Journal of Techniques

The Private hospitals are important element of the organizational structure of the health services in Iraq.
The private hospitals are suffering from several problems caused by weakness in design and construction as a consequence of absence of design standards, at the same time, their standards are different from those of government hospitals. Private hospitals as they are health care services contain group of divisions and services. The perfect design of hospitals taking into consideration achievement of the proper functional relations and saving a lot of spending on investing the areas but in the form that insure the performance of a practical function. including delivery wards and rooms, which are the subject of this research in studying its various requirements we have approached the special designs principals which contain the areas and dimensions suitable for the activities and the number of beds in the delivery hall and theater and adopting the one person room and suggestion of four replacements for the patient room and selecting the most suitable one according to the significance of the design

This work involves synthesis of two types derivatives of glyphosate esters by reaction of acid glyphosate with alcohol to give the following condensation product:-





Ethyl N-phosphono methyl glycinate Isobutyl N-phosphono methyl glycinate
“ L1” “L2”
And this work involves prepared seven complexes of these two ligands with number of transition metals [Cr(III), Mn(II), Fe(III), Co(II), Ni(II), Cd(II), Hg(II)] these complexes have different general formula: [ML1X3] ; [ML1X2]2 ; [ML1X2]2X2 ; [ML1X]X
That for the first ligand complexes, where M=[Cr(III), Mn(II), Co(II)]X=Cl and [M(L2)2]X2 ; [ML2X]X ; for the second ligand
Where M= [Mn(II) ; Ni(II);Cd(II) ; Hg(II)],X = Cl
The structure elucidation of prepared complexes was established by using (C.H.N) analysis, the percentage of the metal by atomic absorption technique; also the IR; UV as well as the molar conductance and the magnetic susceptibility were measured for some complexes. The molar ratio (metal: ligand) was determined by continous variation.The formation constant (kf) was calculated for these complexes.

This research studied the effect of flame retardant material addition which is antimony Tetroxide on thermal conductivity for composite material consist of araldite resin reinforced by biaxial woven roving E–type glass fibers (°90-°0) with density (300 g/m2) where we added a different percentage from antimony Tetroxide (10%, 20%,30%) and study the effect on thermal conductivity , and we used Fourier equation to calculate the thermal conductivity coefficient (k) for this composite material before and after addition of flame retardant material illustrated in diagrams which represent the relation between thermal conductivity coefficient (k) with temperature.

There are few studies concerning the time of saturation estimated under Sprinkler Irrigation application based on data certain or empirical studies based on hypotheses. In This research a mathematical equation, easy and accurate, was found to estimate the saturation time of the soil surface under sprinkler irrigation depending on field and laboratory data for (74) test, included various soil types, sprinkler irrigation intensities, and initial soil water contents.This equation has been checked by field and laboratory data, and with the previous equation used for estimation of saturation time. The results also show that this equation gives a determination factor (0.98) between the actual and the estimated saturation time from the equation, which is a good one.

The quality of sand of kut shores is regarded one of the best Iraqi ones which can be used in plumping both ferrous and non- ferrous metals, since it contains high percentage (8 -12%) of clay in comparison with standard world sands which contain percentage of (5 – 20%) of sand weight, that constitutes the main part of the wet sand mold, The addendum of connective and added materials can improve its mechanical properties.
The present research studies the effect of connective materials (cement, pentonite ) added materials ( charcoal , phenol, and dates paste ) and the effect of water ratio upon mechanical properties of kut beaches sand.
The study has concluded that it is possible to improve mechanical properties of sand used via adding connective materials. The best added percentage has been (4%) for cement; and (2%) for pentonite respectively. As for added materials, the best percentage has been for the charcoal (4%)، and phenol (6%)، whereas the best added water percentage has been (4.5%).the other materials had little effect on the mechanical properties of the used sand .

The best image quality at a given bit-rate (or compression rate) is the main goal of image compression to create much smaller files that use less space to store and less time to send. This demand is to increase the bandwidth to all users. The quality reduction achieved by manipulation of the bit stream or file without decompression and re-compression refers to scalability. In this paper the names for scalability are progressive coding or embedded bit streams, especially with a lossless compression found in a form of coarse-to-fine pixel scans. A fast scheme with a wavelet neural network fast forward multi- layer perceptron is used to recognize the quality or layer and resolution component progressive, (the highest possible compression rate without visual loss of image quality). Hence, the bit stream successively refines the reconstructed image by encoding the lower image resolution, then encoding the difference to high resolution. By encoding both grey and color pixels. With lossy compression of the image the quality of the compression procedure is measured by the Peak signal-to-noise ratio. In this paper a high resolution digital camera (DSC-W-100, 8.1 Mega Pixels) with a (2448x3264x3) or the total grand is (23970816) elements using (23970816) bytes for my baby photo. The language used is (Mat-Lab languages).

This paper is concerned with the optimal design and simulation of Low Noise Amplifier for mobile communications operating at 1.5 GHz, 1.5 V and 0.25 mm channel length. The minimization of noise figure and required chip area for fabrication are the most important parameters to be investigated, therefore the optimization technique applied in this paper is to obtain the optimum structure parameters design values and to provide the minimum noise factor together. A modified new structure is used to minimize the chip area that is required for the fabrication of the amplifier on single chip. Electronic workbench (EWB) is used to simulate the designed structures to obtain the best results in such simulation.

Concrete blocks of (15cm. x 20cm. x 40cm.) in size were cast using the crushed limestone
( produced in large quantities in Al-molawatha region in north-east of Mosul city ) as coarse
aggregate instead of the river gravel.
Based on the experimental work of the present investigation, the followings may be drawn :
1. Crushed Limestone may be used satisfactorily as coarse aggregate for making quality
concrete of a desirable compressive strength, and it may be suggested to be a solution for
regions where natural aggregate are scarce and a reduction in the dead weight of structure
may be desirable.
2. The unit weight of Crushed Limestone concrete is (2060) kg/m3 which is about (10)%
lower than that of river gravel concrete, and the blocks obtained may be classified as a
(class B) in accordance with Iraqi Specification.
3. The absorption capacity of the crushed limestone concrete is lower than that of the river
gravel concrete.
4. This research enable in preventing the environment and industrial places from pollution, as
well as saving areas for collecting these crushed materials.
5. This research has a certification of testing industrial specimens No. 2/12/1/3644 on
20/12/2004 issued by the Ministry of Planning and Central Measurement & Quality
Control Office, Construction Department[17].

Data mining is a process that uses a variety of data analysis tools to discover patterns and relationships that can be hidden among vast amount of data. From these businesses and organizations can make valid predictions about future trends in all areas of business. Association rule mining is a typical approach used in data mining domain for uncovering interesting trends, patterns and rules in large datasets
This research concentrates on one particular aspect to improve the efficiency of the association rules technique in data mining by the following:
1. With databases have large set of items, it suggested to find the frequent itemsets by using depth search. In detail that done by finding the largest frequent itemset and then finding all the sub frequent itemsets from it. This proposal aim will speed up the process of finding frequent itemsets.
2. Classify the frequent itemsets to three classes closed frequent, maximal frequent and normal frequent. This proposal classification is important in the analysis process to support and strength the prediction with association rules.

Deformation is a change in the position of a point on aerial photographs, map, manuscript or print from its originally plotted position. This change is the result of differential shrinkage and /or expansion of the film or paper or lens sensitivity of the cameras and/or the positions of projectors during operation.
There are many methods used before to solve this problem such as resection intersection method, and rotation coordinates method.
The research aim to analysis the deformation on aerial photographs and show the ablates how to use application of digital photogrammetric to the measurement of deformation , also two different approaches method of stereomodels with control, multi station photogrammetry. Are identified and compared, references to and summaries of recent work are made. And show the result which be attached .it will be strongly recommended that to use the first method because it is easy, quick and cost lower money than the second one by practical, but still the second one more accurate in the result .

The ready availability of inexpensive and reliable silicon controlled rectifiers has enabled system designer to utilize rectifier bridge eircuit in an ever increasing number of applications. This has led to the development of complex circuit-configurations consisting of multiple six pulse bridge converters.
This paper establishes a digital computer simulation of the widely used three phase full- wave controlled rectifier bridges. The program is intended to simulate multiple six – pulse bridges connected in series. The proposed method is based on the mathematical description of converter electromagnetic processes, using step – by – step numerical calculation.
The currents flow in the rectifying elements, in the DC and AC side of the bridge are determined, also the output DC voltage is evaluated. The analysis considered for a group of rectifiers supplying an inverter. The program permits evaluation of the voltage and current for various variations in the system parameters.

Most elastomers used in damping treatments for structures are visco - elastic in response to dynamic strains. The stress - strain relation can be described by two properties , the stress - strain modulus and a loss factor. The values of these properties are required for conditions tension or compression when the damping treatment consists of an unconstrained layer and in shear for the sandwich layer type of construction.
The different techniques of measurement using either a freely decaying vibration or a forced resonance motion are considered inadequate for materials with a high loss factor or with properties which are strain dependent.
A resonance technique for determining the properties in compression is described in which the exciting force is varied whilst keeping the strain amplitude constant . A second apparatus is described for testing elastomers in shear using a forced vibration technique. Typical results obtained with both techniques are given with particular attention to the dependence on strain amplitudes.

In this paper the problems are presented and discussed in a comparative work and computer simulation test to study the performance of the two Eigenstracture algorithms, also this work presents the implementation of these algorithms to estimate the direction-of-arrival of the received signal relative to the uniform circular array.
The received signals are processed digitally using modern super resolution techniques like “Adaptive signal parameter estimation and classification technique” and “Multiple signal classification”, and show the better work of the one of direction of arrival-Estimators in the worst conditions.
The problem of high frequency direction finding to resolve the multicomponent wavefeilds are generally compounded by signal coherence, bearing separation and the effects of noise and interference of other transmitted signals
This work introduces a theoretical research that is related to estimate the direction-of-arrival of HF surface wave impinging on uniform circular array with number of identical antennas uniformly distributed around a circle is considered, a phase mode excitation function with the uniform circular array is employed. The phase mode excitation in conjunction with subspace technique gives super resolution DOA estimation; also present the major advantages of uniform circular array arrangements over the uniform linear array arrangements.

The current research aims to design Linear-Phase based Matlab6.5. Notch FIR filter for noise bands removing from the speech signal. FIR filter cost more than IIF filter, but it has only adjustable zeros and hence it is free of stability problems associated with IIR filter which have adjustable poles as well as zeros. The speech signal used in this project has two frequency noise components, thus the Type II linear phase digital notch filter has been designed because it has two nulls, one occurs at the design frequency and the other is automatic at the Nyquist frequency (fs/2) which is used for the other noise band removing. The design used the least square criteria, because arbitrary linear constrains can easily be included

A successful attempt, to evaluate the internal pressure and shear stresses on the direct extrusion-die surface of arbitrary profile, is presented in this paper, adopting the modified sheared-slab method (SSM), recently developed, which accounts for the transverse shear effect, not included in the classical slab method (CSM). The method employs a finite-integral procedure (FI) for solving of the governing differential equations of stress-equilibrium and applies a convergence pattern test for results check. Two typical profiles of the die surface generators (the truncated conical and radial convex ones) were selected to run the procedure. The entire geometrical and mechanical properties, effecting on the surface traction level values, were maintained in (those like: area reduction, artificial die-angle and friction factor). The problem of finite-element stress analysis and mechanical behavior of the complete die-region, for safety design purpose, can be now achieved reliably as soon as the die internal loading is properly estimated, a matter which this treatise offers to.

The procedure used in this paper was to reduce the impact narrow band interference (NBI) which cause the main distortion influence on the direct sequence binary phase shift keying spread spectrum system(DS-BPSK-SSS).
A transform technique from time domain to frequency domain was used in this work .The mean used for reduction of distortion is put a design for a on/off switch ,called notch filter to eliminate noise and (NBI) .To determine the internal signals ,two types of windows were utilized ; rectangular and hamming window.
Computer simulation models with Matlab system (7) for performance assessment in the presence or absence of notch filter.
Results reflected that the system characteristics improved (SNR) as compared with (BER) when hamming windows has been used more than rectangular in all cases tested compared to other methods used to manipulate noise and interference. Index terms-Spread spectrum, interference excision, transform domain processing, windows filter

This research is intended to investigate the concentration of some air pollutants (particulates, Pb, CO, SO2) at AL-Musaib city and its surrounding areas. Ten test locations have been selected to cover the studied area.
The researched work period started from October 2007 and ended at July 2008. The results show that the air of studied area is polluted only with TSP and the other pollutant (Pb, CO, SO2) are not exceeding the maximum permissible limits according to the standard specifications. The contour lines map indicates that the concentration. of air pollutants increased at the west-north site and decreased at the east-south site of the studied area.
The industrial activity, high population density and traffic volume have direct effect on the increasing of air pollutants. The values of air pollutants (TSP, Pb, CO, SO2) become more negative effective during the warm months. Also it is shown that the effect of wind is not observed
The study recommends many points to decrease the air pollution such as: using the unleaded fuel, using filters and especial technical devices to purify the air of factories, and reducing the traffic volume at main roads, besides the future study is required to analyze the effect of industrial factories and its production on air pollution at this area.

The gypseous soils are considered as one type of collapsible soils ; this is because the gypsum present between the soil particles provides an apparent cementation in the form of bonds that tightened the soil particles together. Upon wetting , these bonds are lost gradually leading to the collapse phenomena.
The collapsibility of gypseous soils may occur under conditions that of flowing water, the flowing water will tend to wash salts present in the soil particles.
The collapsing behavior of this type of soil generally occurs when the water is introduced into the soil . technically , the collapsible soil obtains some of its strength from cemented / bonding between the soil particles . in the arid region / Middle East , the Aeolian sand which was loosely placed, and upon some cementation , process may become a collapsible soil (high strength when it is dry ) . some cracking of building in this region , however, may be attributed to the introduction of water / moisture after the building is occupied .i.e. settlement of the soil after water is introduced via gardening , drainage, cooking water, bath, sewer line, septic bed, ect., from this research we get that the greater the collapse potential , the greater is the collapse and the damage to structures built on such soils. The soils with Cp less than 1 generally cause no problems to foundations . for Cp =1 to 5 , these will be moderate trouble to the foundation. For Cp≥5 , these there would be trouble if precautions are not taken in the design and construction.

Continuously security becomes more important than ever. The rise of e-mail capabilities has increased the need for caring about security aspects. The protection is traditionally designed according to the worth of obtainable information. Thus, security is by far one of the main components and one of the biggest challenges in e-mail attachments. Using computer simulation a new technique of security is used in e-mail attachment by using chaos. Computer programme is designed to convert the attachment file(s) (Word, Excel, Power point, Images, Pdf, …) to PDF file. By this programme each page of the PDF file is converting to a single image called page-image. A mask-image is generated with the same size of each image using manipulated data extracted from nonlinear dynamical system (chaotic system), which has high sensitivity to initial conditions. Each pixel of the mask-image is added to the analogue pixel of the page-image to produce jamming-image. All jamming-images are then converted to one secret PDF file to send it as e-mail attachment file with a compression ratio of more than 10% in size . In the receiving end after downloading of secret attachment file, a real number of password with 12 digits must be interred correctly in order to open the secret PDF file by the same programme. The mask-image will be generated again for each jamming-image in decoding process. High level of security was achieved by this method. The precision of this method is very high up to 10-12 for each password and it can be used also in many applications in the field of mobile communications

Blends of low density polyethylene grafted with maleic anhydride (LDPE-g-MAH) and several ratios (1%, 3%, 5%, 7% and 10%) of poly acrylic acid (PAA) were prepared via melt mixer and their rheological properties was studied. Shear stress, shear rate, viscosity and die swell were calculated at temperatures 210 and 230 oC . All blends showed that shear stress reduce with increases shear rate .The pseudoplastic behavior for all blends was observed while the apparent viscosity decreases with increasing shear rate. Activation energy (Ea) for these blends was determined at temperatures 170,190,210 and 230 oC. The characteristic groups of MAH in LDPE, carboxylic acid in PAA, the interface between this functional groups were indicated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR).The results show the disappear one of the maleic anhydride bands in the LDPE-g-MAH and appearance of strong band at 1730cm-1approximately in the LDPE-g-MAH/PAA (90/10 wt/wt) blends spectrum

Blends of low density polyethylene grafted with maleic anhydride (LDPE-g-MAH) and several ratios (1%, 3%, 5%, 7% and 10%) of poly acrylic acid (PAA) were prepared via melt mixer and their rheological properties was studied. Shear stress, shear rate, viscosity and die swell were calculated at temperatures 210 and 230 oC . All blends showed that shear stress reduce with increases shear rate .The pseudoplastic behavior for all blends was observed while the apparent viscosity decreases with increasing shear rate. Activation energy (Ea) for these blends was determined at temperatures 170,190,210 and 230 oC. The characteristic groups of MAH in LDPE, carboxylic acid in PAA, the interface between this functional groups were indicated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR).The results show the disappear one of the maleic anhydride bands in the LDPE-g-MAH and appearance of strong band at 1730cm-1approximately in the LDPE-g-MAH/PAA (90/10 wt/wt) blends spectrum

A simple electronic signal to interference power ratio enhancement system incorporating phase – locked loop (PLL) is analyzed and constructed. The system is capable of producing accurate estimation of the interfering signal in an environment of high interference to the desired signal power ratio (ISR)i . The estimate is then used to cancel the interference with consequent enhancement of the desired weak signal. Theoretical analysis indicates that the output signal to interference power ratio is a function of the phase difference between the desired signal and the interference phase estimation. However it is found that at the worst case the power of the desired signal is comparable to the interference power enabling the desired signal to be heard.

The main purpose of this investigation is to study the possibility of using crushed lime stone (which is not valid for cement manufacturing) and available in a huge quantity in Bahr Al-Najaf area as a coarse aggregate in a bituminous mixes instead of ordinary gravel which is provided from Sammerra area to improve the engineering specifications and to reduce the cost of bituminous concrete roads in many cities in the middle and south of Iraq.
Two types of coarse aggregate; ordinary gravel and crushed limestone were used in this investigation. Marshall stability, extraction and stripping tests are conducted to evaluate the strength properties of the mixes, degradation of aggregates and mechanical performance of bituminous mixes under physical water effects respectively.
The results indicate that bituminous mixes containing crushed limestone of Al Najaf Area as coarse aggregate are better than others containing ordinary gravel of Sammera Area because they have a higher stability and lower stripping effect due to the roughness surface particles and high voids. Flow values of asphalt mixes (corresponding to maximum stability values) satisfy the Marshall Design criteria.

In this study, the effect of shot peening process on the fatigue crack growth of o.4C medium carbon steel has been evaluated by conducting Fatigue tests. Torsion were carried out at stress ratio of (R= -1) and at room temperature.
The following conclusions are obtained
1) It is observed that the fatigue life increases with shot peening process.
2) An equation is proposed to describe the behavior of fatigue crack growth under shot peening process. The equation may be written as:
da/dN=150( γp)3.22a µm/cycle
3) For a given crack growth rate and crack length the plastic shear strain range (∆γP) is reduced by shot peening process.

An optimization management study based on a mathematical simulation technique for Al Hillah Kifl Region with an area of 771.8 km2 is developed. The area located between longitudes of (44˚ 15′- 44˚ 27′) and latitudes of (32˚ 15′ – 32˚ 42˚) with average wind speed, sun shine, temperature, evaporation, humidity, and rainfall are 1.73m/s, 8.79hrs, 23.61c⁰, 190.21mm, 50.23%, and 8.61mm respectively occurred in the region. A complex geologic formation of Quaternary Deposits and Upper Miocene encountered there; flood plain deposits of Euphrates River and depression fill deposits which in general, consist of fine sandy silt and siltclay layers.
Sixteen existing wells are used for the hydrogeologic properties estimation of the unconfined aquifer. The maximum TDS of 136.7ppm is less than the maximum allowable limits of the Iraqi Standard and world Health Organization (WHO). It is found the maximum allowable groundwater exploitation (safe yield) of the unconfined aquifer is 250m3/day/node which produces 5m drawdown at the centers of the production wells which represents a critical depletion depth; the steady state condition is obtained after 784999days of continuous pumping, moreover it is found that the maximum water demand and available surface irrigation water of 21000 m3/day/node and 20850 m3/day/node for Cotton Crop is occurred July