Journal of Engineering and Sustainable Development (JEASD)

1

Shear Behavior of Self Compacting R.C. I-Beams

Ahmed H. Abed

Pages: 1-16 English

Abstract

Twelve SCC I-Beams were designed to investigate the shear behavior under twoconcentrated loads. All beams have the same longitudinal steel ratio of (0.0145) and grosssection area of (29000 mm2). The tested beams were divided into two groups with andwithout stirrups. The first group consist of three beams without stirrup having differentvalues of compressive strength (fc`) but same value of clear span to effective depth ratio(ln/d), while the second group consist of nine beams with stirrups. It shall divided into threeseries according to the compressive strength (fc`) each series continued three beams atdifferent value of clear span to effective depth ratio (ln/d). It was found that The ultimateshear strength predicted from A CI 318-08 is lesser than the experimental values, theultimate shear strength of SCC I-beams increased about 46.728%,46.55%and 41.462%when the clear span to the effective depth (ln/d) decreased from (5.84 to 5.05) atcompressive strength (fc) 29.36, 41.42 and 49.2 MPa respectively, the ultimate shearstrength for SCC I- beams with stirrups increase about 22.536%,15.27% and 10.828% when the compressive strength (fc) increased from (29.36 to 49.2 MPa) at clear span to effective ratio (ln/d) 5.84, 5.5 and 5.05, respectively.

Keywords

IBeams Self compacting concrete Shear Strength with stirrups without stirrups

2

Experimental Study of the Effect of Worn-out Tire Fibers Addition on the Strength of R.C. Corners

Jasim Mahmud AL-Khafaji, Zubaidah A.M. AL-Bayati, Jasim Jarallah Fahad Kaabi

Pages: 17-29

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Abstract

The growing problem of worn-out tires disposal in Iraq can be alleviated if new recycling routes can be found for the surplus tires. One of the largest potential routes is in construction, but usage of worn-out tires in civil engineering is currently very low. The current work aims to take advantage and get rid of car worn-out tires in the construction of reinforced concrete corners; such facility is cheap and environment friendly, with good thermal insulation and low density compared with the normal concrete .The worn-out tire fibers are added to the concrete mixture by replacing the weight of the coarse aggregate (gravel) with different ratios (5, 15, 25) percent, and for each replacing ratio , three different fiber lengths (2,4, and 6) cm are used and the width and thickness of each fiber is kept constant ( 1, 0.7 ) cm, respectively. Tensile reinforcement ratio adopted in the study for all specimens is (0.0081). Ten corner were specimens tested under static load tending to open the corner angle, nine of them with waste tire fibers and one without worn-out tire fibers .Length of the leg is (550) mm and cross section is (150×150)mm.

Keywords

concrete strength recycled material reinforced concrete corners Worn-out tire fibers

3

Effect of Elevated Temperatures on Bond Strength of Steel Reinforcement and Concrete Enhanced with Discrete Carbon Fibers

Sawsan Akram Hassan

Pages: 30-46

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Abstract

In the case of exposing a reinforced concrete structure to accidental fire, if this structure remain standing, an assessment of its residual capacity is needed, which requires accurate information regarding the residual capacity of concrete, steel and bond between them. In the peasant work, the effect of exposing carbon- fibered reinforced concrete to elevated temperatures on its bond strength with reinforcing steel bars was investigated. An experimental program consisted of fabricating and testing of 54 pull-out cubic specimens was prepared to serve this purpose. The specimens were divided into three groups to study the effect of addition of various amounts of discrete carbon fiber on its residual bond strength and the bond strength- slip response after exposure to temperature levels of 150°C, 250°C, 350°C,450°C and 550°C in addition to the room temperature. The carbon fiber content considered was 0.0%, 0.75% and 1.0% by weight of cement. In addition to the pull- out specimens, 9 cubes having the same pull-out specimens size (3 from each concrete group mix) were tested in compression.

Keywords

Bond strength carbon fiber elevated temperatures pull-out test

4

A New Punching Shear Equation of Normal and High Strength Reinforced Concrete Flat Slabs

Haider K. Ammash, Muhammad Jawad Kadhim, Dunya Sahib Ellk

Pages: 47-65

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Abstract

The aims of this study is to present a new simple accurate equation to determine the punching shear strength of normal and high strength reinforced concrete flat slabs. The punching shear strength prediction of the proposed equation is compared with the experimental data collected from 58 experimental cases. The proposed equation takes into account some effects such as concrete compressive strength, slab depth, slab tension reinforcement ratio at the critical section, shape and dimension of column, and the position of critical section. The proposed equation gives a better agreement with experimental data than AS3600, CEB-FIP MC-90, ECP, ACI-318, and BS-8110. It is noticed that the tension reinforcement ratio has an effect on the punching shear strength where increasing the tension reinforcement ratio from (0.6%) to (2.2%) increase the strength of punching shear strength by (17%).

Keywords

flat slabs high strength concrete punching shear strength Reinforced Concrete

5

Some Properties of Modified Reactive Powder Concrete

Wasan I. Khalil

Pages: 66-87 English

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Abstract

The term reactive powder concrete (RPC) has been used to describe a fibre reinforced , superplasticized, silica fume- cement mixture with very low water-cement ratio, characterized by the presence of very fine quartz sand (0.15-0.4mm) instead of ordinary aggregate. Fibres are incorporated in RPC in order to enhance the fracture properties of the composite material. In this investigation modified RPC with crushed graded natural aggregate (maximum size 12.5mm) has been produced. High compressive strength of 150 MPa can be achieved by using crushed coarse aggregate; this result is in contrast with the model proposed to relate the high compressive strength level of RPC to the absence of coarse aggregate. Modified RPC reinforced with different types (crimped and hooked) and volume fractions (0%, 0.5%, and 1%) of steel fibres has a good performance in terms of high strength (Compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, modulus of rupture, impact strength) and static modulus of elasticity.

Keywords

Crimped Hooked Modified reactive powder concrete Steel fibers Volume fraction

6

Experimental Study on the Shear Transfer in Joints of Precast Segmental Bridge

Ihsan A.S. Al-Shaarbaf, Ali H. Aziz, Omar F. Askar

Pages: 88-106 English

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Abstract

This paper is concerned with the experimental study of shear strength and deformation of precast segmental bridge joints. The slip between the concrete segmental specimens, the failure mode of shear key and the horizontal movement between the segmental specimens are considered.The test groups consisted of ten segmental specimens casting by using two types of concrete (normal and fibrous). All specimens have the same cross section and reinforcement. The concrete compressive strength was varied between (22.5MPa) and (33.6MPa). The prestressing reinforcement consists of two (12.7mm diameter) seven-wire strands with ultimate tensile strength of (fu=1770MPa). The main parameters of the study were the number of shear keys, types of concrete and type of joint between segments.Test results show that the ultimate load increased for specimens with one, two and three shear keys were about (16.27%), (50.68%) and (60.87%) of the maximum ultimate load of reference specimens (without shear key), respectively. Also the deflection as well as the slip between segments of specimens was decreased by increasing the number of shear keys. When the level of prestressing stresses increases from (175MPa) to (524.2MPa), the load carrying capacity of the tested specimens increased by about (40%).

Keywords

precast segmental bridge shear in joints shear transfer

7

Experimental Study of Lightweight Concrete Flat Plate with Sandwich Shear Plates

, Mohammed M. Rasheed, Mohammed Abdul-Monim Yaseen

Pages: 107-126 English

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Abstract

The study presents an experimental investigation on the influence of embedded steel plate (sandwich) as shearhead reinforcement on the punching shear strength of reinforced light concrete flat plates.Five half-scale models of slab-column connection of (1000 x 1000 x 70mm) simply supported along the four edges are tested. The slabs are loaded concentrically by a central stub column. The variables studied are; the thickness (2 and 4mm) and the dimensions (90mm x 150mm and 180mm x150mm) of steel plate. Results indicate that the effect of increasing of the thickness and steel plate dimensions, and shear connectors spacing improve the resistance to punching shear, enhance type of failure and increase the value of the ultimate load capacity. The ultimate load increases by about (47.57and 73.79%) of the maximum ultimate load for the plate thickness 2 and 4mm respectively while the spacing between the shear connectors is (d/2) and about (59.22 and 88.35%) for the thickness 2 and 4mm while the spacing between shear connectors is (d).

Keywords

Flat Plate Slabs lightweight concrete sandwich shear

8

The Possibility of Produce Self Compacted Polystyrene Concrete

Manolia Abed Al-wahab Ali

Pages: 127-141 English

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Abstract

The aim of this study is to produce one types of self-compacted lightweight concrete which is known as self-compacted polystyrene concrete (SC-PC) . The SC-PC was produced by using expanded polystyrene beads as a partial replacement by volume of sand,(Glenium 51) as a superplastisizer and styrene butadiene rubber (SBR) as a viscosity modifying agent to prevent the segregation of beads .Also studying the fresh and hardened properties of (SC-PC) (density, compressive, strength, flexural strength and tensile strength). The results indicated that it is possible to use polystyrene beads for producing (SC-PC) with density ranging from (1660-1895)kg/m3 and a 28-days compressive strength ranging from (10.23 – 14.65)MPa .The results also showed that the properties of (SC-PC) are mainly influenced by the content of polystyrene beads and decrease with the increase of polystyrene content . The density of (SC-PC) decreases to (12.4%) when the percentage of sand replacement with polystyrene beads increased from (16.7% to 50%) .While the compressive ,

Keywords

characteristics of concrete polystyrene concrete self-compacting concrete

9

Behavior of Strip Footings Resting on Sand Mixed with Tire‐Chips

Zena Hadi Alqaissi

Pages: 142-156 English

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Abstract

Scrap tires are undesired urban waste and the volume is increasing every year. Tires have characteristics that make them not easy to dispose, and potentially combustible. Utilizing waste materials as an alternative to using virgin construction materials, made from nonrenewable resources, in civil engineering applications is currently one of the most important environmental issues. The unique properties of tire chips such as strength, high frictional resistance and flexibility can be exploited in a beneficial manner in geotechnical applications. In this research, tire chip mixed randomly with various percentages by weight up to 30% of sand and two different sizes of tire chip. Laboratory California Bearing Ratio (CBR) and other laboratory model tests are conducted to investigate the benefits of using tire chips as lightweight inclusion to improve the bearing capacity and control settlement of strip footing on sandy soil. The results indicate that the addition of tire chip increase the CBR strength of the sand significantly, it’s about 29% for size (5-9) mm and 19.5% for size (10-20) mm at the tire chip percentage of 20%, improved the bearing capacity and modifies the load -settlement behavior of the footing Sice the used of tire chips reduced settlement about 22%.

Keywords

CBR Test Improvement Soil Sand strip footing Tire chip Waste rubber

10

Effect of Compaction on Strength of Soil-Pozzlana Mixture

Amer R. Shalal

Pages: 157-166 English

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Abstract

Soil stabilization is the alteration of state of soil to acceptable engineering condition to improve its engineering performance. This is done by mechanical, chemical, thermal, and electrical methods(1). The main engineering properties of soil are strength, permeability, and consolidation. Several previous works were made to investigate the effect of compaction on strength of soil-cement mixture, soil-lime mixture, soil fly ash mixture,….etc. In this paper, the effect of two methods of compaction (impact and static) on unconfined compressive strength of soil-pozzlana mixture was investigated.

Keywords

Soil compaction soil stabilization Soil-Pozzlana mixtures

11

Trip Generation Modeling for Selected Zone in AL-Diwaniyah City

Gandhi G. Sofia, Abdulhaq H. Abed Ali, Hamsa A.N. Al-Zubaidy

Pages: 167-180 English

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Abstract

The initiation of this study was made with the objective of building the predicted household trip generation models for Al-Diwaniyah city that involve the socioeconomic characteristics and land use trends. For the purpose of this study, the city was divided into 5 sectors with 70 zones, these zone covering an area of 52 square km. Home questionnaire forms were distributed through arrangements with the secondary, industrial, commercial schools administrations and some colleges and 3400 forms were distributed in the city for home interview purpose,. In fact a concentrated briefing to the respondents was demonstrated before the distribution of the forms. The questionnaires response rate was 74.65 %. The collected data was analysed and classified in order to qualify the social and economical features in each zone. The relationship between daily household trips and socioeconomic characteristics were developed using stepwise regression technique (Multiple Linear Regression ,MLR) after the collected data being feed to SPSS software, Results showed that trip production model mainly depends on family size, gender, the number of workers and the number of student in the family.

Keywords

Al-Diwaniyah City Household Trip Linear Regression Trip Generation Model

12

The Use of Anaerobic Digestion Process in the Treatment of Dairy Wastewater by Microorganisms Derived from Sewage Wasted Sludge

Ahmed Hassoon Ali, Nidaa Adel Jasem, Hadi Ghali Attia

Pages: 181-194 English

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Abstract

The aim of this work is to determine the potential use of sewage wasted sludge (SWS) as a source for heterogeneous microorganisms to be used in dairy wastewater treatment by anaerobic suspended digestion process. A lab scale stainless steel reactor was designed with dimensions of 600 mm height and 350 mm inner diameter. Different operating conditions of the treatment process were studied such as the organic loading rate (OLR), temperature and hydraulic retention time (HRT). For 14 days operation period, the results of the anaerobic digestion were expressed in terms of COD, BOD, TDS and TSS reduction. The effect of temperature was investigated by operating the reactor at temperature range of 20-40°C and the optimum reduction has been observed at 35 oC. The maximum removal efficiency was obtained at an OLR of 0.5 kg/m3.day and 72 hr HRT, at which COD, BOD, TDS and TDS were removed by 80%, 88%, 90% and 93% respectively. Keywords: Sewage Wasted sludge (SWS), Heterogeneous microorganisms, Anaerobic digestion Dairy wastewater.

Keywords

Anaerobic digestion Microorganisms sewage waste treatment of dairy wastewater

13

Tracking Methods for Multipurpose Video Processing Applications

Muthana H. Hamd Al Amiri

Pages: 195-205 English

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Abstract

Video target tracking is a complex and time consuming process because of huge data that is contained in video stream. In this paper, a real-time software is developed to track any motion in a video zone for surveillance/security applications. First, an interested object is detected, isolated (segmented), and localized among different objects of video frames. Secondly, three tracking procedures are applied to find the efficient one that satisfies the real-time requirements for tracking the target with minimum response time. The tracking model consists of two main parts, the web camera which represents the video acquisition device that monitors any motion in a dedicated zone. The second part is the software that controls and processes the video stream; it captures the frames and tracks the new target center coordinates. The center values that will be found by tracking algorithms are very essential for other video/image applications like radar system in military applications, road traffic control applications, or kidney stone ultrasound in the medical applications. The experimental results found that the response time and targeting accuracy of the three methods are very close, the maximum difference in a response time was 0.0421 sec for threshold ϴ = 0.039.

Keywords

targeting tracking algorithm Video tracking

14

Improving the Response of Electromagnetic Servo Relay Drives (ESRD) Using PID Comp. and Multi-level Voltages

Saad A-R. Makki

Pages: 206-219 English

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Abstract

Electromagnetic Servo Relay Drive (ESRD) devices are small, simple and reliable devices. Special types of ESRD Utilizing Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) technique to input driving voltage are used in guidance and control systems. In this Paper a simulation, using MATLAB and Simulink were performed. To improve the rising time and time response of the mechanical armature angular position, the input voltage has been selected to do that. Two techniques have been proposed, first is the PID compensator and second is the reshaping / reforming the input pulse voltage. The effects on the different system parameters has been declared and discussed in addition to the comparison between the two used methods. Results show that the 2nd method is more effective and give an improvement in star sting and rising time by about 20% compared with 6% improvement in 1st method. The second method shows an increment in power consumption which lead in heat dissipation.

Keywords

Electromagnetic Relays PID controller pulse width modulation PWM Servo Relay

15

Electronic Nose System for Safety Monitoring at Refineries

Walaa Mohammed Hassan Khalaf

Pages: 220-228 English

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Abstract

In this paper an Electronic Nose (ENose) is presented which is designed for both at identifying the gas type and if it is pure or not, and at estimating the concentrations of the components of that mixture of LPG gases (Methane, Hexane, or Hydrogen) and Hydrogen Sulfide produced always inside the refineries. Our system contains 8 sensors, 5 of them are gas sensors (of the class TGS from FIGARO USA, INC., the sensing element of two of them is catalytic (TGS-6810 and TGS-6812), the other two its sensing element is a tin dioxide (SnO2) semiconductor (TGS-825 and TGS-2611) and the last one is an oxygen sensor (KE-50)), the remaining three sensors are auxiliary sensors for measuring a temperature and humidity (HTG–3535), and a pressure sensor (XFAM from Fujikura Ltd.). The proposed hardware–software system uses some least squares principles for classification and regression to identify at first a new gas sample, if it is pure or mixture, and then to estimate their concentrations, respectively. In particular we adopt a training model using the least squares approach to teach the system how to discriminate among different gases.

Keywords

Electronic nose Least square regression Mixture of gases

16

Advance Study in the Generalized Circular Polarization and Scattering from Bi-Isotropic Objects

Kadhum Al-Majdi

Pages: 229-240 English

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Abstract

This paper discusses Different constitutive relations of generalized circular polarization in chiral media by using Maxwell’s equations. In a chiral medium for fields with generalized circular polarizations, the Maxwell equations and constitutive relations have the same form in the achiral medium, but the equivalent material parameters differ for field with different circular polarization. Thus a wave of circular polarization (left or right) propagates with the same wave number regardless of its direction of propagation. In this paper, electromagnetic scattering characteristics by general bi-isotropic objects are investigated based on the surface integral equations. By applying the surface equivalent principle, electromagnetic fields inside a homogeneous bi-isotropic region can be represented in terms of equivalent electric and magnetic currents distributed over its boundary surface

Keywords

Chiral media circular polarization left-hand circularly polarized Maxwell equations right-hand circularly polarized

17

Reduce the Effect of Disturbance from Linear Unstable Second Order Systems Using Hybrid Controller Scheme

Ekhlas H. Karam

Pages: 241-255 English

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Abstract

A linear algebraic method was introduce in [1, 2], in this paper, this method is used to design a linear compensators controller (LCC) which used together with another suggested disturbance reduction controller (DRC) to produce hybrid controller scheme. This hybrid controller is applied on single input-single output (SISO) second order linear unstable plants with linear disturbance, some of these plants may contains zero in right half plane. The first part of the hybrid controller scheme (the LCC) is used to stabilize the linear unstable systems by solving sets of linear algebraic equations, while the second part of the hybrid scheme (the DRC) is used to reduce the effect of the disturbance, in addition to improve the performance of LCC by reduce the oscillation, the error steady state, and the settling time of the system output response to reach the steady state. Many examples are tested to show the efficiency of this controller.

Keywords

Diephantine equation disturbance reduction linear algebraic method model matching sliding mode controller unstable linear second order plants

18

Optimal Path Planning for Mobile Robot Based on Genetically Optimized Artificial Potential Field

Mohamed Jasim Mohamed, Mustaffa Waad Abbas

Pages: 256-272 English

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Abstract

This paper introduces a modified technique to find the shortest path between two points in known static environment for the mobile robot. The path planning in our proposal is based on the assumptions that; the robot is a small mass moving in two dimensions space with known static obstacles and subjected to an attractive force applied by the target as well as repulsive forces resultant from the obstacles. The combination of these forces moves the mass of robot directly toward the target in a manner that the mass of robot avoids all the obstacles on this way. The potential field is adapted (deformed (by manipulating potential field parameters according to static rules. The path of the mobile robot from start point to target point is optimized by choosing best values of the field parameters that give optimum form of potential field. The proposed genetic algorithm is used to search about these best values of field parameters. Simulation studies are carried out to verify and validate the effectiveness of the proposed method.

Keywords

Genetic algorithm Global Path Planning mobile robot Potential Field

19

Face Recognition under Illumination Changes Using Color Fast and Adaptive Bi-Directional Empirical Mode Decomposition

Husam J. Naeemah

Pages: 273-286 English

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Abstract

Recently, the importance of face recognition in color images has been increasingly emphasized since popular CCD cameras are distributed to various applications. However, face feature extracted from the image will distorted non-linearly by lighting variations in intensity or directions, so this changes will cause a serious performance degradation in face recognition. Many algorithms adopted by researchers to overcome the illumination problem. Most of them need multiple registered images per person or the prior knowledge of lighting conditions. According to the “common assumption” that illumination varies slowly and the face intrinsic feature (including 3D surface and reflectance) varies rapidly in local area, high frequency feature represents the face intrinsic structure. The Fast and Adaptive Bi-dimensional Empirical Mode Decomposition FABEMD has been extended for color image analysis. The proposed algorithm, based on the powerful transform for the color image named color FABEMD (CFABEMD). The color image decomposed into multi-layer high frequency images representing detail feature and low frequency images representing analogy feature. In addition a two measurements are proposed to quantify the detail feature that use to eliminate illumination variation, with these measurement weights, CFABEMD based multi-layer detail images recognition can be done under vary illumination.

Keywords

BEMD CFABEMD Face Recognition illumination invariant

20

Adaptive LDPC with DSTBC in Cooperative System

Aseel Hameed AL-Nakaash

Pages: 287-303 English

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Abstract

In the first part of the paper we proposed an adaptive LDPC iterative decoder depending on the prior knowledge of CSI after evaluating its performance under AWGN and Rayleigh flat fading channel. The proposed code leads to lower the delay caused by the iterative decoder beside acceptable performance, when reducing its iteration to a certain value that is satisfied the parity check operation instead of restricted it to uncertain value which may or may not grantees the converges. In the second part of the paper, LDPC was employed as an outer code with the DSTBC cooperative system. The collaborative system was simulated with two nodes, dual hope based on two relay protocol (DemAF and DAF). The concatenation of LDPC and DSTBC has been proved to be effective in achieving both diversity and coding gain. Adopting one of the introduced protocol is related to many factors, each one has its own advantage and disadvantage. To get the best strategy which equilibrates between the complexity and the performance, the proposed code in the first part was employed.

Keywords

Cooperative system DSTBC Dual hope LDPC

21

A Theoretical Approach for SAR Calculation in Human Head Exposed to RF Signals

Adheed Hasan Sallomi

Pages: 304-313 English

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Abstract

The worldwide use of cellular phones has generated public concern about exposure to the microwave radiation associated with these phones. The probable biological effects due to the use of mobile phones can be regarded as a result of energy absorbed by the head that may damage the brain and nervous tissues.This paper discusses the probable health effects of mobile phones radio emissions, and presents a theoretical method to calculate the specific absorption rate (SAR) in human head exposed to the microwaves of frequency range used in GSM-900, and GSM-1800 mobile phones.A mobile phone with a single direction antenna as an electromagnetic fields source positioned near the head is assumed, and a four layers head model is constructed to calculate the penetration depth in human head, to analyze the SAR and heat distribution in head tissues.

Keywords

human head RF signals SAR calculation

22

Design and Implementation of Modern Security System Based on Mobile Phone

Ammar Hussein Mutlak, Siraj Qays Mahdi, Omar Nameer M. Salim

Pages: 314-329

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Abstract

The work presented in this paper intended to design and implement a new security system which can be used to protect important places by calling the place owner through a mobile phone to indicate him that the protected place is impenetrate. The system consists of five hardware parts: sensing system (laser circuit and control circuit), Digital Video Recorder (DVR) system, calling circuit, delay and ignition circuit and reset circuit. The Laser circuit of the sensing system connected with the control circuit to detect unauthorized intruder and motivating control circuit. The control circuit which used PIC 18F452 as a major part in its operation is response for controlling and activation the calling circuit and DVR. Where, DVR is used for monitoring protected places and recording the important events. While the calling circuit is used to establish calling with the remote mobile. Ignition circuit is employed to make delay and renew the ignition signal to continue activation the calling process. When need to reset the system, reset circuit utilizes for stopping the calling and reset the microcontroller to complete the function of security system.

Keywords

camera system laser system Mobile Phone PIC microcontroller

23

Sidelobe-Suppression Technique Applied To Binary Phase Barker Codes

Ismail M. Jaber

Pages: 330-336 English

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Abstract

This paper presents binary phase Barker codes and corresponding decoding filters. These filters are optimal in the sense that they produce no sidelobes and they maximize the signal-to noise ratio. Here, the input code is sampled at a rate of Ns.

Keywords

binary phase Barker codes matched filter mismatched filter sidelobe-free decoding filter

24

Experimental Study of the Effect of Reflection Mirrors Orientation on the Performance of Solar Still

Abass Z. Salman, Saad T. Hamidi

Pages: 337-348 English

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Abstract

The present experimental work is a study of solar still with reflected mirrors. The solar radiation was calculated mathematically for angles ranging from 9o to 30o with 15o increment for reflected mirrors and from 0-45o with 5o increment for glass cover. Experimental analysis showed that the best angle that intercept the maximum amount for solar radiation at the angle 85o for reflected mirrors at the south-north orientation of solar still which indicates that as the slop of mirrors increase the average solar radiation decreases. Also the glass cover is inclined about 40o. The study included the experimented test for the angle which may not permit the condensate to drip back into the basin. It was found to be 11o.

Keywords

Efficiency performance Reflected mirrors solar energy solar still

25

Speed Control of Separately Exited DC Motor Using Artificial Neural Network

Hashmia SH. Dakheel

Pages: 349-362 English

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Abstract

This paper proposes implementing intelligence techniques to improve efficiency speed control of separately excited DC motor (SEDM). This technique is Artificial Neural Network (ANN) which is one of the most important modern techniques that using in control applications.In this study, the intelligent model is developed to speed control of SEDM which operated at three stages:-the first, NARMA-L2 controller used to control the speed under different external loads conditions. The second, the controller is performance at different reference speed and the last, the intelligent controller deals with various parameters of SEDM. Simulation results indicates to the advantages, effectiveness, good performance of the artificial neural network controller which is illustrated through the comparison obtain by the system when using conventional controller (Proportional-Integral (PI)). So the results show ANN techniques provide accurate control and ideal performance at real time.

Keywords

Artificial Neural Network PI -NARMA-L2 SEDM Separately dc motor

26

Drop Diameter Prediction Model for Liquid Phase Dispersion In A Supersonic Nozzle with Wet Steam Flow

Hussein Wheeb Mashi, Samir Ali Alrabii

Pages: 363-389 English

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Abstract

This paper is an attempt to obtain a prediction model for the drop diameter for the liquid phase dispersion in a supersonic nozzle with wet steam. The dispersion of liquid phase and gas dynamic characteristics of the flow of wet steam in Laval nozzles were first studied. A measuring method for dispersion was applied for subsonic and supersonic speeds. A single channel with a model that approximates to what exists between the turbine blades (Laval Nozzle) with different dimensions was designed. An optical unit was also designed on the basis of the work within the small angles method. At the end of the measuring processes for the intensity of the scattered light by laser scattering small angles method, the drop diameter was calculated and all results were analyzed using “DESIGN EXPERT 8” experimental design software. The experimental design used was based on the response surface methodology (RSM) using a central composite design (CCD). A mathematical model of the response (drop diameter) as function of the conditions used (light intensity, pressure ratio, and moisture ratio) was obtained and studied. change.

Keywords

Droplet diameter light intensity Laser scattering small angles method Moisture ratio pressure ratio Supersonic nozzle Wet steam

27

Experimental Test for Noise Attenuation in Gasoline Engine with Different Types of Mufflers

Ehsan Sabah AL-Ameen

Pages: 390-398 English

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Abstract

IC engines are a major source of noise pollution. An engine noise is mainly due to exhaust noise. Suppressing of an engine exhaust noise has been a subject of interest for many years. Mufflers are used to minimize sound transmission caused by exhaust gases. Thus, muffler design becomes more important in noise reduction. The present work compares between three different types of an exhaust muffler for noise attenuation of single cylinder four stroke air-cooled gasoline engine. A set of conclusions achieved about the effect of the mufflers chamber's expansion ratio, chambers length, and wall thickness. Some of them agree with former works

Keywords

Mufflers Noise pollution Sound attenuation

28

Second Law Analysis of Alternative Regenerative Gas Turbine

A R. Al-Habbo, Khalid . I. Hasan, Marwan F.Basheer

Pages: 399-410

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Abstract

The second law of thermodynamics has proved to be a very powerful tool in optimization of complex thermodynamic systems. This paper involves an exergy analysis of three configurations of gas turbine units, simple unit with no regenerator, conventional regenerative gas turbine unit and alternative regenerative gas turbine unit. Obviously, in conventional regenerative gas turbine cycle, the position of regenerator is placed immediately after the low pressure turbine. In the current study the position of regenerator is suggested to be immediately after the high pressure turbine. This may result in preheating the compressed air to a high temperature before admitting to the combustion chamber and also lowers the low pressure turbine exit temperature.Results show that the second law efficiency of alternative regenerative gas turbine has been increased throughout the pressure ratio range (6-20) for fixed turbine inlet temperature (1400K) as well as throughout the turbine inlet temperature range (1100-1750 K) for optimum pressure ratio nearly by (52%, 12%) and (23%, 11.6%) as compared to simple and conventional regenerative cycle respectively. The exergy loss due to irreversibility in combustion chamber.

Keywords

Exergy Gas turbine Irreversibility Regeneration

29

Effect of Shot Peening Time on Fatigue Properties of Stainless Steel Shaft Turbine

Hussain J, Yasir .k.Ibrahim, Samer .S.Murdhi

Pages: 411-424

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Abstract

The effect of different shot peening time (SPT) on the rotating bending fatigue behaviour of austenitic stainless steel TP321 was studied. The fatigue improvement with respect to the unpeened condition was discussed. Shot peening treatments employing steel balls determine a remarkable increment of the high-cycle fatigue limit of austenitic stainless steel ranging between 4% and 15% . such improvement can be essentially attributed to the compressive residual stresses deduced by the treatment in the surface layers . While the life improvement factor (LIF) was increased by a factor ranging between 1.72 to 5.3. All these improvement were happened up to 20 min shot peening time (20 SPT).

Keywords

Austenitic stainless steel TP321 Fatigue life and Fatigue limit LIF Life improvement factor Residual stresses

30

Estimation of Fatigue-Corrosion Damage and Life under Variable Loading Based on Modified Corrosion Fatigue Model (MCFM)

Hussain J. Mohamed Al-Alkawi, Amer Hameed Majeed, Saisaban Ali Fahad

Pages: 425-437

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Abstract

Fatigue damage and life results from the conjoint actions of cyclically applied stress and external environment (chemical) are studied for aluminum (3003-H18) alloy to explore load-environment interaction in fatigue which is essential to the formulate rational life prediction of component and structures. In this study, a modified corrosion-fatigue model (MCFM) based on the S-N curve and taking into account the effect of load history and corrosion effect was introduced. The obtained results from this model are in good agreement with the experimental results and show a 2.492 safety factor while Palmgren-Miner (PM) rule gave 1.372 factor of safety. The corrosion environment reduces the fatigue endurance limit by 5.06% compared to dry fatigue.

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Aluminum alloy corrosion-fatigue life predictions Miner rule Modified corrosion fatigue damage model

31

Frequency and Acceleration Measurement for the Above Knee Prosthetic Limb and its Comparison with the Healthy Limb

Jumaa S. Chiad, Bashar A. Bedaiwi

Pages: 438-452

Full Text Issues

Abstract

omfort, stability, weightiness, stiffness, flexibility, toughness and cost are the most important goals during which all researchers try to reach. In this work, the first challenge is to design and manufacture vibration measurement system which consists of a shaker ,cam, motors, speed varitor and accelerometer. This system is used to measure displacement ,velocity ,acceleration and frequency in amputation joint in the whole body in the selected eleven points with four speed motor (500,600,700 and 800 rpm).The amputee case study is of age, weight, length and the residual amputee limb of 28 years, 75kg, 175cm and 38 cm respectively. The amputee lost his lower limb due to a car accident since 2002.Results show that the value of acceleration and frequency increases when motor speed increases. While the acceleration and frequency decreases when accelerometer position from the shaking table increases . Moreover , the acceleration values for prosthetic limb will be more than of the healthy limb with percent of about (10.3,8.1,8.4,11.6,2.7,6.8)% for foot, ankle, leg, knee, thigh and hip respectively. While the acceleration values of artificial limb with liner are less than those of artificial limb without liner with (7.8,0.86,23.05,1.01,2.6 and 5.04)% for foot, ankle, leg, knee, thigh and hip, respectively .

Keywords

above knee acceleromete amputation artificial limb Prosthetic

32

Comparison Study of (Urinary & Serum) AST Activity from Patients with Type 2 Diabetes

Tagreed U.Mohammd, Saad S. Saleh, Nadia M.Al-Mhana, Azhaar F.Abd Al-Zhra

Pages: 453-461

Full Text Issues

Abstract

Aspartate aminotransferase was purified from urine and serum of patients with type 2 diabetes in a 2 steps procedure involving dialysis bag and sephadex G-25 gel filtration (column chromatography). The enzyme was purified 346.23 fold with 1467% yield and 3.46 fold with 142.85% yield in urine and serum of patients with type 2 diabetes respectively. The purified enzyme showed single peak. The results of this study revealed that AST activity of type 2 diabetes urine and serum increased significantly (p<0.001) compared with control group.

Keywords

Aspartate aminotransferase diabetes purification

33

Unified Dome Shrines Associated with Ahl-Albate

حسن فيصل جعفر

English

Full Text Issues

Abstract

Honor to the land of Iraq, its proximity too many of the shrines associated with Ahl-Albate and because Iraq contains many of the shrines, which in turn contain many different domes. Therefore there is a need to standardize the way these domes that show association with Ahl-Albate.Iraq has four shrines of six Imams infallible which are the shrine of Alhaidariya and Alhusseiniya and Alkadhimiya and Alaskrya, as will be studied and analyzed in addition the shrine of alabbasiya because of their status of architectural and symbolic within the fabric of those needs met. And features all of these needs met its proximity to the onion dome, which has become a symbol of Islamic architecture in Iraq.Therefore, as a result of this research show that the domes on the shrines are not identical and that there was a difference in the ratios of the hand, and the nature of the curved dome on the other. This has been access to the dome represents the average of those domes and are therefore similar to those domes and it refers and could be used in shrines and shrines associated with Ahl-Albate as We have shown correlation is clear between this new building which is topped by the dome and between the shrines of imams pure in Iraq.

Keywords

Ahl al Ahl-Albate shrines domes shrine

34

Traditional House between Originality and Modernity

نور علاء الدين محمد

English

Full Text Issues

Abstract

All the studies and broaches have considered the concept of the Traditional House from the absolute point of view and also from the social ,historical and ideological and it's companition as a core for the cluster residence . Though ,it's characteristic does not represent a specific historical period that limited the series of development of the Urban and Architecture , but it surely comes from the accumulation and reaction of the urban and architect for centuries may be for thousands of years .The Traditional House was always renewed and expand and becomes to residence groups for so many families who live very close , which reflect a certain pattern of life , which was able to resists the difficulties and desastors through the time , now it is a clear architectural outcome in many resident regiens . The big problem is a huge cultural sorage which deserves all the studies and research and their present and forward effests .Most of the last studis took in consideration the Traditional House as Architectural formula and not as an urban formula , it didn't take in consideration the complete town scape for this element which formulated as correlated clusters with each other’s , especially in the areas which developed rapidly with the existance of the fundamental adope for this house in their alleys and neigbourhooh...

Keywords

modernity originality traditional houses

Journal of Engineering and Sustainable Development (JEASD)

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