Journal of sustainable studies

Surveillance of land cover and land use requires considerable time and effort. Remote sensing data can be shortened by a satellite visuals which are a historical record for detecting spatial change in the study area. However, the results depend on electronic processing for detecting geographical features in the study area, as they require prior knowledge of the study area through field study, reference maps, google maps and other sources to query the surface features of the Earth. In this case, reference must be made to the creation of a preliminary map to In order to fix these features using the Arc Gis10.8 program, changes in the 1990-2020 period after the region has been classified by vector and non-vector classification can be observed automatically by selecting four satellite vises: 1990, 2000, 2014, 2020, and acting in two ways: The second was the remote sensing index (NDVI), NDWI and NDBI. It was more accurate and realistic than the first method in the green zones and water bodies. The urban index was blurred due to the mixing of species similar to reflectivity. With direct visual interpretation of the critical visual space of urban centers،This was even more apparent after the researcher intervened by drawing urban areas directly from the visible and calculating their area.

The Biography of the Prophet represents the news, actions and deeds that are related to the time of the Prophet (peace and blessings of God be upon him and his family) from his birth until his death, Codification of the Prophet’s biography is not limited to preserving his cultural heritage only, but also to imitating him and the necessity to follow the saying of the Most High (You had a good example in the Messenger of God.), And the subject of my research is the investigation of the tablets of the Battle of the Trench, which are included in the book History of Thursday in the conditions of Anfs Nafis in the purified biography of the Prophet, I dealt with the subject of the research study and investigation, and the research included two sections, the first of which was the academic section, which included three sections, the first of which was the definition of the work and its writings, The second is the methodology of the author in the book, and the third topic is methodological in verifying the text. As for the second section, it includes the realization of the text .

he recent research aims to measure the effect behind using multimediain teaching text-books(History of Fine Arte)in raising the knowledge achievement for female students, Fine Art institute-Diyala.
The researche delt with studies related to the research to pics,replied on the use of multimedia in several variables.
As for research procedures, the experimental method with tight control was used and of the experimental and control groups depending the pre and post tests.
For the purpose of measuring the effect of the vaiables, the researcher designed an achievement test for the scientific material .
In addition, multiple pre-prepared media were used which suit the subject of the scientific material underthe study.
To process the data, the researcher used the appropriate statistical method.
After perfrming the statistical treatment, the researcher reviewed the result, then discussed them and came to the following results,
1-The use of multimedia has agreat impact on the knowledge achievement of learners
2-The use of multimechia has agreat effect on knowledge achivement.
3-Multimedia has a positive effect not only on knowledge achievement, but also on montivating the learner and increasing his montivation to wards learning.

The aim of the research is to evaluate the biology textbook for the sixth grade according to the international education standards CFBT. / Scientific research and thirteen main criteria and sixty-one sub-indicators for the second field / biology.

This study revealed to us an attempt to define the concept of the narrative or narrative construction and highlight its importance in establishing the foundations of the novel, and because this narrative component cannot appear in the novel except accompanied by its external (realistic) dimensions, it required research in it, but within the limits of what allows benefiting from it. His philosophy is to build an aesthetic perception within the framework of its treatment of the issue of narrative space, by addressing the study of two basic elements of the narrative structure, which are the narrative elements of space and time, and highlighting the most important relationships that have arisen between these two aliens and the characters that the narrator is interviewing in his novel Kotharia, as well as the indication of the network of relationships Which the narrator evaluates with the rest of the narrative elements in how he produces those connotations, as the problem of the space of the place and its psychological dimensions raised the most prominent impact that cast a shadow on these studies, and the research will also be exposed to the most important temporal transformations and their fluctuations in the novel.

Modern means of travel do not affect women traveling without a mahram, And the prohibition of a woman’s travel without a mahram remains until the Hour of Judgment and that the wisdom of a woman’s travel ban is to protect and maintain the woman The travel of a woman in our time is like her travel in the time of our ancestors. The difference in the state of travel and its means of travel does not change anything. Some scholars of the age have permitted a woman’s travel without a mahram, but according to controls as decided in this research.

The objective of the current research is to identify" The Effective of an Educational- learning program according to learning anchors in acquiring mathematical concepts for fifth grade female students" ,to verify the goal of the research, the following zero hypothesis was developed : (there is no statistically significant difference at the level of significance (0.05) between the average grades of students of the experimental group who will study according to the educational - learning program and the average grades of students of the control group who study according to the usual method of teaching in the dimensional test in the acquisition of mathematical concepts)
The experiment was applied to a sample of 55 students from the school of Hatem al-Taie Primary School of the Directorate of Education Baghdad Rusafa first, by( 26) students in the experimental group and (29) students in the control group, prepared a test to acquire mathematical concepts levels (definition , distinction, Application) consisting of 57 paragraphs of the type of multiple choice and was verified truthfulness and stability and characteristics of psychometric and showed the results using statistical analysis superiority of the students of the experimental group who studied the educational program learning according to the learning reporters on the students of the control group who studied in the usual way in the test of the acquisition of concepts and in the light of these results were reached a number of conclusions and recommendations.

The research discusses the issue of the characteristics of the agricultural female labor force in Al-Muthanna Governorate, which is characterized by its contrast between the age, social (educational and marital) and health characteristics, which must be researched on this topic to give a clear picture about these characteristics, which fall within the human phenomena that are characterized by their diversity and overlap with each other. The participation of age groups in the labor market has its justifications imposed by economic factors, and it has social and economic consequences on society on the one hand and on development plans on the other, hence the importance of studying the characteristics of the agricultural female workforce. The research also addressed the social situation of women in terms of The educational level and the marital status, which is positive or negative on the level of her work in agricultural activity. To address the topic, the research is divided into two axes. The first axis deals with the age structure, social characteristics (educational, marital) and the health status of women working in agriculture in Muthanna Governorate, and the second axis deals with the factors affecting the . Characteristics of the agricultural female labor force, then the research dealt with the most prominent conclusions, including the variation of age groups participating in agricultural work from female farmers, and that the percentage of married women is the highest percentage among female workers in agricultural production. While the most important proposals addressed by the research were recorded is the need to create a database for the agricultural female workforce and encourage agricultural work in certain age groups and suitable for agricultural work. The research ended with a list of margins and sources And the references through which the research achieved its scientific hypothesis.

Physics is a wellspring of the right education and an important source of its principles from which it derives its principles, and by which it organizes the various affairs of life. The role that the physics teacher and his sciences contribute to the education process, attention to his proper preparation is necessary to perform this role, in proportion to the great educational tasks entrusted to him because he instills the principles of cooperation in the hearts of our children and develops their capabilities and willingness to accept the curriculum and direct their behavior, especially in light of intellectual challenges targeting the Muslim community.

This research deals with the attitude of Khaiyun al ‘Ubaid towards the tribal uprisings in Suq al- Shuyukh and Bani Rakab for the period (1935-1941(.
This research consists of an introduction, two main sections, and a conclusion. The first topic dealt with the attitude Khaiyun al ‘Ubaid on the uprising of the Suq al- Shuyukh in 1935. As for the second topic, it was devoted to the attitude of Khaiyun al ‘Ubaid from the uprising of the Bani Rakab tribes (1935-1941(.
This topic relied on a variety of sources, foremost of which are the unpublished British documents kept in the House of Books and Documents, which include London documents, documents of the royal court, files of the Ministry of Interior, and Arab books, which play an important role in providing the research with historical and documentary information.
Sheikh Khaiyun al ‘Ubaid has the most realistic and most credible prominent role of the men who took responsibility for a solution to the uprising of the Suq al- Shuyukh when the central government hired him and asked him to intervene as a mediator; Because he is the most influential leader of the Al-Muntafiq tribes, and he was always on the side of law and order, as he took the initiative to help the government, calm the situation and work to restore security and order in the Suq al- Shuyukh and Bani Rakab.

The issue of Saudi Arabia’s policy and its position on political developments in Syria with Hafez al-Assad’s assumption of power in 1971 is one of the important and vital issues in annexing the Kingdom’s policy in its Arab environment, especially since that period was full of many events and regional and international developments that naturally affected the policy of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Towards Syria.
In addition to that, that position followed a major event in the history of the Arab region, namely the June setback in 1967 and preceded the most important event of the 1973 war and the victory of the Arab armies over Israel. The research also deals with the tensions in Saudi-Syrian relations in the period that preceded Hafez al-Assad’s assumption of power. Significant improvement and development.

The aim of the current research is to reveal the level of including levels of emotional goals in the questions of the book of literature and texts. To achieve this, the researcher prepared a questionnaire after analyzing 139 questions distributed over the units of the methodological book and chose 54 questions under the assumption that the answers to the questions include levels of emotional goals according to classification (Kratwall, 1964). ) and classified into five levels graded according to the complexity of the level, which are (reception - response - evaluation - organization - value representation) and the questionnaire was applied to a random sample of 100 teachers and schools of the Arabic language. It came to the following conclusions:
1- The level of including levels of emotional domain goals is weak by comparing the values of the arithmetic averages within the categories of criteria and calculated according to the degrees of the answer alternatives within the range (1, 670, and 03).
2- The order of including the levels in ascending order is value representation - organization - evaluation - response - reception
3- The above arrangement is consistent with the basic hierarchy and according to the viewer of the classification (Cratwall, 1964) or the hierarchy of hierarchy
4- The levels of inclusion are consistent with the basic hierarchy, meaning the higher the complexity of the level, the weaker its inclusion, any inverse relationship
5- These results are consistent with the literature of classification of cognitive goals, including emotional ones, as well as the results of previous studies.
6- The researcher concluded some conclusions, including there is a weakness in the culture of including emotional goals in evaluating the learner and writing methodological books, and recommended the authorities responsible for the educational process to establish training workshops for educational bodies and increase interest in them.
Keywords: Inclusion - cognitive behavioral goals - levels of affective domain goals

The current research aims to know (the effect of the knowledge keys strategy on developing written expression skills and reflective thinking among students of the fourth literary grade) by verifying the validity of the following null hypotheses: -
1- There is no statistically significant difference at the level of significance (0.05) between the mean scores of the experimental group students who they studied Written Expression According to the strategy of the keys to knowledge And the students of the control group who studied Written Expression According to the usual method of developing post - writing skills development test.
2- There is no statistically significant difference at the level of significance (0.05) between the average scores of the experimental group students who insert the written expression subject according to the knowledge keys strategy in the test of developing written expression skills, before and after.
3-There is no statistically significant difference at the level of significance (0.05) between the average scores of the experimental group students who they studied Written Expression According to the strategy of the keys to knowledge And the students of the control group who studied Written Expression According to the usual method of testing Developing dimensional reflective thinking skills .
4- There is no statistically significant difference at the level of significance (0.05) between the average scores of the experimental group students who insert the written expression subject according to the strategy of knowledge keys in the test of developing the skills of pre and post reflective thinking.
The researcher applied the experimental method with partial control, and the number of the study sample was (56) students (28) students in the experimental group And (28) students in the control group who were randomly selected from Al-Falaq High School in Baquba District, Diyala Governorate, using a random drawing method. As two divisions were chosen out of three, The Division (a) Represents the experimental group and the division (b) represents the control group, The researcher made parity between the two groups in the variable of age The students timetable, calculated in months, the previous year’s grades for Arabic language, the parents’ academic achievement, and the pre- test for the fourth grade, The researcher has determined the behavioral goals, as their number reached in its final form (45) goals and with an agreement (80%) by experts and arbitrators in the Arabic language and its teaching methods. Authenticity, the Father, the Paranormal) As it reached (12) plans with two lessons per week for both groups, and the researcher presented two models to the experts and arbitrators in the Arabic language and its teaching methods. researcher three Topics expressive From the book of the Arabic language for the fourth literary grade, the first part and its presentation on Experts and specialists in ways teaching Annex (4) which has been approved researcher Rate Agreement (80%) or more Menu the experts pointer to accept topic and drive got Agree on subject(Altruism is that character that indicates the purity of the soul and its purity from miserliness, stinginess and selfishness). The researcher chose the barber correction criterion (2005) and verified its validity and stability, and the second was the reflective thinking test, as the posttest items reached (30) items of the type of objective tests (multiple choice) and the test was presented to experts and arbitrators in the Arabic language and its teaching methods Measurement and evaluation, and it was agreed upon by (80%). The researcher verified the validity and stability of the test , as the reliability coefficient reached (82%) which is a very good stability coefficient. The end of the experiment, which lasted (6) weeks, and the researcher used standardized statistical methods in the educational package of the program spss) version (23) as follows: (T - test for two independent and correlated samples, the coefficient of difficulty, the item discrimination equation, and the effectiveness of the wrong alternatives, And the Pearson correlation coefficient, and the Saber man equation, and the Couder-Richard Dson equation) After correcting the answers and processing the data statistically, the researcher reached a conclusion that can be summarized as follows: The results showed the superiority of the students of the experimental group who studied and Written expression and reflective thinking skills according to the strategy of the keys to knowledge on the students of the control group who studied and The subject of written expression and reflective thinking skills according to the usual method as there has been an escalating growth in the development of the scores of the experimental group students between the pre and posttest and in favor of the post test for the experimental group, and the researcher recommends teaching written expression to students The fourth literary grade according to the strategy of the keys to knowledge for its great impact on the development of written expression skills and reflective thinking , and the researcher suggests conducting a similar study to the current study in educational branches Other As a subject of Arabic grammar, rhetoric, and literature.

The research seeks to reveal the prominent stylistic structures in the Lamaiyya of the poet Ibn Hani al-Andalus, which he organized in the praise of al-Mu’izz for the Fatimid religion of God on the occasion of his victory over the Romans, which embodied the religious position enjoyed by al-Mu’izz al-Fatimi as a descendant of the Hashemite Doha, and the heir of the Islamic Caliphate from which he derives his religious legitimacy, as well as from That is what his personality was characterized by in terms of strength and courage to fight the enemies, and to stand up to everyone who tries to undermine the fever of Islam. The researcher decided to shed light on the stylistic structures as dominant structures in the poem, through their interrogation and analysis.

It is not hidden the importance of the illness in measuring the Arabic language, as it is one of its four pillars, and this research has settled on the morphological defects adopted by Ibn Al-Qassab (d. 981 A.H.) It is one of the educational books on Al-Sarf. Ibn Al-Qassab mentioned the ills in their various educational and standard forms, and at other times he mentioned more than one cause for a single ruling.

The current study is considered an important subject since the social building with its multi- social systems is concerned over by the anthropological scientists for having a huge effect upon the family and community . This concept has been emerged either in the social studies or anthropological domain taking into consideration this concept . Most contemporary social studies or anthropological studies are constructive studies and the society is represented a network of organized social relations that organize relations of parts with the wholeness; besides , this concept is usually used as a tool to describe the relationship between the elements in respect with coordinating the specific variables. The ecological changes that passed through the contemporary Iraqi society have affected the nature of social construction types and its diverse systems , in that , methods of marriage got changed specifically after the internal marriage was the dominant feature in rural areas and the same thing could be said about the external marriage that is popular in the community. Moreover , the family has also got changed from the non-centered family into centered family and also the job , after the dominant job was a farming, appeared so many works besides that; the social relations have also changed in addition to a change in woman job for having women practice job outside the house and participate with the husband to spend on the family and making decisions.

Drugs Digital is one of the modern practices associated with the Internet, which has spread among many groups in Western societies to the extent that it has become a problem that threatens the security and lives of young people, and because the world is a small village, most of the customs and practices are easily transferred from one society to another until digital drugs appeared in the midst of Arab societies, and with the beginning of their entry as new practices, spread through phones and ordinary headphones that are usually within the reach of all age groups. The study aims mainly at knowing digital drugs, the date of their emergence, their mechanism of action, types, how they spread, and the extent of the damage that these drugs cause to the individual and society at large. Both " . The study dealt with the role of the means of social control (religion, customs, traditions, and law) in confronting practices that are alien to Arab societies, which are the latest and most dangerous for today's youth, especially since traditional drugs have taken on a well-known and clear character to everyone that can be easily detected.

There are several ways to demonstrate the essential role of theater in reframing our conceptions of life. In addition to the great theatrical texts and performances, there is a large group of theatrical studies and research that is no less important than direct theatrical achievement.
This research seeks to be a contribution to efforts that are working seriously in revealing the way in which theater can contribute to defending human rights, freedom and dignity. The research problem, which was represented in the extent of the success of the method in which Mohy El-Din Zangana dealt with the phenomenon of alienation. , The second sample: the play (Ships Without Harbors).It must be noted that the limits of our research in terms of time extended from (1981-2001), while Iraq was the spatial limit of the subject of the research. Mohieddin Zangana, where the first topic focused on the phenomenon of alienation concept, forms and definitions, so we touched upon the mechanisms that constitute the phenomenon of embezzlement in its various political, cultural, social and economic types. We found that creative and cognitive alienation can have a very important impact on any achievement based on the human ability to represent, innovation and creativity. It included two important matters, the first of which was the psychological, social, political and cultural foundations of the phenomenon of alienation, and the second matter took care of tracing the way in which the world and Iraqi theater dealt with the phenomenon of alienation.

In this study, we try to discuss, objectively and impartially, some of the honorable and bright social aspects in Nineveh Governorate, specifically the city of Mosul, after the Iraqi government forces performed well to liberate it from the clutches of Takfiri terrorism and extremist groups. Between the conditions of the city of Mosul during the days of ISIS terrorist gangs’ control, and its current situation as a liberated city, assuming that the current conditions in the liberated city are witnessing a kind of societal stability and a sense of gradual improvement despite the feeling of the Mosul citizens in a state of anxiety that they live in due to the destruction that has befallen their city and property, which is possible and possible To turn - if not treated professionally - into a state of protest or societal agitation, and this discontent and agitation may end in a protest revolution with negative content in the absence of consideration of their harsh conditions and the speedy payment of material compensation and the restoration of their societal status to a state of stability, and this requires the availability of a number of conditions and opportunities To achieve a comprehensive societal renaissance that stems from the principle and base of all are partners, and everyone is responsible for restoring the city of Pray for her stable condition and a state of peace and tranquility.

The current research aims to identify the trend towards academic specialization and its relationship to the cognitive motivation of university students, where the researchers relied in their research steps on the correlative descriptive approach, and chose the sample in a stratified random manner with (100) individuals (48) for males and (52) for females and for each of the students The first stage in the College of Basic Education - Haditha in Anbar Governorate, To achieve the objectives of the research, the researchers adopted the (Al-Hamdani and Al-Obaidi 2005) scale for the variable of attitude towards academic specialization and the (Al-Shammari 2009) scale of cognitive motivation after the validity and reliability of both scales were extracted. The results revealed that there are differences in the trend towards academic specialization among the sample members in general, while there are no differences according to the variable of gender and specialization as for the cognitive motivation, the results were statistically significant among the sample members in general, and there were no significant Differences according to the variable of sex and specialization. As for the correlation Between the two variables, it was statistically significant and positively direct.

Sudan is located in the northeastern part of the continent of Africa, and is the largest of the African countries in area. It was conquered in 1821 by the governor of Egypt, Muhammad Ali, as he had a strong desire to control the gold mines and control the sources of the Nile River, but the situation quickly deteriorated General of Sudan after the death of Muhammad Ali, the imposition of heavy taxes on the Sudanese people and the methods of their collection, and the deterioration of the social, economic and health status of Sudan, as well as the penetration of foreign privileges and the persecution of the British administration in the regions of Sudan during the period of ruler Charles Gordon and its cruelty, which led to the establishment of the Mahdist movement to get rid of the Egyptian presence and the British for Sudan, All of this led to the imposition of the British-Egyptian dual-rule agreement for Sudan on January 19, 1899, and the raising of the British and Egyptian flags in the Sudanese lands. And the coming of the revolution (July 1952) in Egypt and its contents, the independence of Sudan was achieved in 1956.

The architecture of storytelling reflects wisdom and sustainability in people’s life over time. Gilgamesh, Beowulf and the Odyssey are works of storytelling which portray the conflicts and resolutions of its protagonists and determine the worth of past lessons for future generations. As for the novel, it features intimate human experiences and invokes the suspension of disbelief to attain people’s attention. Novelists strive to engage their audience by problematizing conflicts and crafting resolutions. Scholars like Walter Benjamin (1892–1940) spells out the basic characteristics of the storytelling with a minimum level of similarity with both legends and epics. Explicitly, in his essay “the storytellers” (1936), Benjamin defines the characteristics of the storyteller, i.e., experience shared by the person that is vibrant with lessons and real-life situations. Benjamin asserts that the modern novel is lacking in the features of the storyteller, which causes its decline. He believes that what legitimizes the storyteller’s authority is the human experience and nostalgically laments its inevitable passing away in the modern life. According to him, the "art of storytelling is reaching its end because of the epic side of truth, wisdom, is dying out"(Benjamin 87). Given that, this study shows how the storyteller can be still perceived as an outstanding art of one's experience followed by many fantasy, i.e., fairytales writers. By examining the work of the English writer, John Ronald Reuel Tolkien’s, The Lord of the Rings, first volume the fellowship of the Ring, an epic fantasy fairytale, this study illustrates the reasons why such a fairytale stands out as a storyteller in the modern life., and attempts to answer questions like: To what extent is The Fellowship of the Ring similar to Benjamin’s major assertion in “The Storyteller"? What moral lessons and wisdom has Reuel Tolkien embodied int The fellowship of the Ring as a revelation of Benjamin's claim? The next discussion tackles the implications of the World War I and its negative effect on the storyteller.

This research dealt with the study of (primary patterns and their representations in modern Iraqi painting), and it falls into four chapters. The research problem was determined by: (What are the representations of primitive patterns in modern Iraqi painting), and the research objective was: to know the representations of primitive patterns in modern Iraqi painting. While the limits of the research were: by studying the artworks produced by the Iraqi artist in the art of painting (whether oil works or Any other different materials on cloth or other artistic materials) and within the temporal limits from (1950-2000), and within the limits placed symbols, primary patterns, according to the concept of Young’s theory. As well as defining and defining the most important terms mentioned in the title of the research. The second chapter is also concerned with the theoretical framework and previous studies. It included three sections, the first (the concept of the theory of primitive patterns according to the vision of the psychiatrist (Young). The second topic, the primitive patterns in ancient Iraqi art, and the third topic dealt with modern Iraqi painting. It also included indicators that resulted from the theoretical framework. As for the third chapter He specialized in the research procedures, so he reviewed the research community that the researcher identified with (60) works of art within the limits of the research, and then limiting and approving the research sample and specifying it in an intentional manner distributed over the time periods and the artist’s importance, amounting to (7) works for analysis. For the fourth chapter, the results that resulted from the analysis of the research sample models, and then presented the conclusions reached by the research in the light of the interpretation of the research results. Among the most important findings of the research:
1- The emergence of the pattern of life and birth in the form of the pattern of the image of the tree that appeared in the ancient Mesopotamian and Pharaonic civilizations drawings as a symbol of life and birth because of its connection to the land and agriculture, which appeared in the paintings (Jawad Selim, Suad Al-Attar, and Mahoud Ahmed), which also appeared in abundance in Mesopotamian art on murals and numbers Clay, and it appeared in abundance in most of the decorations of Islamic art. This means that this symbol has ancient roots since the Mesopotamian artist and is one of the most common symbols in the ancient civilization of Iraq, which confirms its presence as a primitive pattern in the ancient arts, as we note in the sample (1) and (4) and (6).
2- The emergence of the primitive mother pattern among the artists (Jawad Selim and Ismail al-Sheikhly), which is abundant in the arts of ancient civilizations since caves and Mesopotamian art. Rather, it is considered one of the most sacred symbols among the Sumerians, Babylonians and Assyrians, so it appeared in the image of (Helena) the struggling working woman who struggles and struggles with life for the sake of others. And some of them appeared in the image of (the inflated sexual model of the female organs, and some of them appeared in a stereotypical image of the caring mother and the nanny for children), which is what appeared in models (1), (2) and (4).
3- The emergence of the archetype (Animus) in the works of the artists (Mahoud Ahmed, Ismail Al-Sheikhly, and Jawad Selim), as it emerged clearly in the works of the artist (Mahud) of the image of the female in his inner psychological depths, which reflected the image of the sexy female in our unconscious inner For the man, which formed the ideal of sex, excitement and beauty, which is what emerged in model (3) of the research sample.
Based on the interpretation of the results, the researcher reached several conclusions, including:
1- The researcher concludes that man is a symbol of the saying (Susan Langer), where there is a great inner ability to project symbols on the world around us, and also that the world is symbols, we are the ones who decode them, and this man has done since ancient times and this is what we notice clearly in the products of the Iraqi artist In the civilization of Mesopotamia, passing through the Muslim artist down to the contemporary Iraqi artist. The process of producing symbols has a great role in our understanding of the hidden life of the universe.
2- The emergence of the image of the mother was one of the most primitive stereotypes in the works of Iraqi artists, which indicates the strength of the influence of that image on the collective psychological nature within the Iraqi society and environment, as it was in ancient and primitive societies for the dominance of the image of the mother and the woman after that, the source of tenderness, giving, care and sanctity. Then the suggestions and a list of references and sources.

The current research aimed to identify the following:
1. The level of mental alertness among middle school students.
2. Statistically significant differences in the level of mental alertness among middle school students according to the variables of gender (male-female),and academic discipline (scientific, literary).
The research was limited to fourth year middle school students of both sexes (males, females), and from the two academic branches (scientific and literary) in middle schools affiliated to the Third Rusafa Education Directorate in Baghdad Governorate and the academic for year (2019-2020).
In order to achieve the objectives of the current research, the researcher adopted Langer’s Mindfulness Level Scale (Langer, 1992), which was developed by Al-Zubaidi (2012), and she adopted his theory. The scale consists of (21) items in its final form, and its validity and stability were verified. The research was conducted on a sample of middle school students who were selected in a stratified random manner consisting of (200) male and female students.
The fourth year of middle school students have a high level of mental alertness.
- There are no statistically significant differences between males and females in the level of mental alertness.
- There are no statistically significant differences in the academic branch (scientific and literary) in the level of mental alertness.

In the ancient Iraqis, beliefs were established over time and the outcome of this was related to the idea of existence, which occupied their thinking through long stages of time, which made them approach God to call them to protect them, and then multiplied their identity to become each village a special God worshiped by each individual worshiped also.
The first chapter deals with the research problem of the representations of the gods in ancient Babylonian art, its importance and the need for it besides the boundaries of research during the period (1515-2004) BC The Babylonian old era in Iraq and the objective of the study of identifying the representations of God in ancient Babylonian art , the first chapter ended with the definition of terms.
The second chapter includes two sections representing the theoretical framework, dealing with the first topic (God in the thought of the Ancient Iraqi), and the complex of the ancient Iraqi god represented by the main goddess (Anu, Enleel, Inana, Murdoch), while the second is referring to the representations of God in the old Iraqi art, In the pre-writing times, the representations of the gods in Sumerian and Akkadian art and the era of Sumerian Akkadian revival. With symbols of goddesses in ancient Iraqi art
The third chapter covered the research procedures and included the research community and its representative sample. The researcher used the analytical descriptive method of the research sample.
Chapter four which contains a number of conclusions, conclusions and results:
1. The artist in the ancient Babylonian era presented the Goddess in a human body with a slight difference in hairstyle and wearing necklaces, bracelets and clothing
2. The ancient Iraqi artist used symbols of the ancient god to denote them and this use was found in the ancient works of sculpture and pottery in the old Babylonian era.
3. Most of the Gods images in the ancient Babylonian era were characterized by the power and control of the real forms that expressed this situation
4. In some works the images of a domestic and beast animals appeared alongside the Gods in the sculptural and pottery works of the ancient Babylonian era.

Karbala is an ancient city with its own history , just like other famous cities in the Muslim world. It was the place of successive textures till the coming of Al-Imam Al-Hussain in Thursday 2nd of Muharram (61 AH- 680 AD), it was witnessed Al-Tuff incident in this year and followed by many Historical incidents, because of it's important geographical, economic, social and religious location after Al-Imam Al-Hussain (PBAH) revolution.
This research deals with the history of Karbala Since its inception till the Islamic conquest, focusing on important era of this city history, it is divided into introduction, two researches and conclusion. The first is talked about Karbala before Islamic incident "The origin of Karbala's name, it's location and its importance, and Karbala in ancient times. The second focused on the Islamic incident of the city and after , the entry of Muslims and the events of that era.

The discourse that employs the ugly reflects a qualitative development in understanding theatrical literature and awareness of its nature and function. Theatrical discourse is no longer concerned with beautifying reality, refining morals, evaluating individuals, or discussing what the recipient is reassured as much as it is haunted by the obsession of destabilizing the existing reality, dismantling its buildings, and embarrassing and shocking the recipient. To monitor the aesthetic dimension of the ugly, for the purpose of realizing the manifestations of aesthetic ugliness, which in turn are the product of communication and interaction between the theatrical discourse and the recipient, instituting new strategies in dealing with artistic work. Festoie is a new artistic vision that calls for new methods in Presenting theatrical discourse that the ugly in the theater involves a special aesthetic that shows that the ugly is not a lack of beauty, but rather a relative duality that must be present in a discourse for the purpose of producing a new reality according to special conditions that contribute to the development of aesthetic concepts of the recipient.

Ashura and the martyrdom of Imam Hussein (peace be upon him) is a proven historical issue that has been recorded in many historical sources and historians do not doubt the occurrence of this event. Distinguished by the development in these rites under the Safavids through social and political factors, and in this context there are numerous reports and texts about the decrees of Muharram that were transmitted by European travelers who were able to convey a picture of the ceremonies of Muharram, and then the view of orientalists is mostly governed by those criteria The travels that their papers and memoirs reported, and how those travels and news shaped for them pictures that distanced them from the recounted behavior of society and the authority towards the Husseini rites and the mechanisms for establishing them according to the perspective of producing political and societal identity and everything related to them.

The environment, aesthetic taste, and sense of responsibility in maintaining a pure and clear environment all of these are necessary needs and not one of the luxuries that people boast about here and there. The researchers have tacked this topic trying to investigate the problem of the reduction of taking care of the environment and the permanence of its viability for daily life, and at the level of the university campus and outside it by observing that the university students have no sense of awareness and indifference in maintaining a clean and beautiful environment during their stay inside the scientific departments of the university, which gives the impression that
by noting by participating in this urgent need to investigate such behaviors and identify the reasons behind such behaviors and trying to come up with possible future solutions. The researchers took a sample of students of the College of Arts at the level of preliminary and graduate studies in order to identify the degree of environmental awareness and responsibility towards maintaining a clean, safe, and permanent environment with the least efforts and the best initiatives. 80 research units were taken as a representative sample of the College and the questionnaire form with 24 questions that included the ethics of dealing with the environment and the extent of responsibility they feel towards it was distributed.

Following and taking, or what some critics considered theft, are among the topics dealt with in the books of balancing and comparison between poets. Shedding light on the roots and origins of budgeting through the ages and the critics’ opinions about it as one of the critical evaluation approaches based on the comparison between poets and texts, trying - after tracing the critics’ opinions — to say: that following and taking from others’ poetry is not considered stealing in the general and absolute sense, even if the words are similar in the structure of the poetic text Rather, it is possible to count a number of textual interrelationships based on the study of similarities and overlap between different literary texts, as the text It is often imbibed or emanating from other texts similar to it or transformed from it in various contexts, critics have found a wide scope to engage in this critical activity, and since the overlap, evasion, following and taking - as seen by Ibn Qutayba and other critics - a critical issue based on Correct criteria resulting from knowledge, critical training and erudition, so the idea of this research came to find out this issue within the budget approach, which is a stage of Arab evaluation criticism, especially in the Abbasid era, which witnessed a wide development in poetry and literature.

The Muslim woman had a role that was not limited to one aspect of life but extended to the religious, social and political aspects as well as her opposition to the ruling authority and her participation in the battles in addition her urging the others for fighting. Moreover, her narration of the prophets’ Hadiths. Lady Aisha’s role had emerged in decisions’s making on one hand and leading armies on other hand such as her pivotal role in the battle of Camel. Her leadership of that battle resulted in death of thousands of Muslims through neglecting the warnings of the prophet and the opposition of the mothers of believers to her leading role of the aforementioned battle which encountered the Islamic nation as a strife. But Imam Ali ( pbuh) was able to put that strife off by killing some of the battle leaders and brought Aisha back to her residence. Despite of that she maintained her right to criticise and monitor the political situations until her death at the beginning of Amaui

The newspaper News hour is one of the most important Arab sources that took a very large interest in the events and news of the foreign policy of the Soviet Union in 1953, so this study came to shed light on the most important events through articles and quotations that dealt with the major countries such as Britain, the United States of America, and Germany, whether on a positive or negative level of that policy, and that the study focused on the newspaper's position on the soviet union's foreign policy of 1953 both in terms of soviet policy towards states European or otherwise She then detailed the position of The News of the Hour newspaper on soviet policy towards European countries such as Britain, the United States of America, Yugoslavia, Austria, Germany, Korea, China and Turkey.

The current research aims to know “the effect of the push and pull strategy on acquiring social concepts for fourth-grade literary students in sociology.” To verify this research, the researcher formulated the following null hypothesis;
There are no statistically significant differences at the level of significance (0.05) between the average scores of the experimental group students who studied according to the push and pull strategy in acquiring social concepts for sociology, and the average scores of the control group students who studied according to the traditional method of the same subject in acquiring concepts Social .
The researcher adopted the experimental design with a partial control for the two research groups (experimental and control) with a post-test, and according to this design the researcher intentionally chose a sample of fourth-grade literary students from a preparatory school (Jerusalem for boys) affiliated to the Hashemite Education Department of the General Directorate of Babylon Education for the academic year (2021- 2022) first semester .
The researcher conducted an equivalence between the two research groups in a number of variables (the chronological age of the students calculated in months, the intelligence test (Raven), prior knowledge, the academic achievement of the parents). , fourth) from the book Sociology to be taught for the fourth literary grade for the academic year (2022/2021) and the behavioral objectives were formulated by the researcher on three levels of concepts according to the processes of their acquisition (defining the concept, distinguishing the concept, applying the concept) and their number reached (36) A behavioral objective used in writing the teaching plan in the light of the independent variable .
The researcher prepared the concept acquisition test as a research tool, and the number of test items reached (36) items in light of the three concepts acquisition processes. The reliability of the test by the half-split method using (Kewder Richardson 21 ).
After completing the study experiment, the researcher applied the social concepts acquisition test for sociology for the students of the two research groups (experimental and control). 0.05), as the students of the experimental group who studied sociology according to the (tension and attraction) strategy in acquiring concepts outperformed the students of the control group who studied according to the usual method. and attraction), and recommendations related to it, then suggestions for subsequent research related to it

The current research aims to identify contemporary educational trends in the development of social capital, as social capital is a combination of knowledge, cooperative relations and informal ethical standards that ensure the survival, continuity and communication of members of society among themselves, and is represented by justice, tolerance, altruism, trust and other meanings that formed their entirety. The appropriate ground for the establishment of societies, and the research adopted the descriptive approach The research found: that social capital emphasizes a set of social ties and relationships between individuals and groups, by seeking to increase the societal stock of elements of trust, cooperation, teamwork, mutual understanding, tolerance and acceptance of the other, which consist within the framework of the general ethical principles of the group and what it imposes Membership of this group is a duty, in addition to the fact that social capital leads to a set of goals that members of the group seek to achieve, and the goals may be linked to the gr