those speeches and writings that embody impoliteness of language. Then, the methods and means of spreading this phenomenon and its reasons are discussed with the analysis of this phenomenon in the field of sociolinguistics. Later, this phenomenon is indicated in those who have reputations in Kurdish society mentioning its negative impact on the Kurdish official language and the people’s reputations. Eventually, recommendations and solutions for this phenomenon are presented. This study is related to the field of sociolinguistics which is related to applied linguistics, and it is conducted through the method of descriptive analysis.
Keywords: Linguistic Impoliteness, linguistic social taboos, reputation and personality, sociolinguistics, language communication

The current study aims at speculating the notion of persuasion in relation to gender. Persuasion as a technical term is a process of convincing others rationally to change their state of minds in accordance with a specific purpose.
The study hypothesizes that persuasion is a process rather than a state of affairs. Also, it hypothesizes that female speakers are more successful in following the persuasion techniques to convince their audience of their points of view than men. Also, it is hypothesized that women rely more on the mode of pathos than the other three modes; logos, ethos and kairos, while men rely more on the logos mode of persuasion.
The study comes with some conclusions the most important of which is that men use more persuasion techniques than women with the preference of the techniques of evidence, repetition and analogy. Women prefers to use the techniques of inclusion and repletion. It is also found that women rely heavily on the pathos mode of persuasion while men rely on the modes of logos, ethos and kairos. Furthermore, it is found that there is a strong relation between the mode of persuasion the speaker prefers and the techniques followed. Finally, it is found that the technique of repetition is relative to the notion of relativity since it use is successful when it is rational and unsuccessful when used frequently.
Key Word : persuasion, gender, modes, techniques, political discourse.

Each text has standards to be regarded as commumicative. Intertextuality is one of those standards. People in their everyday conversations use intertextuality as a proof to enhance their turns. Intetextuality means using a past (old) text in a present (new) text for the purpose of giving the communicative sense to the new text . The researchers follow Laurent Jenney’s article " Stratigies of forms "( 1980 ) as a model to analyse the chosen texts . They use a qualitative analysis method only which is concerned with the descriptive level of analysis. The current study aims at (i) presenting the concept of intertextuality and examining its forms. (ii) Cheking , to what extent , intertextuality is apllicable and provides a communicative sense to the texts in literary works. The hypotheses of this study are (i) intertextuality can be expressed in both ways implicitly and explicitly. (ii) The three forms (allusion , quotation and parody ) of intertextuality are used repeatedly in spoken or witten texts )iii) the readers’ background knowledge to understand a certain text is essential .
Key Words: Intertextuality, Text , Context , Background Knowledge , Parody , Quotation and allusion .

This paper investigates the quality of two translations of Antony Hope's" Prisoner of Zenda" novel by applying Larson's model. This novel is rendered into Arabic by two translators in different places and times. The model has three significant criteria that can be employed to assess the quality of translated works including "accuracy, clarity and naturalness". They are considered important indicators of translation quality that can be used to assess the translation and assure that they are appropriately employed. To assess the two translations, the researchers apply each criterion to three excerpts taken from the novel and assess their translation and to what extent the source texts are appropriately rendered.
Keywords: Larson Model, criteria, Literary Translation, Assessment, Quality.

The current study is aimed at finding out the correlation between syntactic awareness level of EFL university teachers and students' writing performance. The problem of this study is most of teachers as language teachers do not recognize the importance of syntax in teaching their students . Accordingly, students' problems in writing lie in their lack of understanding the nature , process, and requirements of academic writing . The problems of the current study are best identified by answering the following research question : To what extent can an efficient writing of college students be affected by the level of syntactic awareness of EFL university teachers? The sample of the study consists of (30) teachers from different specializations , and (100) students from fourth year at University of Tikrit , College of Education for Women , English Department. The current study includes three instruments after being validated and approved by a jury of experts. These are: 1) a questionnaire and a diagnostic test are applied to measure teachers' syntactic awareness , and 2) a diagnostic test is used to measure the performance of students in writing. The obtained results have shown that there is a positive correlation between teachers' syntactic awareness and the performance of students in writing . In the light of the obtained results , some conclusions are drawn .
Keywords: Grammatical orientation, correlational relationship.

This study aims at finding out the application of IRF discourse model on EFL University students' in reading comprehension (RC). To achieve the aim of the study, a quasi-experimental nonrandomized control, pretest-posttest design is employed. Two groups are randomly selected from the second class in College of Education for Women during academic year (2021-2022). The sample of the study included (60) students divided into (30) for control and (30) for experiment. The two groups are submitted to the same pretest in RC to ensure equivalence. Then the first group is taught according to of IRF discourse model, whereas the second group is taught according to the conventional method. After achieving the validity of the test, a pilot study is conducted to (30) students of College of Education for Humanity. Then the two groups are subjected to the same achievement post-test in RC. The data are analysed statistically that show that there are statistically significant differences between groups in achievement post-tests of RC, in favour of the experimental group.
Key words: IRF Discourse Model, Reading Comprehension.

Conversation is the most fundamental means we have of interacting with others. Through conversation, people share information, form relationships, solve problems, and accomplish a multitude of everyday goals. Thus, writing and speaking are one of the more traditional aspects of effective communication.
Strategic competence is one of the competencies that contribute in communicative competence. It is the ability to convey information to a listener and correctly interpret information received. It includes the use of communication strategies to solve problems that arise in the process of conveying the information.
Thus, the current study aims to evaluate EFL students' conversational performance in accordance to competence in the written and spoken conversation. In order to accomplish these objectives, the following research questions are formulate: Is there statistical significance in strategic competence as a general dimension between university students' performances at Tikrit and Samarra universities? Is there statistical significance among Iraqi EFL university students' conversational performances in strategic competence at both spoken and written levels? To achieve these research questions, the following aims are posed: Identify and compare influences of strategic competence on Iraqi EFL university students' conversational performance between two universities (Tikrit and Samarra). Moreover, Identify and compare strategic competence levels in spoken and written acts between the two universities (Tikrit and Samarra).
After that, the researcher designs a test in which consists of two fields; written test and spoken test (tape- recorder) to evaluate their performances. The researcher use criteria of strategic competence especially approximation, asking for clarification and asking for repetition based on Celce-Murcia model (1995). The test is applied to a sample of (100) participants. The participants are undergraduate EFL students, at the fourth year English Departments, from two universities ( College of Education For Humanities at Tikrit University and College of Education at Samarra University). The study is conducted during the second semester of the academic year 2022-2023. The data have been gathered by using a diagnostic test to evaluate students’ conversational performances. The test consists of one question, but it is divided into three levels real – life situations. After achieving test validity and reliability, the tests have been applied to a sample of (50) students from Tikrit university in which divides into (25) males and ( 25) females, moreover, a sample of (50) students from Samarra university in which divides into (25) males and (25) females in order to evaluate students' conversational performances according to strategic competence in the spoken and written levels in social contexts. The results show that there are statistically significant in written level, Tikrit university students' performances have a high level in the strategic competence rather than Samarra university, but both have low level in the spoken aspect.
Keywords: Conversation and Strategic competence.

Stockholm syndrome refers to a psychological phenomenon observed in situations where individuals, typically hostages or victims, develop a deep bond or compassion for their captors or abusers. Scholars describe Stockholm syndrome as a complex emotional response where victims, despite being held against their will, start feeling positive emotions or sympathy for their captors. This paradoxical phenomenon involves hostages expressing admiration or praise for their captors, seemingly irrational given the danger they face. Victims may form emotional attachments and bonds as survival strategies fostering a connection that contradicts the apparent threat posed by their captors. The main aims of the present study are twofold. The first aim is to examine the depiction of submissive wives in the novel When I Hit You: Or A Portrait of a Writer as a Young Wife(2018) written by Meena Kandasamy; and the second, analyzing the wife’s submissiveness and acceptance of her spouse’s abuse through relating it to Stockholm syndrome and through the lens of abuse cycle theory suggested by Lenore Walker's concept of Battered Woman Syndrome (BWS), which encompasses various psychological and behavioral symptoms. The research argues that the acceptance of violence by abused victims, particularly submissive wives, should not be attributed solely to their actions, as there are numerous underlying reasons, social and psychological, for their submissiveness which will be explored thoroughly in this study.
Key Words: Stockholm syndrome, abuse, emotional bond , Survival strategy, Submissive wife

This study is concerned with assessing the quality of complexity, Accuracy and Fluency in expository writing. It aims at identifying and comparing:
1. The quality of writing expository composition for EFL university students at the department of English, colleges of Education for humanities at Tikrit and Baghdad\ Ibn - Rushd universities.
2. EFL university students' quality of writing expository composition in the light of the three principal dimensions: Complexity, Accuracy and Fluency at the two universities.
The aims are achieved by applying a diagnostic test to 185 undergraduate EFL students, in the third year, English Departments, Colleges of Education for humanities, at Tikrit and Baghdad Universities. The study has conducted during the second semester of the academic year 2022-2023. The results have revealed that EFL university students have a low quality of writing in the three specified dimensions: complexity, accuracy and fluency. In the light of the results, some conclusions and recommendations have been presented.
Keywords: Assessing, Quality, Complexity, Accuracy and Fluency, EFL university Students, Writing.

T. S. Eliot's poetry contains several floral references that are employed symbolically. This study investigates the symbolic connotations of T. S. Eliot's floristic symbolism in “Gerontion” and 'The Waste Land'. The form and essence of modernist symbols will be investigated to trigger profound and subconscious feelings in the reader, concentrating on the terminological and conceptual elements of the topic. The significance of flowering Judas, dogwood, chestnut, hyacinth, and lilac in Eliot's “Gerontion” and “The Waste Land” have been interpreted and explored using analytical, historical, and archetypal approaches as the “Gerontion” intended by the poet to be a prelude to “The Waste Land”. Textual and analytical research has been conducted to demonstrate the unusual utilisation of five flora referred to in ''Gerontion'' and ''The Waste Land''. The poems' texts and theoretical and historical sources have been examined to collect the required data for the paper. One of the most essential research objectives of the paper is to find out how these blossoms were used symbolically in two of Eliot's poems. In various contexts of the poem (historical, biographical, mythological, cultural, anthropological, etc.), the symbolic and common meanings of each flower has been investigated.
Keywords: T.S. Eliot; “Gerontion”; “The Waste Land”; rebirth; floristic imagery in poetry; ‘flowering Judas; chestnut; dogwood; hyacinths, lilacs

In bilingual societies, code-switching is a communication tool and an inevitable phenomenon among bilinguals. For a long time, this phenomenon has attracted the attention of many linguists. In this research, we study the code switching among teachers of the department of French language at the University of Mosul. This study exposes evidence that code-switching from French into Arabic is present at different levels of the language in the teaching process, at the level of words and sentences. The code-switching also indicates that we can also know the types of code-switching and the functions that it checks. The teaching of French to teachers is characterized by code switching from French into Arabic for reasons of which the most important are clarification, insistence on important aspects in the classroom, proverbs and the delivery of the letter for most students in an easy and simple way.
Keywords: Code switching- foreign language- native language- education