Journal of Techniques

Field experiment was conducted in the experimental field of the field crop science department. College of Agriculture during 2001/2002 to 2002/2003 seasons to find out the effect of seeding rates and two herbicides mixture in plant height, tiller no. and spike length of wheat cv. IPA(*) 99 using Factorial in RCBD with 3 replications.
The results show that there was a significant increase in plant height with the increment of seeding rate and the increase of application rate of herbicides. The interaction (C1 x D3) on the other hand the highest averages of plant heights as compared to the other interactions. Seeding rate (D3) gave highest ranges of tillers.
Seeding rate, however, did not cause a significant differences regards spike length while C1 and C2 treatments had a significant increment over C0.
The interaction treatment (C2 x D3) resulted in highest spike length as compared to other treatment.

This study was conducted in tissue culture Lab. Al Mussaib technical college for the period from the first of march up to the third of December 2006 1/3/2006 – 3/3/2006. In order to study lemon juice and the Co conut milk in the vegetative production for Patato crops in vitro. Patato tubers desery variety under 22C° top merestemic was cut and cultured in M.S medium which contains different concentration (1, 2) ml/L for Lemon juice and concount milk with using BA as control with concentration of 2mg/L. Results and table (1,2,3) indicated that the addition of Lemon juice with 2ml/L was dominated in the other treatments statically in Length which is (5.46 cm) and numbers of nuds 3.6 nuds/Plant, wet weight 2.06 gm/plant, vegetative branches 4.2 branches/ plant, length of root 1.62 gm/plant. Mean while the treatment coconut milk yield 3.95cm, 2.93 nud/plant fresh weight 1.53 gm/plant, number of vegetative branches 3.2 branches/plant root length 2.17cm/plant, fresh weight of roots 1.31 gm/plant while the control treatment (BA) yield the lowest average for the holle studied characteristic with 2.3cm for plant high, 2.86 nud/plant, 1.19gm/plant for fresh weight and the number of vegetative branches (1.86 branches/plant), root length 1.33 cm and 0.8 gm/plant for the fresh weight of roots. The above results indicated that Lemon juice with 2ml/L concentration significantly dominate on coconut milk × BA, also coconut milk treatment dominate BA treatment for the whole characteristic.

Field experiment was conducted during 2003 / 2004 and 2004 / 2005 seasons at AL-Musaib Technical Institute, 65 Km South Baghdad. The objective of this study is to asses the response of four bread wheat cultivars ( IPA 95 , Tamoz – 2 , Latifya and AL - Iraq ) to three levels of agriculture sulfur ( 0 , 2000 and 4000 Kg S / ha ) . Factorial experiment in ( RCBD ) was used to study the number of spikes / m2 , number of grains / spike , weight of 1000 grains , grain yield , harvest index and protein percentage in grains. Results appeared that Wheat cultivars differed significantly in yield and it's components. Latifya cultivar exceeded in number of spikes / m2 while IPA 95 cultivar exceeded in number of grains per spike and protein percentage in grains . Where as AL-Iraq cultivar dominated in weight of 1000 grains and grains yield and harvest index for two seasons and combined analysis. Adding of agriculture sulfur showed significant effect for all characters under investigation. Four thousands Kg / ha of sulfur dominated all characters in comparison with control and at the same time dominated 2000 Kg S / ha in yield grains harvest index (%) and protein percentage for the two seasons and combined analysis. Cultiver X sulfur interactions affected significantly the number of spikes / m2 and number of grains per spike and weight of 1000 grains and harvest index in second season and protein percentage in grain in both seasons and combined analysis .

The studied area is regarded as an important agricultural region . Different morphological topography as well as different degree and dirction of slope were observed in its . Transects consisted of five pedons represent the different topographic sites were chosing after detail surveying for this area
The resalts shows that the texture of these soils is fine especially in the subsoil . The total and fine clay is increase with depth , this distribution is related to different activity in ersional and depositional processes at the surface horizons , whereas in the subsoil is attributed to parent material and formation of clay in situ as aresults if weathering and pedgenic processes . Also the lessivage process of clay contributed to enrichment of clay in some sites .
The results reffered that high content of calcium carbonate were found in these soils , which increased with depth . For this the studied soils are classified acalcareous soils . These results are attributed to parent material which contain large amount of this compound and to the activity of decalcificaion and calcification processes . The active carbonate is found in high content and increased with depth ,this case which regarded as adevelopment pedogenic morphology and the different pedogenic morphological froms of calcite founds in these soils , are reflect the development degree . The organic matter found in low content in these soils and decreased with depth .

An experiment was conducted at Salamia region ( Nienava City ) during the two growing seasons of 1999 & 2000 to evaluate eight hybrids cultivars of tomato namely : Sarmad , Heatweav , Diala , Murwa , Alanor , Saria , Ginan , R.S 1299 and the widely used growing cultivator ( Pearson ) .
It was found that the eight cultivars significantly increased early, total yield per unit area, plant yield and number of fruit per plants as compared to pearson Cv. Heatweav Cv. gave the highest total yield ( 15.750 and 20.898 ton/ donum ) during the two seasons respectively . Cvs. Diala, Murwa and Alanor showed significant increased in weight, diameter, length and fruit size

A field experiment was carried out at research station of Agriculture College, Abu-Ghraib during the seasons 2005-2006 and 2006-2007 to study the role of Glycyrrhiza glabra using four levels 0, 0.625, 1.25 and 2.5 T. D-1 on aggregates stability, soil-water characteristics, growth, and yield of Allium sativum L..
Results showed that the applying of Glycyrrhiza glabra during two seasons increased the mean weight diameter (MWD) by (5.432 and 5.117 mm) when applied at 2.5 T. D-1. While the percentages of increase were 50.00, 80.35, 87.46% in first season and 51.44, 81.53, 88.49% in second season at levels of 0.625, 1.25 and 2.5 T. D-1 respectively. In addition, hydraulic conductivity were increased by 51.35, 69.57, 75.96% compared to control treatment in first season and 60.68, 76.05 and 81.15% in second season at levels 0.625, 1.25 and 2.5 T. D-1 respectively.
All curves of cumulative infiltration have similar trained in all treatment, and they have a following order:
2.5 T. D-1>1.25 T. D-1>0.625 T. D-1>control treatment
The applying of Glycyrrhiza glabra to the soil increased the weight of shoot, root of plant and yield Allium sativum. The highest significant Allium sativum yield was 21.96 and 20.32 ton.h-1 obtaining at level of 2.5 of Glycyrrhiza glabra added in first and second season respectively; compared to 12.76 and 11.64 ton h-1 of control treatment, respectively.

A field trails was conducted at the experimental farm of Crop Science department, Collage of Agriculture , Abu – Ghraib, Baghdad, Iraq . At the winter season (2005 - 2006) . To investigate the affected of flag leaf characters . By time of N application in three bread wheat cultivars (Tahadi , IPA99 , Abu – Ghraib 3) the timing of N application were included some of growth stages from Zadoks stages that were (T1 application N three parts , at planting, tillering and booting) (T2 : applied N in three parts, at planting , elongation and booting) and T3 applied N in Four parts , at planting , tillering , elongation and heading. That application timing were assigned in the main plots and cultivars in the sub plots randomly. The results were pointed to varietal differences. IPA99 gave highest concentration of chlorophyll percentage in flag leaf , flag leaf area and flag leaf duration, compared with Abu – Ghraib 3 and Tahadi . Application T2 was significantly different at chlorophyll concentration of flag leaf compared with applications T3 and T1 at the grain yield t / ha. The results were pointed to : IPA99 gave higher grain yield t/ ha . The interaction between T3 x IPA99 was significant at flag leave duration and flag leave area, and T2 x IPA99 at chlorophyll concentration. The interaction between (T1 x IPA99) gave higher grain yield 4.93 t/ha. Positive significant correlation was found among grain yield and it's components

A field experiment was carried out for comparsion many genotypes of sunflower crop (Helianthus annuus L.). under Iraqi climatic condition. Seventeen and sixteen genotypes were evaluated during spring season 2005 and 2008 respectively. Farm of the College of Agriculture University of Baghdad Abu – Griab at latitude ˚33.22 N and longitude ˚44.24 E. The statistical analysis was doing for each year arrangement in a Randomized Complete Block Design with three replicates was used. Height plant, leaf area, number of leaves, head diameter, and seed number per head, seed weight and seed yield were studied in this research. The results indicated that SHIMWS, IBlS, and TRIUMPH573 genotypes own highest seed yield. There was positively correlated between leaf area and seed yield. The excessive genotypes can be used for breeding programmes to produce synthetic variety or exploiting their deriving anew lines use for producing elite hybrids. The other genotypes that didn’t exceed in seed yield can be utilizing their good characters by back crossing with local varieties.

Tips of sprouts (0.3 – 0.5 cm) produced from the tubers of potato cultivar Gardenal were washed with tap water and disinfected with NaOCl then cultured onto proliferation medium.The cultures were incubated for 35 days at 16 hours photoperiod at 25 ± 2 ºC under 1000 lux light intensity. In vitro – proliferated shoots were cut into1 ـ 2 cm length three types of microcuttings ( i.e apical, subapical and basal ) were cultured onto Murashige and Skoog ( MS ) medium suplimented with 8% sucrose for microtuberization. Activated Charcoal treatments (0.0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5 or 3.0 g /l) were added to the microtuberization medium.The weihgt, size, and eyes number of microtubers were significantly increased when basal microcuttings were cultured on microtuberization medium supplimented with (2 g/l) charcoal while (2 g/l) charcoal with the subapical cuttings resulted in high proliferation rate.

In order to determine the suitable interspace of planting for two new Bread wheat cultivars (Triticum aestivum L.)under kerbala government environment.An experiment was laid out during the growing season of 2005 / 2006 at Husaniah / college of Agriculture. Five spacing with control were used ( in rows , 10 cm , 15 cm , 20 cm , 25 cm , 30 cm , apart and Broadcast ) to investigate their effect on growth , yield and its components of two cultivars IPA 95 and Al-Ftah ).Results showed that cultivars and the method of planting gave a significant effect on the most studied traits .Al-Fatah was superior compared with IPA 95 , whilst there was no significant differences between the two cultivars on spikes /m2 and yield . with interspace of planting and excluding spike length , no. of seeds / spike , the sowing in narrow rows (10-15cm ) gave the best results , where the planting in 10 cm between rows gave a yield of 4.44 ton /ha compared with 1.78 ton /ha for broadcast . The interaction effect was significant on plant height , leaf area index and no . of tillers / m2 where there was no effect on spike / m2 , no. of seeds / spike , no. of spikelet / spike and grain yield .There was no significant effect of the cultivars and interspace of planting and their interaction on no. of spikelet / spike and 1000 grain . It could be concluded that planting in narrow rows with new cultivars would be increase the productivity

C Three types of solvents organic extracts, i.e. Ethyl alcohol, Ethyl acetate and n-Hexane of leaves and flowers of carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus L.) were tested under different concentrations to test the toxic effects on some biological aspects of the Khapra beetle (Trogoderma granarium), and the study of the repellency effect against the adult beetle.
Results revealed that ethyl alcohol extracts of leaves and flowers caused a higher mortality rates on different life stages of insect (larvae – pupae - adults) it reached (%35.8) compared to the other extracts: Ethyl acetate and hexane where the percentage of mortality were( 27.7,31.8%) respectively, Extracts of flowers outpaced than the Extracts of leaves on effect of different stages of the insect, reaching rates of mortality (40.7,22.9%), respectively.
The study showed an increased rates of destruction of various insect stages as the concentrations of the extracts were increased .It was found that the first instar larva was more susceptible than the mature instar larva.
The study also showed that, hexane extract of flowers seems to be more effective on repellency than other extracts that used in the experiment as the percentage of expulsion (81,6%), followed by the effect of ethanol extract by the expulsion of (59,%) and by Ethyl acetate extract (54,8%).

This study was carried on 145 sheep of both sexes and different ages for three Iraqi sheep stocks, in Yusephiya province, Baghdad, for period from Sept. 2007 to Feb. 2008, to investigate the incidence of H. contortus and N. spathiger among sheep and the resistance of these parasites to Ivermectin drug.
The samples, that examined in laboratory of animal production department of Al-Moussyab technical institute ,show rate of infection with H. contortus and N. spathiger ( gastrointestinal parasites ) reach 85.51% and 55.71% respectively .
Mixed infection was found in first and second farms (H. contortus and N. spathiger ) while third farm was infected with H. contortus only , by using direct and concentration test ( flotation by use Zink sulphate ) fecal samples showed high isolation to the ova of parasites . The treatment was highly efficient 100% by used Ivermectin

Five huudred and forty hatcing eggs were selected at three Stages of egg production, 180 eggs for each stage . Eggs Were stored for three periods , 0,10 and 15 day at about 15 °C and 70-75% relative humidity. The results which obtained before and after storage period for egg quality properities and hatchability were as followed :-
1.A significant reduction of egg albumin and yolk heigh ‘weight albumin‘ Yolk index ‘haugh unit and egg weight
2.Egg properities no affected before storage for all study periods.
3.Hatchabiliy was reduced significantly (12.2%) during storage period for 15 days

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of dietary aspirin on performance of broilers reared in high density (15 birds / m 2) during summer. Ninety chicks 1 days old were distributed into two treatments , chicks in T1 fed a diet without aspirin (control), chicks in T2 fed a diet supplemented with 0.2 % aspirin. Each treatment was subdivided into three replicates and each replicate reared in 1 X 1 m pen for 7 weeks. Live body weight, weight gain, feed consumption, feed conversion ratio and mortality due to ascites were weekly recorded. The data obtained revealed the following :Adding 0.2 % of aspirin in diet significantly (P<0.05) enhanced performance of broiler chicks compared with control when reared in high density and the enhancement started at week 4 to the end of the study at week 7 , terminal live body weight were 1459.0 and 1640.0, cumulative weight gain were 1408.0 and 1589.3, total feed consumption were 2946.7 and 3237.2 and feed conversion ratio were2.09 and2.04 for T1 and T2 respectively. Also adding aspirin in broiler diet (T2) significantly (P<0.01) reduced total mortality to 17.78 % compared with 28.89 % in T1, and significantly (P<0.01) reduced mortality due to ascites to 2.22 % compared with 8.89 % in T1.

Incubation experiment was conducted to study the effect of irrigation water salinity phosphorous adsorption reactions in soil with time. 100gm of clay loam soil was put in container and each treated with 7 levels of phosphorous ( 0,1.6,3.2, 6.4 , 12.8 , 25.6 , 51.2 ) mmol P.kg-1soil as ](NH4)3PO4.3H2O[. SoiI containers were irrigated with 3 levels of saline water (1,2,4 ) dS.m-1 up to field capacity .All treated soil materials were incubated in an incubater at 25 ﹾ C for ( 3, 6, 12, 24 ) hours.
After each period soil were analyzed for soluble P concentration in solution after equilibrium. Amount of P adsorbed on soil surface was calculated. The results were tested by liner langmuir equation and constants of this equation ( K,b), were calculated , and kinetics equation used .
Results showed that increasing salinity of water increased P adsorption under all levels of P application and incubation P periods. Application of langmuire equation showed a good correlation of adsorption curve. Increasing rate of saline water increased P adsorption maximum (b) and bonding energy coefficient (K),and adsorption maximum percentage (b%) of P in soil .The best kinetic equation for description phosphorus adsorption was the power function equation : LnC = Ln a + b Ln t

The present experiment aimed to study the effect of diet supplementation with probiotic , prebiotic and synbiotic on quality of egg production of White Leghorn(WL) laying hens . Alocally prepared probiotic were used each one gram of this probiotic contain at least 1010 Colony Forming Units of Bifidobacterium with L.acidophilus bacteria and 108(CFU) of Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast and Aspergillus niger fungal respectivally . The Prebiotic used in this study were consist a non starch oligosaccharide of S.cerevisiae yeast after crashing of cell wall .The synbiotic used in this study were prepared by mixed un equael amount from probiotic (Iraqi probiotic) and prebiotic.
Atotal of 180 WL laying hens , 16 weeks old were randomly allocated into four treatment groups . Hens in T1 group were fed a standerd laying diet and used as control group . Hen in T2,T3 and T4 were fed diet supplement with 5 Kg/ton of probiotic , prebiotic and symbiotic respectively .The experiment was conducted in poultry farm at Agriculture College –University of Baghdad for the period from 27th May 2005 to first of Jully 2006 .Egg production were measured monthly throw out of the experimental period . The data for the present study showed that feed supplementation with probiotic , prebiotic and synbiotic seemed to had not significantly affected the albumin and yolk quality characteristics but significantly (P<0.01) improved egg weight , egg shell and shell membern thickness

This experiment was conducted during the season 2006/2007 to investigate the effect of boron and copper at levels (0,10,20mg B / l.) and (0,2.5,5,10,20mg Cu / l.) on the growth, set percentage and yield of tomato plants variety Narita under green house conditions using R.C.B.D design with 4 replicates. Results showed that the average of plant height, number of branches, trusses, flowers per plant and fruit set percentage were highest at the intraction of 10 mg B/l X 5mg Cu/l with two sprays , the first at the beginning appearance of inflorescence , the second after (20) days from the first spray. The fruits number/plant and fruit weight were 31.22 fruits and 152.25gm respectively while were 23.27 fruits and 140.12gm in control and caused a significant increase in plant yield, early and total yield/greenhouse by 42.43%, 64.49%and40.46% respectively

This study aims to determine the level of cognitive of broiler breeders in Abu-Ghraib zone to scientific in management and to achieve the objectives of this study. Abu-Ghraib zone was chosen as an area to apply this study. A parameter used for this purpose formed from 8 scopes containing 50 recommendations. A randomized sample about 50 broiler breeders from Abu-Ghraib zone. Data were collected by questionnaire by people method. The results reveal that the studied broiler breeders in recommendations in the scope of broiler breeding reach to range (8-77) degree, at the mean (37.47) degree on a cognitive parameter at 100 degree maximum and 0 degree minimum, there were 74% from studied cases have degrees between (8-49) degrees and the latter consider as a week level. The parameter averages for studied cases were : Hatcher, Halls preparation levels, Nutrition, Water, Drugs, Ventilation, Vaccines and Diseases about (6, 5.5, 4.9, 4.2, 2.5, 5.9, 3.5, 2.1) degrees respectively at cognitive scales with maximum degrees (20, 16, 10, 10, 10, 18, 12, 2) respectively. The final results reveal that the cognitive level of broiler breeders in Abu-Ghraib zone in scientific recommendations on breeding scope was poor and need development.

The results of the economic analysis of the project of growing the Aleppo pistachio in Iraq had shown high competence due to high economic evaluation standards as the average internal rate of return of the project had been as high as 13% ,We also notice that the rise in the net present value had been (1,8) billions ID.
In addition to that, the revenue of the invested Dinar in this project gave ID. (2,2) dinars throughout the production cycle .
After the analysis of the project s sensitivity had been carried out , the results had shown that after the costs had risen by (10%), the rise in the costs that are deducted according to this percentage had led to a decline in the net present value , and the invested dinar revenue has become (1,9) after the invested dinar gave a revenue of (2,2) dinars .Nevertheless, the project is considered economically successful as long as the dinar revenue is of a value that exceeds one

A study was conducted to determine the effect of the addition of some soil conditioners on the crust formation for two soil materials which are different in their exchangeable sodium percentage.A laboratory experiment were performed , soil samples were taken from the A-Horizon ( 0 – 30 cm) of two locations from the fields of agriculture College University of Baghdad , in Abu –Ghraib, one was non saline soil ( ESP= 4.48 ) and the other was saline alkaline soil ( esp=21.14). Both soil were within the typic torrifluvent group. The two soils samples treated with the three types of soil conditioners, which were1% of fuel oil, 0.6% of wheat residues ( straw ) , and 0.6 % of animal manure. The soil samples were put in plastic containers of 32.5 cm diameter and 13 cm depth with three replicates. The results showed that the addition of fuel oil , wheat residues, and animal manure decrease the soil surface crust thickness from 0.764 to 0.262, 0.621 and 0.153 cm for the first soil and from 0.921 to 0.463, 0.801 and 0.286 cm for the second soil respectively. The addition of above conditioners were reduced modules of rupture, penetration resistance, bulk density , while the mean weight diameter increased in both soils. The increase of exchangeable sodium percentage increased the modules of rapture, penetration resistance and bulk density while the mean diameter decreased, which was reflected in the increase of hardness and thickness of the crust formed on the soil surface.

A factorial experiment RCBD carried out in plastic house to evaluate the effect of fertilizers containing (K+ Mg ) used by application in soil and as foliar fertilization and growth and yield of tomato (Lycopersicon Esculentum Mill ) Carmella variety planted in silty clay loam four levels of fertilizer mixture (K+Mg) ( 0+0) , (100+50) , (200+100) ,(300+150) Kg . ha -1 represented levels : S0 , S1, S2 , S3 of sulphate (%41.5 K)and magnesium sulfate (17%Mg) in soil . Feryilizerr mixture (K+Mg) was applied by soil for three times with time interval of 30 days . The first application was after 30 days of planting , and 1/3 of soil application was used as foliar fertilizer was sprayed in four levels : (0+0) , (33.3+16.6) , (66.6+33.3) , ( 100+ 50 ) Kg . ha represented levels F0 , F1 , F2 , F3 Foliar fertilizer was sprayed in four times : 1st application after 80 days of planting and repeated every 30 days . Significant increase in plant dry weight Soil application S2 and foliar application f2 caused increase in dry matter weight,.Fertilizer mixture (K+Mg) applied in soil and as foliar application and their interaction caused significant increase in K , Mg , concentration in leaves , and fruits, early.Results showed that addition potassium and magnesium increased early yield of tomato plant . . Addition of potassium and magnesium (S2 , F2 and S2F2 ) significant increased total yield of tomato plant achieved to 220.82 .

An experiment was carried out in the field of Horticulture Dept., Agric. College, Abu-Ghraib for two successive seasons 2001-2002 and 2002-2003 to study the effect of foam sulfur application to the soil and foliar spray of Al- Nahrain nutrient solution on soil properties and growth of two species of garlic (Allium sativum L., and Alliuim amploprasum L., G1 and G2 respectively).
Four levels of foam sulfur (i.e.,0 , 1000 , 2000 , and 3000 kg .ha-1, S0, S1, S2 and S3 respectively) were applied one week before planting. Two foliar spray treatments (0, and 5ml/l., F0 and F1 respectively) of AL-Nahrain nutrient solution were implemented three times, first at vegetative growth, second at bulbing initiation, and the third during bulb bulking. Split-Split plot design was used with three replications. Results show that foam sulfur application to the soil reduced soil pH but increased the ECe of soil extract especially when added at level 3000 kg.ha-1 eight weeks after the application. The pH dropped to 7.50 and 7.50 as compared to 7.63 and 7.67 before the sulfur application for two seasons respectively. Highest degrees of ECe wereat eight and 16 weeks after 3000 kg S.ha-1 of sulfur application for the two seasons respectively. Sulfur application to the soil increased soil total nitrogen and . available phosphor in soil for two seasons respectively when sulfur was applied at level 3000 kg .ha-1 S3 .
Sulfur application at level 3000 kg .ha-1 resulted in high leaves content of N for the two seasons, while the highest leaves content of K was found when 1000 kg .ha-1 of applied sulfur for the second season only.
Sulfur application increased nutrient contents of bulbelts and the level 3000kg.ha-1 resulted in highest concentration of N whereas highest phosphorus concentration of thebulbelts (2.83 and 2.54 g.kg-1) was found when 2000 kg.ha-1 of sulfur was applied for the two seasons respectively. Highest K concentration of the bulbelts(17.19 g.kg-1) was found when 1000 kg.ha-1 of sulfur was added in the second season.
Leaves and bulbelts contents of N and K was affected significantly by sulfur application in both species where G2S3 treatment had highest N contents in leaves (58.86 and 52.60 g.kg-1) and bulbelts (51.33 and 50.48 g.kg-1) for the two seasons respectively, whereas , G1S1 treatment resulted in highest K content in the leaves (21.04 and 21.35 g.kg-1) for the two seasons respectively. The treatment G2S3 had highest K content in bulbelts(16.52 g.kg-1) in the first season while G2S2 in the second season had the highest K content (17.55 g.kg-1). The intesaction of species with nussient spray is signifinact where G1F1 had the highest N content in the leaves (61.01 g.kg-1) in the first season and G2F1 treatment (55.74 g.kg-1) in the second season. G1F1 treatment on the other hand had the highest bulbelts cintent of N in both seasons (52.66 and 54.56 g.kg-1) respectively. Second order interaction was significant where bulbelts N content was the highest (58.32 and 56.20 g.kg-1) for the two seasons respectively. Phosphorus content of bulbelts was the highest in G2F1 treatment (2.91g.kg-1)for the first season, whereas, in the second season the treatment G1F1 domineted in phosphorus content(2.66 g.kg-1).G2F1 treatment had the highest K content in the bulbelts (18.99 g.kg-1) for the second season only highest bulbelts content of potassium (19.55 g.kg-1) was lored in G2S2F1 for the second season.

Field experiment was conducted in the fields of Salamia village, south-east of Mosul , during the autumn season of 2006 , to study the response of growth and yield of green pods of cowpea Vigna sinensis L and its components - local cultivar - for certain types of foliar fertilizers, and its effect in improving the quality and quantity of cowpea plant, which included spraying five types of fertilizers nominated Nahrin fertilizer 3000 mg / L, Speedy Growth at concentration of 2000 mg / L, Ferti Plant A at conc. of 1000 mg / L, Ferti Plant B at conc. of 1000 mg / L and Grow More at conc. of 500 mg / L and control treatment (without spraying) . these fertilizers contain NPK elements in addition to some micro-elements with different proportions , depending on the type of fertilizer, sprayed four times at weekly intervals between starting from the begging of blossom in 1st September 2006 . and the experimental design used was RCBD .
Results revealed significant superiority of Grow More fertilizer in components in the vegetative growth which include plant length , number of branches, fresh and dry weight of plant and the percentage of dry material of green pods, as well as the components of green pods yield involving average weight of pod , number of pods / plant, number of seeds / pod, and the yield per plant and the total yield of green pods / unit Area (tons / donum) .

This study was conducted to realize the effect of soil texture and soil salinity on the available water , the wheat plants was used as an indicator to show when the plants can not absorb the water by wilting phenomena that appears on these plants , then describe the relationship between the salinity with soil texture and available water by arithmetical model . The results showed no significant differences for the effect of studied soil textures on wieghting moisture content at wilting point but these results showed significant differences on the available water as a volumetric percentage . So there are differences which caused by the salinity and the relation between salinity and available water is non linear relation , it appeared as a polynomial function .

Field experiment was conducted in autumn season 2006 in order to study the effect of three types of plowers ( mold board , chisel , and disk ) and three system of plowing
( one time , two vertical time , and three times ) on some soil characteristic and yield of corn variety ( bihooth 106 ) ,
The results showed :
Significant differences between the type of plow to increase the weight diameter rate, the chisel plow incresse the value of weight diameter rate , while the disc plow decrease the value of bulck density, also our result indicated no significant differences between plow on soil moisture content .
Positive significant of ( two verticle times plowing ) to increase weight diameter rate of soil ,while no significant on bulk density and soil moisture content.
The result showed no significant differences between plowers in affecting germination rate , but the chisel plow increase significantly plant length, rows numberLear, and total yield , while two times vertical plowing increase yield characteristics and quantity

Soil Spectral Reflectance was studied for ten soil units selected to the left of Tigris River, north of Kut city reflect the differences of soil units status and geomorphologic location. Soil spectral reflectance for the sites was extracted from Landsat satellite ETM+ Image, with nine bands and its spectral indices .Soil physical and chemical properties were determined.
The aim of this study was to demonstrate the effect of soil physical and chemical properties on soil spectral reflectance. The results will establish spectral signatures for each map unit which helps to identify soil units using remote sensing data and minimize the soil survey costs. Reflectance values for each site differ at the several bands and also between sites at each band. The main effect was related to salinity and gypsum soil content at the surface horizons. Brightness index and shadow index were the best spectral indices to reflect soil unit’s properties differences.

The experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of harvesting methods of potato crop c.v Desiree in two different locations , Abu-Ghraib and Radwaniah during the spring agricultural season of 2005 . soil texture of Abu-Ghraib was silty clay while that of Radwaniah was clay .
Three harvesting methods were used including potato digger chain, potato digger frequency and hand lifting .
Split-plot design under randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replicatins was used in this stud A statistical analysis system (SAS) program was used on computer for data analysis to test the differences between treatments and their interaction with LSD at 0.05 level of probability .
Harvest properties of potatos including undamaged tubers ratio , qualitative loss ratio and quantitative loss ratio were studied in this study .
The results can be summarized on the following :
Using chain digger in harvesting potatoes resulted in ahigher mean value of undamaged tubers (88.89%) and lower mean value of qualitative loss (7.65%) . The hand lifting method of potato ratio increased the mean of total potato harvested . harvesting gave a significant decrease in the mean qualitative loss

The aim of this work was to study the effect of different levels of rumen degradable to un degradable protei (high:low, medium:medium, and low:high) in rations containing the same level of nitrogen and energy on daily feed intake and some blood parameters of Karadi crossbred cattle.
The experiment were a series of 3×3 Latin Squares design. So that each group of cows received each treatment once during the experimental period (3 weeks). The first two weeks was considered a preliminary period and the third week as an experimental period. Cows were also fed a straw ad lib. Blood samples were collected from each cow at an intervals 0,6,12,18 and 24 hours and stored for analysis.
Result revealed that the level of degradable protein in the rumen has no significant effect on daily dry matter feed intake organic matter total nitrogen and metabolizable energy the interaction of treatment × period was not significant on daily feed intake. Increase in the level of degradable protein in the rumen was associated with a significant increase in blood urea nitrogen (32.135, 26.689 and 22.607 mg/100ml) and uric acid (2.414, 2.273 and 2.243 mg/100ml), where as the treatment has no significant effect on total serum protein (6.649, 6.335 and 6.806 gm/100ml), albumin (3.358, 3.205 and 3.297 gm/100ml) and globulin (3.291, 3.13 and 3.509 gm/100ml). The highest concentration of Urea nitrogen, Uric acid and blood protein was attained at 6 hours post feeding.