Journal of sustainable studies

The study of gully erosion is of great importance in geomorphic studies, as it destroys the bridges of desert earthen valleys, and thus leads to the weakening of the groundwater reserve, which represents the most important resource for the inhabitants of that region, and its impact on the physical and chemical properties.
It has been shown through this research that the degrees and rates of erosion are according to the Bergsma classification, which was modified by Al-Alaaf, and that the total area of the study area is (99.95) km2. This valley is one of the seasonal valleys whose water flows during the rainy season of the year. The current study has proven The gully erosion of the Wadi el-Shakak basin is affected to varying degrees by gully erosion.
In general, most of the study area falls within the levels of light and medium erosion at a rate of (92.35%) of the total area of the basin.

Andalusian poetry in the era of civilization، development and the flourishing of literature due to the nature of the environment and the beauty of its scenery، so the poet became creative in drawing the imaginary image that roams within him in reality، as the poetic experience of poets appears through their feelings and emotions، as the poet's goal is to convey reality and convey the image of life from one era to another. Therefore، my choice fell on the Andalusian poet Ibn Sahl al-Ashbili, who had a share in analyzing poems and what is in them of images and literary purposes. I clarified the poetic purposes that he addressed in his poetry and then stated the aesthetic aspects through his use of rhetorical and rhetorical images that influenced his texts with their beauty. I divided the research into three sections، starting with the introduction، then the first section in which I addressed the poet's biography، his social life and his culture according to the environment in which he lived. The second section comes، in which I analyzed the objective study and artistic images in his poetry، and then the third section in which I showed the aesthetic aspects through studying rhetorical methods and rhetorical images. Through this study of Ibn Sahl’s poetry، it became clear to me that the poet، while sitting with princes and their leaders in the era، we find him using it more for the purpose of praise and praising them in a manner befitting them، as well as during his use of rhetorical methods such as simile and metaphor، which he employed in praising them and conveying the social and cultural reality. The poet has a hidden secret inside him that we cannot reach except through his poetry، as he depicted his reality in a good and wonderful manner. The creative poet is the one who conveys the image to the reader in a clear and integrated manner according to the different seasons in which he live.

Writing about Islamic thought and its origins has witnessed extensive discussions in Orientalist circles in recent decades, especially with what has become known among researchers as the revisionist or radical trend, and the rise of contemporary Orientalist thought, and the propositions and methodological problems that this trend brought about regarding the origins and sources of Islam as a religion, thought, and civilization. he doubted that its origins are unreliable and do not carry truth or objectivity. Rather, they have been completely and definitively excluded as invalid in the studies of Orientalists. The reality of the situation is that the radical skepticism and violent rejection that the new Orientalism announces of the sources and origins of Islamic thought, philosophy and culture this time is the dispensation and neglect of all heritage at once ,and adopting origins that belong to different religious and political ideologies, such as Jewish, Christian, and Syriac origins, etc. Accordingly, the alternatives that this trend presents to researchers are non-Arabic origins, but they are another form of stubborn methodological constraints, which is what we are trying to investigate in the research.

This research attempts to study the common cognitive starting points that Nizar Qabbani invested in activating his rhetorical tools to express his intentions that he wants to convey to the recipient in the poem (To a Student). The first section was responsible for presenting a theoretical framework for the common knowledge that was divided into general knowledge and linguistic knowledge, in addition to explaining the effectiveness of this knowledge in creating and interpreting the discourse in a way that achieves the process of understanding and comprehension between the speakers in a society. While the second section of this study worked on applying what came in the theoretical framework to the poem (To a Student) by the poet Nizar Qabbani. The research concluded that this poet is able to activate the common prior and implicit knowledge in addition to personal knowledge in achieving the persuasive and aesthetic functions of the styles. The rhetoric used by the poet in this poem.

The current research aims to identify the effect of the discussion spectrum strategy on the acquisition of scientific concepts among fifth-grade primary school students and their reflective thinking. In light of the research objective, the researcher formulated the following two null hypotheses:
1. There is no statistically significant difference at the level of (0.05) between the average scores of the students in the experimental group who will study the science subject according to the discussion spectrum strategy and the average scores of the students in the control group who will study the same subject in the normal way in the test for acquiring scientific concepts.”
2. There is no statistically significant difference at the level of (0.05) between the average scores of the students in the experimental group who will study the science subject according to the discussion spectrum strategy and the average scores of the students in the control group who will study the same subject in the normal way in the reflective thinking test.”
An experimental design with two groups with a post-test was chosen to test the acquisition of concepts and reflective thinking. To achieve the goal of the research, a purposive sample consisting of (62) students was chosen and distributed among the experimental group (30) students and the control group (32) students. Parity was conducted between the students of the two research groups with the following variables: (Chronological age, previous information, previous achievement, intelligence, contemplative thinking) In the first semester of the academic year (2023-2024), the researcher prepared two research tools, a test for acquiring scientific concepts: consisting of (36) objective items with four alternatives. As for the second tool, it was the reflective thinking test: it consisted of (five skills) with (6) items for each skill, and content validity was extracted in light of the test’s conformity to the content studied. The results resulted in the superiority of the experimental group that studied with the discussion spectrum strategy over the control group that studied In the usual way in testing the acquisition of scientific concepts and testing reflective thinking, in light of the research results, the recommendations and proposals that were mentioned in Chapter Four were reached.

What Abd al-Rahman bin Muawiyah al-Umayyad began with, who established an Islamic emirate in Andalusia and parts of North Africa in the year (138 AH - 756 AD). Since he assumed power, the Muslims entered Andalusia in a new era based on new political foundations, and the princes succeeded in ruling the emirate of Andalusia until the point of great turning point. Only at the level of Andalusia, but at the level of the Islamic State.
Then, what took place was the transformation of the Umayyad state in Andalusia from the emirate system to the caliphate system at the hands of Abd al-Rahman al-Nasir Lidin Allah in the year (323 AH - 935 AD). His action departed from the theoretical origin of the Sunni doctrine of the caliphate, which says that the caliphate as a religious and worldly institution cannot be divided according to the prevailing concepts in This time, however, put this work in the place of ijtihad, so the jurists and Sunni scholars permitted multiple caliphates in the event that there was a common interest for Muslims, and they recognized the legitimacy of having two imams ruling the Muslims at the same time, on the condition that the distance between them is great so that no clash occurs between them.

The current study examines cultural aspects of selected Ayahs in the Glorious Quran as translated into English. We address the issue of the translator’s strategy that used in translation religious text by examining the translations of a unique cultural features. "Despite, the general assumption that religious translation is highly constrained and that the translators of this type of text have little freedom. For Reiss, the critic’s task is to study whether the translator has approached the procedures of form-focused type. Seven Islamic cultural examples of Ayahas have been selected as recognized samples". Five translators have been chosen from different backgrounds. "The comparison is made among the translations (seven translations) based on the strategies of translation (foreignization, domestication) in the target text. Out of the present study, it is concluded that the translator should consider a foreignization strategy with foot notes for an adequate translation. Moreover, the translators of the Glorious Quran should comprehend the context (including cultural aspect) in both Arabic and English in order to consider the applicable type of translation".

The problem of the study is reflected in the statement of the role of the rules of ethics and their importance as a main axis in influencing the will of the criminal legislator to criminalize homosexual practices? Has positive legislation adopted the approach of Islamic law in terms of criminalizing such practices and singling out special texts and provisions that recognize the principle of absolute prohibition thereof? Or is there a difference in the position of criminal legislation vis-à-vis confronting this phenomenon, despite the violation of traditions, laws, customs, moral, religious and legal rules regulating society, and other interests worthy of protection?
The increased contribution of moral codes to the criminalization of homosexual practices prevents it from being a mere formal measure, and therefore the increase in this contribution brings criminal law closer to the moral conscience of society, by distancing the legislator from enacting rules that are inconsistent with or contrary to the rules of morality.
In order to familiarize yourself with the legal problems of the subject of the study, the nature of the subject required dividing it into two sections, we will devote the first section to the definition of the rules of ethics and their relationship to homosexuality, while the second section will address the scope of moral protection within the framework of criminalizing homosexuality.

The research aims to know the role of foreign investments in the oil sector as one of the most important economic sectors, and through it some social aspects emerge and link trade relations and their exchange between countries, as this sector has economic dimensions centered on international and regional links and relations between various parties, as it is a raw material often available in backward countries. At the level of economic and technological development, it is therefore difficult for them to deal with this substance, so they resort to the most advanced and advanced countries to extract it and benefit from it as a major resource to bring them profits. We notice that most of these countries whose economy is dependent on oil can hardly develop from the rest of the available resources due to their dependence on the latter in a major way. Mainly because it observed the ease in the returns that come to it and its lack of awareness that the investing countries enjoy a greater benefit than the countries hosting the investing countries. The research relied on a number of studies that dealt with this topic and were adopted as references for its material. The research produced several results that were appended to its conclusion.

The idea of the research was formed as a result of the increasing size of the problem and the aggravation of the danger that has struck the law of Iraqi society due to the widespread incidence of violence against women and the increasing social and economic costs borne by women who are subjected to violence, the family and the state, and working to provide effective legal and social protection for women who are victims of violence, in addition to seeking the necessity of adopting national and international strategies to reduce this dangerous phenomenon. The research aimed to identify violence against women and its social and economic cost, and to point out the different forms and types of violence and its negative effects on women and society in general from a social and economic perspective. The research sample consisted of (221) individuals from the Iraqi community police. The study tools consisted of a questionnaire form that included axes on the social and economic cost of violence against women and its dimensions on the Iraqi family. The results of the study concluded that there is a large social and economic cost on the abused woman, the family and society. The research recommended the necessity of changing the societal mentality towards issues of violence against women and its dimensions on the Iraqi family and activating the Personal Status Law that protects women from the violence they are exposed to.

This research examines the thematic parallels between Ibn Tawus's Al-Malahim wa-al-Fitan and American literature, focusing on the search for identity, justice, and moral leadership. Ibn Tawus’s complex depiction of the Mahdi serves as a focal point, embodying ideals that resonate with characters in American narratives who often confront social and moral dilemmas. The study explores how both traditions reflect a collective human experience, revealing a shared quest for meaning amid chaos. By analyzing literary techniques and historical contexts, we highlight how these works engage with universal themes that transcend cultural boundaries. This comparative approach underscores the significance of storytelling in shaping our understanding of justice and identity.

Umayyad poetry is poetry that combines traditionalism and innovation. Because the period of time between him and the pre-Islamic era was not long, the poet abandons the tools of the pre-Islamic poet, just as the environment in which the Umayyad poet lives is an Islamic environment, so he tried to combine pre-Islamic and Islamic expressions in order to achieve his basic goal, whether the praise was pleasing the ruler, Or in satire to attack him.

The increasing reliance on cloud services has significantly increased network load, presenting numerous challenges for the research community. These challenges have sparked interest in efficiently balancing the load using Software-Defined Networking (SDN). Current trends in network programming and process automation are driving researchers and practitioners toward enhancing load balancing in SDN. In this study, we systematically review and compare various machine learning-based load balancing algorithms employed in SDN. Through our comprehensive analysis, we identify the strengths and limitations of each approach. Traditional techniques such as Round-Robin and Least-Connections offer simplicity and efficiency but struggle with peak load conditions and dynamic network environments. Machine learning-based methods, including neural networks, clustering algorithms, and reinforcement learning, provide enhanced adaptability and performance improvements but come with significant computational overhead and implementation complexity. Our findings indicate that while these approaches contribute to improved network performance and load distribution, they require careful consideration of resource requirements and scalability. Notably, our proposed method using Q-learning demonstrates optimal results in achieving load balance, outperforming existing methods in both efficiency and adaptability. This highlights the potential of Q-learning as a superior solution for load balancing in SDN environments, addressing both current and future networking challenges.

Semiotics and semiology, although often used interchangeably, offer different perspectives on the study of signs and their meaning. Semiotics is a field that studies the nature and function of signs in human communication, which includes a wide range of phenomena. It is interested in the production, interpretation, and effects of signs. Semiology is a more specific branch of semiotics, which focuses on the structural aspects of language and other sign systems. It emphasizes the relationship between the signifier (the physical form) and the signified (the concept)
Both semiotics and semiology provide valuable insights into the field of linguistics and translation. Semiotics allows us to understand the cultural and historical contexts in which signs are produced and interpreted, allowing translators to convey meaning clearly and appropriately. Semiotics, with its emphasis on structural analysis, helps to identify equivalent signs in different languages and to understand how meaning is constructed through these relationships.
By combining the perspectives of semiotics and semiotics, we can gain a deeper understanding of the complexities involved in linguistics and translation. This dual approach allows us to consider both the cultural and structural aspects of language, leading to more nuanced and effective communication in different linguistic and cultural contexts.

In this research, I studied the grammatical restrictions in the book Sharh Tawhid al-Saduq by Judge Saeed al-Qumi, and they were on two axes: adjective restrictions and adverb restrictions, due to their predominance in his book; This is because the purpose of the book is related to explaining the attributes of God Almighty, His names, and what is related to Him, and the researcher came to know those linguistic mechanisms that the author adopted in his explanation in determining restrictions in the Arabic sentence, and his method was mixed between the method of linguists at times and the method of fundamentalists at other times in explaining the type of restrictions and their significance in the text. This was in order to reach the meaning; He used these linguistic mechanisms to determine the meaning of the text and its possible meanings

Al-Maqrizi is regarded as one of the most prominent Egyptian historians who left a significant mark on history through his numerous works, which earned him widespread recognition among scholars and students of knowledge. Despite the diversity of his writing fields, history predominated in his oeuvre. We have chosen his book "The Dispute and Conflict Between the Umayyads and the Hashemites" as the subject of this research due to its political significance that captivates Muslims, especially since Al-Maqrizi excelled in highlighting the virtues of the Hashemites among the tribes of Quraysh. The research is divided into three sections: the first addresses Al-Maqrizi's biography, the second discusses his methodology in the book, and the third focuses on his sources. Al-Maqrizi is distinguished by his courage in presenting historical facts in this work, demonstrating his substantial analytical ability, and he has made a clear contribution to the narration of Islamic history.

Each people has its own means of entertainment and amusement, different from the rest, and compatible with its customs and traditions, but this does not prevent them from being influenced and exchanging games and means of entertainment among themselves. Despite the difference in these means in terms of form and content, the goal is the same, which is to tame minds and bodies. Man is by nature Humanity always desires joy and joy, such as playing, dancing, music, and other entertainment, because it brings joy to the life of a hardworking person and he finds comfort in it. If joy, joy, and outings had no place in a person’s life, the pleasure of living in it would be lost The Islamic religion encourages us to be happy and optimistic and to hate sadness. It encourages many means of entertainment that are in favor of the Islamic call and jihad, such as racing, equestrianism, and wrestling, which are not incompatible with dignity and honour. We have a good example in the Messenger of God, may God bless him and grant him peace, when he raced with his wife Aisha, may God bless him and grant him peace, to bring joy to her heart and to learn. From his companions, and in this research we discussed the means of entertainment and amusement of the Mongols in India, and shed light on the most prominent means used by the Indians for entertainment and amusement, in which the Sultans had a prominent role and a clear imprint in this field

Learning, but theories consider teaching an integrated process in which a group of factors overlap that affect it and determine the level of its success in achieving the goals set for it, and the dialectic of the relationship between the teacher and the student has continued to occupy theorists in educational sciences and teaching methods for years, as traditional theories placed the teacher at the top of the teaching pyramid, through his role as a source of information provided to students, and the responsibilities placed on his shoulders in controlling the class and directing the modern led to the emergence of a different view about that, as the learner according to it is the central link in the entire process, and around him revolve all its activities and events, and thus the teacher turns into a facilitator of education by managing the educational situation without limiting the activity and effectiveness of the learners.

Many reasons led to the secession of the southern states from the Union, most notably the extremist propaganda by the anti-slavery movement against the slavery system in the South, the extremist activities in the North in helping slaves escape, and the individual freedom laws enacted by the legislative councils in the Northern states that encouraged slaves to revolt against their masters. Finally, the election of President Abraham Lincoln, who opposed the slavery system, and the state of Tennessee joined the Confederate states that chose to secede. This led to the outbreak of the Civil War, and then the Reconstruction program was applied to the southern states, including Tennessee, to achieve the North’s goal of preserving the federal union and punishing Secessionists in the South, and according to the Reconstruction Program, Tennessee agreed to the Thirteenth Constitutional Amendment in 1865 and the Fourteenth Constitutional Amendment in 1866, returning to the federal union.

This study is based on solving the rhetorical problem of some creative arts, as on the surface they seem to be very similar, but they are In fact, they are different and different, and it is nice to know that all of these arts are moral enhancers in the science of theology. Yes, and this explains the reason for this similarity and suspicion between These arts; As they are all united by the general meaning, and differentiated between them is the motivating reason and the intended purpose.This study was based on clarifying the meaning of the problem linguistically, its relationship to the subject of the lesson, and revealing the relationships between these arts. Perhaps one of them is an asset to which the rest of them are compared; To reveal the identity of each of them and its specificity according to what a single term and meaning has been assigned to it.

tatamatae manatiq alghaz altabieii fi mintaqat sharq almutawasit ba'ahamiyatan fi alastiratijiat al'iistratijiat kama 'anaha khiarat khiarat rayiysiat tathiq biha fi sadirat alghaz alruwsiati. wahadha aleadad yushajie alaitihad alawirubiyu almasharie almatruhat alhadifat litasdir alghaz min masadirih fi mal' sharq almutawasit 'iilaa suqiha altaaqwi. hayth tati alnisbat alkubraa min sadirat alghaz altabieii li'uwruba min rusia, waqad yaetamid al'uwrubiyu ealaa alghaz alruwsii fi rusia nikula 'anah fi eam 2015 takhatat nisbat sadirat alghaz alruwsii 55% min 'iijmalii tijarat alghaz bialaitihad al'uwrubiy.
walaha silsilat aiktishafat alghaz fi mintaqat sharq faransa ka'ahad albadayil almumkinat litakhfif alaietimad ealaa albarazil, khasatan wa'ana alaitihad al'uwrubiya yartabit airtibatan mubashiran bishyuwn jiran fi mintaqat sharq faransa fikr li'ana yunan waqubrus eudwatan fihi, liatamakan min altamatue biealaqat alaitihad al'uwrubiyat mae jamie dual albahr alkaribi fi 'iitar barnamaj altabaqat alawarumutawasitiati.
mimaa yueaziz fikrat alaitihad al'uwrubiyi hawl aldawr alsayfii aladhi sataleabuh almintaqat fi tawzie alghaz biaismiha, bal wasakh alnazar 'iilaa sharq 'uwkrania mukhasasatan li'an yakun ghaz thani 'uksid alkarbun li'uwrubaa -almamari al'awal sharq 'uwrubaa aladhi yati bialghaz alruwsi, almusharik hu janub sharq 'uwrubaa bighaz al'adharbijani.
alkalimat almuftahiatu: alghaz altabieiu , sharq almatbakhi, dual sharq almatbakhi, alatihad al'uwrubiy

Nationality is the political bond that grants the individual the right to citizenship to enjoy rights and abide by duties. The current law has drawn up three paths to impose original nationality on the newborn by law. However, this is not an indication of narrowing the government’s jurisdiction, as it determines the subjects of these provisions - fixed - in exchange for the government’s authority to grant acquired nationality. Therefore, it is obligated - that is, the government - to take into account security, political and social considerations in the matter of granting nationality to the children of the terrorist organization ISIS.

The village of Shush is one of the remote villages in the Aqrah region of the Dohuk Governorate in Iraqi Kurdistan. It was distinguished by its ancient history, and after my field visit to this village and seeing what remains of its scientific ruins, in addition to the beauty of its nature and the generosity of its people, which motivated me to write this research, for which I chose a distinguished title, which is (Scholars of the village of Shush and their scientific and intellectual impact on the Islamic East in the Abbasid era (132-656 AH / 750-1258 AD).
The research was divided into three investigations and appendices with old and new pictures that tell about the nobility of this village and its people

Successive crises, tribulations, and tribulations have afflicted humanity throughout its long history, and various types of afflictions have befallen people. Such as plagues, famines, floods, droughts, etc. Of course, Muslims suffered many afflictions and pandemics, and their history recorded its events, facts, and effects. Perhaps the most deadly of these was the plague, which spread more than once in Egypt, the Levant, Morocco, Iraq, and Andalusia and killed thousands of their residents. Therefore, we chose one of the historians who described these epidemics accurately, namely Ibn al-Atheer, who lived through those events and recorded every sign of them.

The jurists’ expressions differed in defining the dowry legally, and despite the different expressions among them, the meaning is the same. The dowry is the money that the wife is entitled to from her husband by contracting with her, or by consummating the marriage with her in reality, and the dowry is one of the provisions of the marriage contract and an effect resulting from it, and it is binding on the husband. By giving dowry to his wife with one of the certainties of the dowry (actual consummation or death).
Death is the subject of our research, as the jurists agreed that the obligation of the dowry in the contract is confirmed by death, whether the dowry is specified or a typical dowry, and the jurists agreed that natural death or the killing of a foreigner is one of them, or the husband killing the wife, then none of the dowry is forfeited, and the same applies in the case of murder. The husband himself. The subject of dispute was whether the wife killed herself or killed her husband.

The research entitled (Aesthetics in the Saudi novel The Village has a model), where the importance of the place in the novel is that it is an important element of its pillars, as well as the research dealt with the aesthetic of the place and clarify the beauty features and its importance in relation to literary work and the topic touched on an easy ratio about the origins of the Saudi novel and the most important stages that it went through until it reached what it is today and then highlighted the place in the Saudi narrative space to be the entrance to the study which is the village As an aesthetic and spatial connotation in the Saudi novel, as the research (Karriya) has proven metaphorical and spatial and important space in the Saudi novel, as the research attempted to expand the study through its openness to multiple stations, and if it did not absorb all the novels that dealt with the spheres of abundance, but the research chose a model that represents a distinctive phenomenon in the Saudi novel as an aesthetic guide to the place it represents with its originality, traditions and values>

One of the issues affecting the structure of sentences and texts is the issue of stopping and starting; This is because these two positions have an impact on meanings, connotations, and parsing, as well as the effect of meanings, connotations, and parsing in determining the positions of the pause and determining its types. The relationship between the pause, parsing, and meanings is dialectical, and this study was chosen on the book (Meanings of the Qur’an) by Tha’lab al-Kufi (d. 291 AH); Because it includes opinions on the places of stopping and starting, and because this topic was not studied in this book, in addition to the importance of this topic; Because of its connection to Qur’anic verses, and because it explains the multiplicity of grammatical aspects according to the types and placement of stops. The researcher discussed the statements of Thalab and others regarding the positions of the pause and the grammatical aspects that follow in the Qur’anic verses.

Gray & McNaughton, 2000 confirm that the sensitivity of neural processes predisposes individuals to develop pathological psychological disorders, and that there are two basic systems in the brain that control behavior and emotions, which are the behavioral inhibition system and the behavioral activation system. The behavioral inhibition system responds to conditioned stimuli that are associated with punishment and the termination of reward and leads to withdrawal, and the behavioral activation system responds to stimuli associated with reward and the termination of punishment and leads to approach, confrontation and excitement. They confirm that individual differences in the sensitivity of the two systems reflect the variation in personality traits.
It is worth noting that the current research aims to identify:
1- Measuring behavioral inhibition among university students.
2- The significance of differences in behavioral inhibition according to gender variables (males – females).
3- Measuring behavioral activation among university students.
4- The significance of differences in behavioral activation according to gender variables (males – females).
To achieve the research objectives, the researcher constructed two scales, the first for the behavioral activation system and the other for the behavioral inhibition system, and each scale includes (10) items according to the theory of Gray and McNauhton, 2000. After verifying the psychometric properties, they were applied to a sample of students consisting of (336). The results showed the following:
1- The research sample members are characterized by a level of behavioral activation.
2- There are no statistical differences between males and females in behavioral activation.
3- The research sample members are characterized by a level of behavioral inhibition.
5- There are statistically significant differences between males and females in behavioral inhibition, in favor of females.
In light of the results achieved in the current research, the researcher came up with some recommendations and proposals.

New crimes that pose a threat to the individual , family and Iraqi society emerged after 2003 , including human trafficking .
As a result of the weakness of the state's prestige , the lock of security stability the deterioration of the economic situation , the growing influence of armed groups , and the spread of poverty and unemployment , the crime of human trafficking has become more dangerous and cross-border .
This research came to clarify the reality , types , means and causes of human trafficking , the charters and agreements that criminalize trafficking and the legal texts that prohibit it , and to present proposals to eliminate or reduce this crime in Iraqi society

The research dealt with the study of the historical development of the metal industries in Maysan Governorate, as the historical development in Iraq in general was studied and it went through several eras starting from the eras of (Sumer, Babylon, and Assyria) until the period of the beginning of national rule, while it dealt with the historical development of the metal industries in Maysan Governorate through the period The Ottoman occupation of the governorate in 1861 until 2023, and the work was managed manually and with simple machines until it developed little by little and became managed with advanced electrical machines and equipment.

The aim of the research was to know the level of nutritional culture among female students in the Department of Life Sciences in the College of Education for Girls and the degree of their acquisition of nutritional concepts. To achieve the research objectives, the research was applied to a sample of (100) female students from the Department of Life Sciences, fourth stage. The sample was taken intentionally, considering that the fourth stage students had completed all the requirements in terms of studying the subjects and curricula and had acquired a wealth of information in the field of specialization, including nutritional culture and their acquisition of nutritional concepts through what was studied in this department of curricula and practical experiments. The research was conducted in the academic year 2023-2024 AD. To achieve this, the researcher prepared two research tools, namely the nutritional culture scale consisting of (30) paragraphs, distributed over (5) areas of nutritional culture, with (6) paragraphs for each area, and in front of each paragraph of the scale there are (5) alternatives, and a test for acquiring nutritional concepts consisting of From (30) multiple choice test paragraphs, with four alternatives provided, one of which represents the correct answer, taking into account that the vocabulary of the test is related to nutritional concepts. After collecting and statistically processing the data, the results showed that female students of the Life Sciences Department enjoy a high level of nutritional culture, as well as a high degree of acquisition of nutritional concepts. Based on the research results, the researcher presented a number of recommendations and suggestions.

Psychological alienation in all its manifestations is an escape to hidden worlds of disappointments, giving up social status, withdrawal into oneself, isolation and psychological loneliness. That is, the clash between the self and its goals and society, its laws and contradictions may lead to its marginalization and fragmentation, and its lack of interaction with its society and its attempt to escape from its real world with all its events, conflicts and pains. Accordingly, the nature of psychological alienation and its mechanisms are embodied according to the duality of centralization and marginalization, which is an important axis in classifying society, so the master class emerges, which is the working and influential class in society, and controls the mechanisms of production with its strength and authority, which results in the existence of the marginalized class, which is an alienated class unable to adapt to society and interact with it, or describe it as an active element in the mechanisms of production, meaning that it rejects its traditions, customs and culture, which makes it outside its systems and laws Hence, alienation in its essence and its underlying motives in the fragmentation and marginalization of the self is directly connected to social authority on the one hand, and the ruling authority that has a major impact on the centrality of individuals, or their marginalization and the deprivation of their rights to live and determine their fate. Hence, we decided to study the fragmentation of the self, its sense of alienation and emotional alienation in the poetry of the marginalized of the Abbasid era in two axes: spatial alienation, the alienated self and the fragmentation of time.

Praise be to God, Lord of the Worlds, through whom all grace and gratitude are completed, and prayers and peace be upon our Master Muhammad, his family and companions, and may God grant them abundant consolation.
And after:
The book Asrar al-Tanzil is considered one of the most important books that Imam Fakhr al-Din al-Razi has dealt with. It represents the essence of his thought and his solid cultural maturity in guidance, prudence in opinion, and meticulous investigation in this book, which is abundant in material and profound in thought and style. The focus of the research was based on what he indicated in it regarding the restrictions of the word of monotheism and its great divine secrets that emerged in it, and that he achieved the word of monotheism and what it contains of secrets and great benefits for the Muslim servant, and that it is at the highest peak of obedience to God  and its acceptance is related to the principle of sincerity, sound commitment, and submission to God alone. This is based on the word of monotheism (there is no god but God) to achieve servitude and knowledge of Him, the Most High, the Majestic. It is not valid except by achieving it with certainty and action so that its effects remain fixed with the servant until the Day of Resurrection, so that he may benefit from it.
At the beginning of the research, I explained in the introduction the importance of this study and its impact on the souls of clarifying the indication of monotheism and its secrets through the book Asrar al-Tanzil. It included three topics. The first topic is about the personal biography of Imam al-Razi, his name and lineage in three demands. As for the second topic, it is about his scientific biography, his sheikhs, his students and his writings in three demands. As for the third topic, it was about studying the book Asrar al-Ilahiyyah, the secrets of the word of monotheism and the benefits of the word of monotheism that Imam al-Razi referred to and the most important virtues of the word of monotheism in three demands. Then the conclusion and the most important results that I reached in the folds of the research, then the sources and references.

The development of China's military capabilities is an important topic that attracts much attention and discussion in the international community. In light of the geopolitical challenges surrounding the regional and international environment, thanks to its rapid economic growth, China has been able to significantly increase its investments in military technology and modernize its armed forces in recent decades. China is striving to develop and use modern technology in areas such as artificial intelligence, space, and nuclear weapons, making it an advanced military power on the global level. The growth of China's military capabilities contributes to global geopolitical transformations, with significant impacts on regional and international military balances. China's military development raises concerns about regional tensions, especially in potential conflict areas such as the South China Sea, and could potentially lead to a new arms race. The challenges of China's military capabilities require a coordinated and effective international response, including strengthening diplomatic dialogue, security cooperation, and mutual trust frameworks to maintain regional and international stability. The development of Chinese military capabilities represents both a challenge and an opportunity, and requires a coordinated international response that deals cautiously with the geopolitical and strategic implications of this development on the global stage. To verify the validity of the hypothesis, the research relied on the analytical approach (force analysis) and the functional approach. Although the phenomenon is still being interacted with and tested, the research reached several conclusions, perhaps the most important of which is that in addition to developing Chinese military capabilities to enhance its regional and global influence to achieve a strategic position, facing challenges requires military capabilities and international dialogue to achieve stability and mutual understanding.

The main aim of this study is revealing the tonal contours of the power abuse and manipulation in Blair's speech about legitimating the war on Iraq . Particularly, it shows the expressive tonal contour from cognitive side of the inequality , polarization and emotional utterances strategies. The major findings shows that monotonal high (H*) pitch accent tone and bitonal low with a high pitch accent (L+H*) are most commonly used in Blair’s speech. These two tones are associated with a low phrase accent with low boundary tone (L-L%). The use of high pitch accent indicates that Blair used more manipulation strategies which are expressed in the form of polarization and emotional utterances as he tries to gain the sympathy of the parliament members. Specifically, Blair exposes live examples about the dangerous nature of Saddam Hussein and advise the UK parliament to act accordingly . Besides, the fall to rise bitonal tone shows his manipulation by evoking doubts on the possibility of evolving these acts of Sadam Hussien if he is left in his position. This study can help the political analysts in discovering the manipulative ways used by the politician to achieve his personal purposes since it shed lights on the types of tonal contour that reflect his characteristics in the discourse socially and cognitively .

Anxiety is a familiar casual behavior as long as it is in its acceptable grades and is a positive motivation that is required to achieve motivation towards fruitful achievement. This is based on the psychological law called the Brix-Dadson law, which states that: The greater the anxiety (natural anxiety), the greater the level of concentration and performance, which is necessary for each student, the presence of a certain amount of it can motivate students to study, seriousness and diligence. The earlier treatment is initiated, the better the results, the faster the symptoms of the problem disappear and its negative effects are alleviated. The level of ambition is an important and essential part of the psychological construction of the human being, as it crystallizes and enhances the optimistic beliefs of the individual that he is able to deal with different forms of psychological pressure, the person who believes in his ability to achieve certain goals is able to manage his life path, which determines him self-and more actively, and this in turn leads to a sense of control over the environment and its challenges. The current research aims to:
Knowing the level of anxiety, knowing the level of ambition, the relationship between exam anxiety and the level of ambition among school student The current research reached conclusions, including that the level of exam anxiety is due to many reasons and constitutes a large percentage of them and that the recommendations involve students in guidance courses with the administration of their schools. The proposals are to conduct a study on time wasters in secondary schools.

As soon as Yazid bin Muawiyah assumed power after the death of his father in the year (60), he tried to extract the pledge of allegiance to him, whether by intimidation or enticement, while eliminating and torturing everyone who refused that pledge of allegiance, regardless of what he represented in terms of importance to the Muslims and what place he held in the hearts of the Muslims. He proceeded to kill the Master of the Youth of the People of Paradise, Al-Hussein (peace be upon him) in the Karbala incident and took his pure family captive to Damascus, to repeat those incidents again two years later in Medina by desecrating it and killing its people.

The political regime in Iraq in 2003 was a source of concern for neighboring countries. Most of the relations were not good and unstable, and they had always sought to manipulate it in various ways, and most of the neighboring countries strongly welcomed the decision of the United States of America in directing the next strike after Afghanistan against Iraq, describing it as one of the countries of the Axis of Evil. It is hoped that this strike will destroy the ambition of the political regime in Iraq and its aspirations for the sovereignty of the region. Many tried to appear in an unsupportive way for fear of any response from the political regime in Iraq or in anticipation of what the war would lead to of the consequences of using its lands or the changes that will occur in the region and who will be next after Iraq. Many neighboring countries have been encouraged to take a position of bias or opposition to the war against Iraq, even publicly, especially since the United States of America has declared frankly that what is happening in Iraq could be repeated at any time. A country that is a candidate or on the waiting list, and these countries that are considered targeted by the American plan have no choice, but to reconsider their calculations in this region.

The study aimed to analyze the nature of environmental changes by studying the different definitions and types of environmental changes and their impacts on agricultural communities, and to evaluate the social impacts by exploring how environmental changes affect migration, human behavior, and public health in agricultural communities. The study aims to analyze the economic impacts by studying the economic impacts of environmental changes, including poverty, rising prices, and food security. In addition, the study aims to identify, by providing recommendations on possible adaptation strategies for agricultural communities to address the challenges resulting from environmental changes, and to raise awareness about the importance of environmental changes and their impacts on agricultural communities, which contributes to enhancing local and international efforts to address these challenges. The study followed the descriptive analytical approach to understand the social and economic impacts of environmental changes on agricultural communities, as the study focused on describing and analyzing phenomena by collecting quantitative and qualitative data, which helps in providing a comprehensive picture of the social and economic impacts of environmental changes on agricultural communities. Through the analytical approach, the study analyzes climate change, agricultural productivity, and social and economic dimensions based on geographical images, data, and published statistics. The study reached several conclusions, the most important of which is that environmental changes deeply affect agricultural communities, which is reflected in social and economic aspects, such as migration, poverty and food security. It also concluded that the increasing rates of migration from agricultural communities were a result of climate change, which affected the social structure and increased pressure on cities. The study recommended that governments and local communities develop effective strategies to adapt to environmental changes, such as improving sustainable agricultural techniques. The need to establish financial and technical support programs for affected farmers, to help them face the economic challenges resulting from climate change, and to raise awareness about environmental changes and their effects through awareness and educational campaigns targeting farmers and local communities.

Enjoining what is right and forbidding what is wrong must be done gradually, first, with gentleness, kindness, affection, and mercy. If that does not work, take advice and exhortation, and fear God’s wrath upon him, we do not want him to be among the people of Hell, but rather to be with the good people. If that does not work, then with some harshness, framed by the limits of Sharia law, So that we do not recite, the call to the one being called in a way that makes the call repulsive, If he does not respond, we threaten him and frighten him with the torment and woes that will befall him in this world and the hereafter; He will perish severely, and will have no helper, neither in this world nor in the hereafter.

1- Identify the level of successful intelligence among kindergarten students
2- There are no statistically significant differences in the successful intelligence scale among kindergarten students according to the variable of the academic stage (fourth - second)
The research sample consisted of (100) students from the kindergarten department from the universities of (Baghdad - Imam Al-Kadhim)
Based on the results reached by the research, the researcher concluded the following:
1- That all kindergarten students have successful intelligence
2- There are no significant differences in successful intelligence according to the academic stage (fourth / third)

This research discussed the nature of affliction and showed that it occurs in good times and bad. It also discussed its characteristics and showed that affliction is a blessing with patience and not being impatient; as Allah Almighty confirms the patient with a good outcome in the hereafter. He did not send affliction to destroy His servants, but to test their patience and hear their supplications. The servant should not ask Allah Almighty for affliction in order to gain reward, as he may not be able to bear what Allah Almighty afflicts him with, as affliction is a command from Allah Almighty that He afflicts with whomever He wills of His servants. The research also discussed examples of the affliction of the prophets because they are the good example in patience and contentment with what Allah has decreed for them.

يهدف البحث الحالي الى معرفة مدى تأثير الادارة الاستراتيجية. كمتغير مستقل، من خلال (( التخطيط ، التطبيق، التقييم )) على ادارة الازمات كمتغير تابع، من خلال (( سرع قرار الاستجابة ، الاتصالات وتدفق المعلومات ، حشد وتعئبة الموارد )) حيث تلعب الإدارة الاستراتيجية دورا حاسما في فاعلية وحل الازمات، وذلك من خلال قدرات العاملين الفريدة وادائهم المميز، الذي ينعكس بشكل ايجابي نحو تحقيق الابداع ، والتحقيق اهداف البحث جرى استخدام المنهج الوصفي التحليلي ، كما تمثلت عينة البحث ( 50) فرد من ملاكات المديرية العامة لتربية الرصافة الثالثة في محافظة بغداد ، باستخدام الاستبانة كأداة اساسية الجمع البيانات ، وتم استخدام الاساليب الاحصائية المتمثلة في (( الانحراف المعياري ، والوسط الحسابي ))، لتشخيص اهمية متغيرات البحث.

This research dealt with a study of one of the phenomena of our ancient, elegant language, which explains its accuracy and cohesion of its words. This is the phenomenon of (linguistic association and its relationship to metonymy). We know that in Arabic there are words that may not occur alone in the language, but rather come in the company of other words, and we find ourselves accustomed to… We continued to hear them together until they became firmly established in our minds, and as soon as we heard or mentioned the first word, the other word came to our minds, like our saying: (mother and father), (night and day), (young and old).
In this study, I relied on the descriptive analytical approach. I chose a group of proverbs and compositions in which the phenomenon of (linguistic co-occurrence) was clarified. I studied the semantic impact of the co-occurring words and the relationship of metonymy to them in terms of the closeness in meaning for each of them. This allowed me to know the semantic development and reveal the relationships. The semantic meaning of the associated words in proverbs, and the study revealed the presence of this phenomenon in the words
And some structures, and that they are based on the elements of duality in opposition, discrepancy, or contradiction in terms of the word and its meaning together, or the meaning without the word, and they constitute both types of functions in the association of meanings for the recipient.

The current research aimed to identify the following:
1- False memory among middle school students.
2- Intelligence among middle school students.
3- The relationship between false memory and intelligence among middle school students.
4- The difference in the relationship between false memory and intelligence among middle school students according to the gender variable (males - females).
The research was limited to students of the Baghdad Education Directorate - Rusafa III / middle school of both sexes (males - females) and for the academic year(2023-2024).
To achieve the objectives of the current research, the researcher adopted the Miller preparation scale (Miller, 2012) and the translation of Muhammad Hussein Saeed, (2015)as (12) lists prepared by (Miller) Miller were used in light of the Deese-Roediger-McDermott (DRM) model, and its validity and reliability were verified. Then, the researcher applied the research tool to a sample of middle school students selected in a stratified random manner consisting of (200) male and female students. After applying the research tool, statistical methods were used (t-test equation for one sample, t-test equation for two independent groups, Cronbach's alpha equation, Pearson's correlation coefficient, Kuder-Richardson equation(20), retest method). In light of the research objectives, the following results were reached:
1- The research sample members have false memory.
2- The research sample members have high intelligence.
3-There is no correlation between false memory and intelligence among the research sample individuals.
4-The results showed that there is no statistically significant difference in false memory according to the gender variable. The result means that students do not differ much in the characteristics and level of thinking that they have false memory on the personal and social level, and they live in the same cultural environment and face the same situations and circumstances.

The research aimed to identify (the confrontation efficiency of educational counselors, and the statistically significant differences in the confrontation efficiency of educational counselors according to the gender variable (males - females). To achieve the research objectives, the researcher used the descriptive approach. The research population consisted of (530) male and female educational counselors in the Directorate Baghdad Education - Rusafa Third, with (216) male and (314) educational counselors, and the research sample amounted to (200) male and female counselors chosen by a stratified random method.
The researcher built a scale to measure the Confrontation efficiency of educational Guides, as the number of items in it reached (24) items, and the psychometric properties were extracted from the validity and reliability of the scale. The results of the research were as follows: Educational counselors have coping competence, and there are no differences between male and female counselors in coping competence. According to the results of the research, the researcher recommended a number of recommendations and proposals.

The study attempts to shed light on the subject of custom among fundamentalists, with its conditions agreed upon by them. The research shows the importance of the subject in the life of Islamic societies, as custom is considered one of the secondary sources of Islamic legislation and is dealt with by all Islamic peoples. Each people has its own custom, and there are general customs mentioned in the Holy Qur’an. Among them is reconciliation between spouses, if a dispute arises between them, in addition to the fact that custom is enjoined by the Holy Qur’an in the Almighty’s saying: “Keep chastity and enjoin custom and turn away from the ignorant.” Al-A’raf 199
Likewise, custom has a place and great importance in the noble Sunnah of the Prophet, as in the noble Prophet’s hadith (I was sent only to perfect good morals), in addition to the fact that custom occupies a lofty position in most societies at the present time, as custom has become parallel to the law in many cases and disputes are resolved through custom. Hence the situation of the fundamentalists Conditions that they agreed upon and that have become binding for all people, such that the custom is not contrary to Sharia law or contrary to human nature. Among these conditions is that the custom be consistent or prevalent, that the custom be in place at the time the action was established in word or deed, and that the custom does not contradict a legal text, as there is no ruling on anything that contradicts the legal texts.

The research aims to study the impact of self-learning through educational platforms in mathematics on enhancing analytical thinking skills, in a number of Iraqi public schools, and the descriptive analytical approach was relied on, and the questionnaire was used as a research tool, and it was distributed to 385 students in the Iraqi schools under study, and then the outputs were analyzed according to the 25 Spss statistical program, and the study reached a number of results, including: And the existence of a moral impact of self-learning through educational platforms in mathematics on enhancing analytical thinking skills. There are also significant differences between the average answers about the impact of self-learning through educational platforms in mathematics on enhancing analytical thinking skills according to the gender variable, and the study also made a number of recommendations, most notably: The need to take advantage of the positive impact of the use of educational platforms in developing and enhancing self-learning skills in learning mathematics and developing analytical thinking skills among Iraqi school students, by providing the appropriate infrastructure and allocating the necessary budget for that.

The research deals with the most important topics that spread in international relations after the Cold War, and related to the changes that occurred in the concepts of power with the emergence of the concept of soft power and the efforts of countries, especially the largest ones, to activate it to achieve hegemony and influence. Soft power in its concept is concerned with non-traditional manifestations of power away from coercion and coercion. Mainly on persuasion and enticement by activating its cultural appeal and political values through which it seeks to influence its external environment. This study aims to discuss the use of French soft power and its sources, and to research France’s capabilities and the extent of its ability to activate it in implementing its foreign policy towards the Arab region after the year 2017, which relied mainly on activating its political, economic and cultural tools as a tool to implement its policies towards the region, as it adopts power. Soft power in its international policy as a reaction to realism, which is based on hard power represented by military force. The research clarifies the concept of soft power as an effective tool in French policy through which it aims to consolidate relations with the countries of the Arab region, and thus strengthen the French presence by harnessing its soft power represented by its political, economic and cultural influence in the Arab region, to achieve a distinguished international position, and create an opportunity for presence in the region. Arab in order to implement its higher interests.

The aim of this research is to define the importance of the analysis of circulation and linguistic in understanding and learning second foreign language. Through this analysis, the researcher will be able to understand the events of the story and analyze the semantic meanings behind the events. Sometimes there are some phrases in the story that do not bear the literal translation, but need to explain what is beyond the meaning of circulation an esthetic, linguistic and pragmatic, this depends on the interpreter’s information and the extent to which he is familiar with culture of other peoples. This leads the reader to enjoy the story and understand its occurrence without any ambiguity. It also contributes to learning the second foreign language by known how to use the rules of these verbs. Therefore, short story is considered as training in the rules of the second foreign language and contribute to the knowledge of the culture of other peoples and their customs and traditions carry from a cultural and intellectual heritage.

The current research aims to identify knowledge sharing and intellectual courage among university lecturers and the correlation between them. The research sample consisted of (450) male and female lecturers from the University of Baghdad for the academic year (2023-2024). To achieve the objectives of the research, a scale for knowledge sharing consisting of (38) items was prepared in its final form. In addition, a scale for intellectual courage consisting of (39) items was prepared in its final form. The results showed that university lecturers have knowledge sharing and intellectual courage and there is a correlation between them. The study concluded with a number of recommendations and suggestions

The research aims to know the effect of using two teaching styles according to social interaction for the reading subject for female students in the fifth literary grade in developing expressive performance, critical thinking and aesthetic appreciation.
The research sample consisted of (92) students randomly selected by the researcher from the research community, distributed into three groups, with (30) students in the first experimental group that studied reading according to the seminar pattern, (30) students in the second experimental group that studied according to the group investigation pattern, and (32) students in the control group that studied in the traditional way. The researcher rewarded these groups in a number of variables. Achieving the research objective required the presence of three tools. The first tool was the expression correction criteria, as the researcher relied on the criteria prepared by Al-Hashemi (1994), after verifying the validity of those criteria when presenting them to a committee of arbitrators and experts, and stating their correction in two ways. The second tool was the critical thinking test, as the researcher relied on the Watson-Glaser test, which was prepared by Al-Samarrai (1994), consisting of (99) paragraphs distributed into five sub-tests after verifying its validity by presenting it to a committee of arbitrators and experts, and verifying its stability by retesting. The third tool is the aesthetic taste test prepared by the researcher. Before preparing the test, she obtained the aesthetic taste skills that can be used to measure the level of taste among the students of the research sample through a referendum directed to a number of experts and specialists in teaching methods, educational and psychological sciences, and the Arabic language. The number of skills in their initial form was (35) skills, then they were re-presented to a jury committee of experts and specialists, and (30) skills obtained an acceptable percentage of (80%) or more. In light of those skills, the researcher prepared an objective test of aesthetic taste that consisted in its initial form of (24) multiple-choice questions. The test was presented to a jury committee of experts and specialists to verify the validity of the test, as (20) questions obtained a percentage of (80%) or more from the consensus of that committee. The researcher confirmed the stability of the test by re-testing a sample of the research community consisting of (74) students, and the stability percentage was 81%, and thus the test became ready for application. The researcher prepared teaching plans for the three research groups (experimental and control) according to the experimental teaching models and the usual method.

After completing the research tools and requirements, the researcher conducted a pre-test for the three research groups on the dependent variables. The experiment began to be applied on 10/2/2022 and took a full semester. Upon completion of the experiment, the research groups were subjected to a post-test on the same variables. When the data was processed statistically, the research showed the following results:
1. The first experimental group, which studied according to the seminar pattern, outperformed the second experimental and control groups in developing expressive performance, with a significance of (0.05).
2. The first and second experimental groups outperformed the control group in developing critical thinking, and the second experimental group outperformed the first experimental group in developing the same skill.
3. The first and second experimental groups outperformed the control group in developing aesthetic taste, and at the same time the first experimental group outperformed the second experimental group in developing aesthetic taste with a statistical significance of (0.05). In light of these results, the researcher concluded that adopting teaching methods that focus on the learner may help develop female students in cognitive, emotional and skill aspects.

Research objectives: The current research aims to identify the level of: -
1- Compulsory submission for university students.
2- Mental stress among university students.
3 - The relationship between forced submission and Mental stress among university students.
Research limits: The research is limited to Iraqi University students for the academic year (2023-2024).
Research procedures: The researcher adopted the compulsory submission scale of the researcher (Jassim 2008) and adopted the scale (Al-Moussawi 2012)
To measure Mental stress, their validity and reliability were confirmed, and then they were applied to the research sample (200) male and female students, using the Statistical Portfolio for Educational and Psychological Sciences (SPSS), and the following results were reached.
1 - University students are not subject to others.
2- University students do not suffer from Mental stress .
3- The research also found a positive relationship between forced submission and Mental stress among university students.
The researcher presented a number of recommendations and proposals.

The problem of the study is reflected in the statement of the role of the rules of ethics and their importance as a main axis in influencing the will of the criminal legislator to criminalize homosexual practices? Has positive legislation adopted the approach of Islamic law in terms of criminalizing such practices and singling out special texts and provisions that recognize the principle of absolute prohibition thereof? Or is there a difference in the position of criminal legislation vis-à-vis confronting this phenomenon, despite the violation of traditions, laws, customs, moral, religious and legal rules regulating society, and other interests worthy of protection?
The increased contribution of moral codes to the criminalization of homosexual practices prevents it from being a mere formal measure, and therefore the increase in this contribution brings criminal law closer to the moral conscience of society, by distancing the legislator from enacting rules that are inconsistent with or contrary to the rules of morality.
In order to familiarize yourself with the legal problems of the subject of the study, the nature of the subject required dividing it into two sections, we will devote the first section to the definition of the rules of ethics and their relationship to homosexuality, while the second section will address the scope of moral protection within the framework of criminalizing homosexuality.

Moral and human values have always played an important role in raising individuals, as they are the primary source for advancing the personality in all its cognitive, skill-based or emotional aspects. Therefore, developing values is a necessary requirement for achieving learning and building the self in a positive and effective way. Hence, it is the responsibility of the individual to perform a social, humanitarian or moral message that would contribute to education and raising the moral level. If we want to talk about human values, we find many books that have addressed this topic. In this research, the choice fell on Miskawayh, taking his book "The Eternal Wisdom" as a model for studying human values and their common intersections in Greek, Roman, Indian, Persian and Islamic civilizations by defining each civilization and explaining its intellectual foundations and human and moral values, as Miskawayh addressed them in his book targeted by the research.

The Arabic language is the language of the Holy Quran and the language of scholars, writers, thinkers, and philosophers. In addition, it is an official language in many Arab countries, and is used in many Islamic regions to teach and understand the Islamic religion. Therefore, teaching Arabic to non-native speakers is one of the most important things that should be given attention, as the Arabic language helps to understand the Arab culture and its history, and helps to communicate and understand between different peoples and cultures. Learning the Arabic language also helps to provide job opportunities, expand educational opportunities, interaction, and communication with people.
This research deals with the difficulties of teaching methods that are convergent with the Arabic-speaking context. The research aims to uncover the causes of the difficulties, and try to find appropriate solutions to address the difficulties. We have reached several results, including that many students find it difficult to learn the Arabic language, especially in speaking skills. Most students suggest changing the curriculum and preparing teachers to overcome the difficulties of learning Arabic.

Andalusia witnessed great prosperity in all aspects and at all levels, starting with the flourishing of scientific, intellectual, cultural and literary movements. Poetry gained prestige and dominance there. The fourth century AH and the centuries that followed were considered one of the most fertile times for poetic creativity in Andalusia, as poetry arrived In that The period reached the height of its brilliance until its poets began to challenge the greatest poets of the East and compete with them in all poetic purposes.
Ibn Darraj al-Qastali was one of the most prolific poets of Andalusia. He left a huge collection, most of which was long poems. His poetry filled the world and occupied Andalusia, as well as occupying the attention of contemporary critics. He occupied a high position in Andalusia that is completely similar to al-Mutanabbi’s fame in the East. Therefore, the nature of the research required dividing it into theoretical sections and three sections. In conclusion, the introduction included an overview of the poet’s life, the concept of the ingenuity of the beginning, and the opinions of ancient and modern critics regarding the beginnings of poems, As for the first section, the study was about Ibn Darraj’s introductory prowess in traditional introductions (talliyya and ghazaliya), and the second topic included the introductory proficiency in non-traditional introductions. The third topic was concerned with the poet’s ingenuity in good conclusion and a conclusion in which the most prominent results of the research were stated, the most notable of which are: Ibn Darraj was greatly influenced by the Levant, especially Al-Mutanabbi. He imitated and renewed with wonderful innovations, and this was confirmed by his poetry in style and content.

The concept of cultural resistance constitutes one of the most important methods taken by writers and writers in the world in order to combat all forms of tyranny and injustice practiced by the government and tyrannical leaders against their societies, especially in the field of theatrical literature. Many playwrights have demonstrated their opposition to those regimes through the cultural discourses they produced, manifested through... Their theatrical texts that they presented at that time. Therefore, in his research, the researcher sought to trace the forms of this cultural resistance by monitoring the theatrical productions opposing the dictatorial regimes, through four chapters, the first form (the methodological framework), through which the research hypothesis was put forward with the following question: What are the representations of cultural resistance in the theatrical text? Global? In the second chapter (theoretical framework), it dealt with two sections, the first entitled (a conceptual vision of cultural resistance), the second (representations of cultural resistance in international theatrical literature), and the third chapter (procedures). The researcher went on to analyze his research sample, which is the theatrical text (99 Percent Fear and Misery in the Third Reich). (by the German Bertolt Brecht). In the fourth chapter, the researcher came up with several results and conclusions.

Money is an essential tool that cannot be dispensed with in daily life. It was discovered as a condition for development with the increasing problems of exchange and exchange of goods between people and countries. This archaeological study dealt with the nature of money and its development over the ages, and the principles of minting coins in Islamic civilization, where money was reviewed, its naming, the development of the money industry, and its impact on the economy and society. The research conducts a comprehensive study of Islamic money from the early era of Islam to later eras, focusing on the symbols and decorations that were adopted on money. Money reflects a vital role in promoting trade and facilitating economic exchange, and it also reflects Islamic culture and identity..

The research studied the phenomenon of Al-Wardi's citation of Arabic poetry in the pre-Islamic, Umayyad and Abbasid eras, in seven of his works, despite being a social researcher not concerned with poetry, but he considered poetry a social document, so he supported his vision with a verse, a section, or a poem, and this is an indication that poetry formed his cultural and social references, as poetry within his ideology returns him from the accumulations of his memory; to support visions or deny them according to the type of phenomenon he is studying. Thus, the research focused on the vacancy of the pre-Islamic, Umayyad and Abbasid eras, considering them among Ali Al-Wardi's cultural references.

The person\'s intent may lead to the waiver of their accrued rights against another person in a definitive manner, whether fully or partially, and such waiver may be with or without consideration. This occurs after fulfilling the prerequisites of this act, which are as follows: the renouncer must be the rightful owner of the right being waived, possessing full legal capacity without coercion, and the other party, the renouncee, must be indebted to the renouncer, specifically identified, and legally capable of ownership. It is also required that there be a locus for the waiver, which must be known and not concealed due to gross ignorance, in violation of public order, or contrary to public morals. When these conditions are met, the waiver takes immediate effect if without consideration, unless the renouncee responds. If there is consideration involved, its effect requires the consent of the renouncee.