Journal of Al-Farahidis Arts

The research aims to study the poem “The Sorrows of an Unmodern Woman” by the poet Bushra Al-Bustani, an Iraqi poet well known who embraced the cause of women and defended their rights in a society in which masculine values prevail, which strives to marginalize women throughout the ages. On the other hand, we find that Iraq occupied the throne of the poet’s heart and occupied a large part of her thoughts.
The poem under study was characterized by the color and intensification of suggestive images, and its accumulation of a coherent artistic language suggestive of the abundance and diversity of connotations, embodying the rhetorical images that speak within the poet’s resounding voice with its depth, sadness, and pain. The research attempted to decipher the symbols that the poet employed to serve her suggestive idea of the effect of male authority and the suppression of women’s voices on Time passed.
The research aimed to analyze the compositional contexts of poetic discourse and interrogate the suggestive rhetorical images with various connotations that are in harmony with the emotional experience and intentions conveyed by the poet. It can be said that rhetoric is the basic nucleus from which discourse draws its strength and creativity.
The poet\'s speech was distinguished by its strength, sobriety and distinction, expressing the voice of women and proving their existence, expressing their being and defending their freedom.

Our research, entitled (Text Analysis and the Question of Method: The Crisis of Approach and the Dialectic of Representation), seeks to discuss the most prominent problems facing the researcher or student when he seeks to determine his procedural path and determine his methodological tools that are compatible with the literary nature of the text he is reading. This is a difficult definition for the beginner or even the practitioner if he does not Prudence and accuracy are his attributes, and if we accept them in order for the critical process to be effective to some extent, the problem is still on the table, and its matter is ambiguous, as how can we get rid of the ambiguity and methodological entanglement in light of the multiplicity of its mechanisms on the applied side, while the theoretical approach has decided to adopt it? For a specific curriculum? Then, if the literary text to be analyzed allows for the effectiveness of more than one procedural method, why should one of the methods be chosen, and the study be conducted based solely on its tools? Where is the methodological competence that must be sought when we observe a single text being read with multiple, and sometimes conflicting, readings in their analytical context? Especially after the emergence of the new project called (cultural criticism), which in turn completely contradicts the project of literary criticism.

The research titled (Intrusiveness in the collection “Ladha La Ladha” by the poet Abdel Wahab Ismail) includes defining the meaning of interference in the poet’s poetry, because it takes several paths in its meaning, which are:
Physical permeation stems from the use of the window in poetry, and this indicates the symbolic use of it because it constitutes an important space between two worlds, through which one enters another world. The moral and temporal osmosis of using a dream in poetry is because the dream opens a window to another world. Textual osmosis means the overlapping of texts and their intertextuality with other texts, from which are formed notes mixed with cultural, civilizational and human landmarks that link the present with the past. This diversity of the meaning of osmosis opens a wide horizon and forms a dreamy space in the poet’s poetry, as this osmosis is distributed along the paths of poetic significance that develop the desire to continue searching and revealing it in his poetry, as it indicates the breadth of his poetry and its containment of several connotations of the subject. Thus, we can call the poet the title of window poet. Or the osmosis of his frequent use of the subject in his poetry.

This study examines the language of ancient critical discourse and the extent of the effectiveness of this language in directing aesthetic judgement. Al-Amdi critical discourse was a sample for this research, as it is a discourse characterized by the presence of passive language that affects the direction of persuasion. This research was divided into an introduction and three points. The introduction dealt with the effect of passive language in directing the discourse. The second point dealt with the effectiveness of passive vocabulary in loading the discourse with directive implications. The third point examined the effect of passive language directed at the person who wrote the text. The last point dealt with the emotion of the repeated question. In conclusion, an introduction summarized the results of the research.

By examining the verses of the simile in the book Signs and Warnings, the following is revealed:
1. Rukn al-Din Al-Jurjani, in his book Signs and Warnings, relied entirely on the poetic witness in his explanation of the simile, with all its details and its foundation.
2. The diversity of poetic verses and the multiplicity of poets, despite the study being limited to one of the sections of rhetoric.
3. Good selection of poetic evidence, its aesthetics, and its suitability to the rhetorical purpose.
4. Most of the evidence is from great poets from the pre-Islamic and Abbasid eras, such as Imru’ al-Qais, Abu Tammam, al-Mutanabbi, Bashar, and Ibn al-Rumi.
5. Most of the evidence lacks a comprehensive analysis that makes it easier for the reader to understand the rhetorical rule: This made this an incentive to study the research and apply it in a way that makes it easier for the reader to understand the meaning of the line and the rhetorical rule.
6. We dealt with 37 poetic verses using the opinions of ancient and modern rhetoricians, thus fulfilling the meaning of the verse and its suitability to the rule.
7. The aesthetics of the work and the quality of the ancient Arabic poetic witness made the compiler infer the same witness in two places, as three repeated verses were treated in two different places of the simile.

Acquiring the knowledge of interpretation is only a drop from the ocean of knowledge of explanatory-statement of the great words of God. As for representation, simile, metaphor, wisdom, and the distinction between them, it is only derived from interpretation and clarification, and sometimes it is simple, borrowing certain words from the Holy Qur’an. This comes to highlight those verses after examining them and explaining the wisdom from them afterward. The servants of God achieve it to differentiate and demonstrate their superiority to one another.

This paper is prepared to discuss the repetition in Hamad Mahmoud Al-Doukhi’s poetry within his collection (Keys of Drawn Doors). Repetition, as it is known, is to repeat a word in the beginning of a poem, or the repetition of some sounds of words with rhythmic bells like sibilance an assonance, or the repetition of the ego that came within the poet’s theme according to a regular hierarchy.
The paper is divided into an introduction and three axes: the first axis deals with the repetition of sounds, the repetition of a specific sound that draws the attention of the reader, while the second axis discusses the introductory repetition which is the opening of the poem and that comes through the repetition of a certain word. While the third axis deals with the repetition of ego, which is the subjective aspect that the poet talks about himself through.

This research deals with morphological investigations that have a witness in the book "Exerting the effort to solve Sunan Abi Dawood" by Khalil bin Ahmed Al-Saharanfori (d. 1346 AH), and discusses the opinions of linguists in these sections. The researcher divided his study into five sections, and the investigations are: The first (sources), which showed The sources that were mentioned in the book and the manner in which he was referring to in the book, and the second (remembrance and femininity), in which he clarified the words he referred to as being masculine or feminine, and what is permissible in masculine and feminine, and the third (restricted and elongated), in which he clarified the words that he said are limited. Or that it is elongated, or the words in which shortening and extension are permissible, and the fourth (diminization), I mentioned the names that he said are miniature, with their classification into different divisions of diminutive, the fifth (lineage) in which the cases of lineage mentioned in the book are mentioned, with their distribution to the sections of lineage.
This study showed the importance of the Prophet's hadith, and the sayings of the Companions in the service of linguistic studies, and revealed some of the characteristics of the Arabic tongue, the most prominent of which are phonemic homogeneity, multiplicity of dialects, lightness of pronunciation, and others.
In his study, the researcher followed this descriptive analytical approach. Because it is appropriate to the nature of the subject, which is the analysis and application of linguistic issues in making the effort, with the aim of identifying some of the features that characterize our Arabic language.
The researcher concluded at the end of his research journey to a fruit of results, the most prominent of which was that the books of the Prophetic hadiths are an inexhaustible wealth, full of linguistic evidence, as they are valid for many linguistic studies, and he also concluded that the Arabic language is characterized by characteristics that are not found in other languages. Hence, the research recommendations included the necessity of directing the efforts of researchers in linguistic studies to the hadiths of the Prophet; For the scarcity of studies on which it is based, praise be to God, Lord of the Worlds.

Emphasis is one of the linguistic methods used to emphasize speech and establish it in the mind of the recipient. Its styles varied between verbal and moral emphasis and emphasis by instrument ... In this research, I studied the concept of emphasis in language and terminology, then I studied verbal emphasis and moral emphasis, as well as I studied emphasis by instrument and emphasis by adjective and representation. Then I followed it with a conclusion in which I pointed out the most important results of the research.

This study is based on the mechanism of searching for the seeds and features of the opposing dualities in the experience of the contemporary Iraqi poet Adeeb Kamal al-Din, in particular the duality of (life/death) and showing the extent of its influence on the general structure of his poetic experience, as well as its search for those modern and contemporary artistic mechanisms and tools that The poet adopted this approach in employing this dualistic opposition and the manifestations of innovation, experimentation and innovation that these tools carry, and the extent of their effectiveness in producing unusual poetic meaning.

The Arab-African cooperation, whose beginnings were in 1977, when the first Arab-African summit met in Cairo, passing through the Sirte Arab-African Summit in 2010, the Kuwait Summit in 2013, and the Fourth Arab-African Summit in Guinea in 2016, were these Arab-African summits. It is an attempt to find some type of cooperation between the two parties through the League of Arab States and the Organization of African Unity (the African Union), within a collective Arab-African institutional framework, in order to increase the bonds of institutional, political and economic cooperation.

The geographical framework of the country of Sudan is represented in the region south of the Sahara Desert, which extends from the Red Sea in the east to the Atlantic Ocean in the west and from the Sahara Desert in the north to the tropical forests in the south. Historians have divided it into three sections: Eastern Sudan, Central Sudan, and Western Sudan, and it was between the countries of Sudan, Egypt and Morocco. The Arabian Peninsula has economic, political and religious relations, and the desert was never a barrier to communication between the countries of Sudan and North Africa, and states and kingdoms arose there. In Eastern Sudan, kingdoms of the Islamic style arose in Abyssinia, in Sudan in the Nile Valley, the state of Beni Kenz arose, and in central Sudan, the state of Kanem-Bornu arose. In Western Sudan, the state of Ghana, Mali and Sengai was established, and each of these countries had wealth, minerals and sources of wealth, such as Ghana, which enjoyed the presence of gold, as well as Mali and Sengai, which controlled the Taghazi salts in the desert, while there was slave trade due to the wars against paganism and it contained minerals. In Eastern Sudan, gold, silver, and crops were grown twice a year due to the rainfall they had in winter and summer, in addition to the livestock that the region possessed.

The Battle of Al-Qadisiyah is one of the decisive and decisive battles in Islamic history, which paved the way for the elimination of the Sassanian state in Persia, led by the great companion Saad bin Abi Waqqas (), who marched with four thousand fighters, in addition to being supplied with two Yemeni and two thousand Najdi, by the Caliph. Omar bin Al-Khattab () had eight thousand fighters with him, and after those supplies continued until the Arab Islamic Army became thirty thousand under the leadership of Saad bin Abi Waqqas.
As for the Persian army, it was large in number, meaning approximately 120 thousand soldiers, in addition to the presence of elephants, which were estimated at thirty elephants. The Muslim Arabs were victorious in this battle in the year 15 AH after the killing of the Persian army commander Rustam, and after that they conquered Al-Mada’in and liberated it from the Sassanid Persians in the year 16 AH. And ended the Persian presence on Arab lands.
The nature of the research required dividing it into an introduction, two sections, and a conclusion in which we mentioned the most important conclusions reached at the end of the research.

Praise be to God, who sent down the Book to His servant and did not make him crooked, and testified to Him, Glory be to God, the jinn and mankind as one God and Lord, and peace be upon Muhammad (peace and blessings of God be upon him), who illuminated the path and took the Qur’an as a path, and upon his family, companions and followers who followed the path of guidance, and carried the banner of truth in which.
But After:
Jalal al-Din al-Suyuti is considered one of the encyclopedic scholars and an expert in various sciences. Al-Suyuti did not enjoy parental care for a long time, as his father died when he was not six years old, and he grew up an orphan, as his father died when he was not six years old, before the death of his father, he assigned his tutelage to a number of From the scholars, and his upbringing was scientific, he said about himself: I was blessed to delve into seven sciences, the science of interpretation, hadith, jurisprudence, grammar, meanings, eloquence, and badi, on the way of Arabs and rhetoricians, not on the way of foreigners and people of philosophy.

The mountain region with all its units is a suitable environment for the tourism industry to achieve the elements of terrestrial variety. This research aims to show the tourist importance of geomorphological forms and appearances in the mountain region and the tourist dimension of these manifestations and the extent to which they can be exploited and invested optimally according to organized scientific environmental plans and propose some areas because of their possession of unique geomorphological manifestations to be natural reserves with a distinctive tourist interface Which will reflect positively on the accomplish of tourism development and development in the region. The study reached conclusions, the most important of which are: The Kurdistan Mountains Region has natural geographical capabilities and components and rare geomorphological features, where the features of the earth's surface are characterized by diversity and complexity, and this is an important point for (geomorphological tourism), and despite all those capabilities that the region has, some areas suffer from neglect and lack of tourism services in them as required.

This research dealt with indicators of desertification in Al-Azim district using digital satellite images, using two satellite images from the Land Sat satellite for the years 1990 AD and 200 ADS, meaning the time period between the two observations was 30 years. In the beginning, the process of processing the satellite images was done, and then the change index in Vegetation cover (NDVI), using the Arc Map program, and then the process of classifying the land cover for the visuals. The results of the research showed that the change in most types of land cover had a negative impact on increasing the severity of the phenomenon of desertification.
The researcher recommended the necessity of using remote sensing technology when studying the change in land cover, as this technology is characterized by saving time and effort and low cost, especially in large areas. Remote sensing technology may not give high accuracy, but it gives a general and comprehensive view of the nature of the area and land cover. It is considered an indicator for decision makers.

The study aims to analyze the hydrological reality of the Koya Basin using geographic information systems techniques and using climate change scenarios, simulation models, and various types of mathematical models based on building a model, or resulting from the results of laboratory samples and field work that are important in estimating the depth of surface runoff. The basin spring coefficient is determined by building a model within the Arc GIS environment, assessing soil and water using the SWAT model (Soil and Water Assessment Tool), and estimating the volume of flow based on daily rainfall. The model was applied to the Koya Basin with an area of (583.84). km2, and this model was chosen because it is applied to basins with an area larger (150) km2 and it produces accurate results compared to other models, as the daily rain in the basin amounted to (718.72) mm, as the surface runoff was linked with the daily rain to find out the evaporation rates. Sedimentation, surface runoff, amounts of water loss, water revenue, as well as sedimentary output.

This research was entitled (Frames for handling France 24’s reports of events in the Middle East - an analytical study), and the main objective of the research was to know the frameworks of France 24’s handling of events in the Middle East, and to reveal the sources of France 24’s news reports, in addition to investigating mechanisms and tools for employing them. frameworks, and we adopted the survey method using the content analysis form. To collect data and information, we reached the processing frameworks adopted by France 24 in its news reports, related to events in the Middle East, during the research period from 7/1/2022 to 10/1/2022, with (125) reports of various contents, and this study found to a set of results, the most prominent of which are the following:
1. The “conflict” frame came in first place, and it is the framework that the channel adopted to frame the events, and “humanitarian concerns frames” came in second place.
2. The category (the channel’s own sources) ranked first because the channel relies on them to obtain what its reports cover, followed by (news agencies) as another source.
3. As for the category (mechanisms and tools for employing frameworks), it was at the forefront (citing evidence and facts) and then (presenting one point of view), so the channel intended to present it in the reports it broadcast, whether from the site of the event or from the media.

The circular economy is considered one of the outcomes of sustainable development, which aims to transform from the stereotypical (linear) economic system, which causes many environmental and social problems, the first of which is the depletion of the state’s economic resources, and preventing future generations from benefiting from its limited and exhaustible wealth, which is called (from Cradle to grave), i.e. resources (manufacturing, consumption, waste), to the economic system compatible with the environment, and trying to benefit from waste, recycle it, and remanufacture it, which is called (from cradle to cradle), and since the Islamic economic system does not object to Any new thing that is compatible with its broad outlines, it was necessary to have a legitimate vision for this economic system (circular economy) and the extent of its compatibility with the philosophy of Islamic economics, its characteristics and goals. I divided the research into three sections. In the first section, I dealt with the circular economy, its concept, origins, goals and importance, while I dealt with the second section is the relationship of the circular economy to sustainable development, and the third section is devoted to talking about the circular economy from the perspective of Islamic economic thought, while giving examples of Western and Arab countries that have applied the circular economy in their economic life. Then, I concluded the research with the most important results and some recommendations.

The research follows the social values mentioned in the Forty Hadiths of An-Nawawi, with the aim of highlighting them and showing the importance of social harmony in the prophetic texts. The research also aims to demonstrate the impact of social values on building social peace. The study classified these social values according to their relationship with social peace, in terms of establishment and improvement. The research found several results, including that Islam is a religion of peace and justice, with legislation and values that promote peace and prevent corruption in all its forms. Obeying those in authority is the foundation of social peace and the shield that protects the country and its people. The relationship between social values and social peace is strong and influential. Applying these values achieves social peace in two ways: first, by establishing a set of values that are necessary for a harmonious life, and second, by improving behavior by doing good and avoiding bad. Islam cares about social relationships and promotes a safe and stable community through the legislation of values that strengthen bonds of love and enhance social harmony among individuals.

This research aims to identify the relationship between organizational justice according to Adams' theory and the management of change resistance among primary school principals in the second Karkh Education Directorate from the teachers' point of view. In order to achieve this goal, the descriptive correlational approach was used. The researcher prepared two scales, the first for organizational justice consisting of (30) items distributed over three fields, and the second for managing resistance to change consisting of (28) items distributed over four fields, which were distributed randomly to (372) male and female teachers in primary schools in the academic year (2018-2019). The data of (355) individuals were entered into the statistical analysis process, i.e. (95%) of the total number of questionnaires distributed to the research sample. The research found a positive correlation between organizational justice and managing resistance to change among primary school principals in the second Karkh Education Directorate.

I thank God for the completion of this research, in which I reached these results:
Facing the qiblah is a condition for the validity of the prayer, and it is not waived except in a state of fear, or a supererogatory prayer on a mount, those who were in the sanctuary should face the eye of the Kaaba, and those who were outside the sanctuary should face its direction.
Those who are in countries far from Mecca must follow the mihrabs approved by the Holy Prophet - such as the mihrabs of the Prophet’s Mosque - and the niches of the Companions, and the niches of Muslims, and it is not permissible to infer the niches of the infidels.
That the worshiper does not turn to diligence in knowing the direction of the qiblah except after exhausting the available means to know it, Permissibility of using the compass and qibla software connected to the Internet, if they are set and working properly, using modern devices to identify the direction of the qiblah takes precedence over ijtihad in identifying it, and their use may be obligatory.

Article 7 of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC 1989) clearly states that every child has “the right to know his or her parents and to be cared for by his or her parents.” When the child is abandoned, this right is violated. Infants and young children are the group most at risk of being abandoned, and thus the child grows up deprived of stable socialization in the following years as a result of being deprived of parents early in life and also faces difficulties in the area of emotional and behavioral development. In many cases, they die before being found, and despite the importance of understanding the extent, causes and consequences of child abandonment, we find there is a clear lack of research in this area. Such studies are necessary in order to develop effective preventive programs and strategies aimed at protecting the most vulnerable groups in society, namely newborn children. This phenomenon is widespread in all countries of the world due to the lack of a clear definition and ambiguity regarding the serious problems that abandonment of newborn children poses in societies, which raises many challenges for research and practices related to this phenomenon. There is no clear legal vision in defining abandonment or abandonment of newly born children, and there is no serious treatment in reducing this phenomenon and determining the type of abandonment (voluntary abandonment and forced abandonment) in order to measure the extent of the spread of this phenomenon at the present time and provide treatments that may limit its spread and for the purposes of Accurate scientific diagnostic research wrote this research.

The current research aims to:
1. Building a measure of respect among Kirkuk University students.
2. Identifying the level of respect among Kirkuk University students in general.
Identifying statistical differences in the level of respect among Kirkuk University students according to the variables: (gender “males, females”, specialization “scientific, humanitarian”, academic year “first, fourth”).
The current research population is determined by all students from the colleges of Kirkuk University, who number (23,443) male and female students, distributed among the colleges of Kirkuk University, which number (18). The researchers selected a stratified random sample of (700) male and female students from the first and fourth grades. from Kirkuk University students for the academic year (2020-2021). In order to achieve the research objectives, the need to build a tool (respect scale) was required. The scale, in its initial form, consisted of (93) items, and after conducting face validity and statistical analysis, it became composed of (57) items. Paragraph, the researchers used appropriate statistical methods to process the data, including (the t-test for one sample, the t-test for two independent samples, and the Pearson correlation coefficient), and the researchers reached the following results:
1. There is a statistically significant difference in the respect scale, in favor of the members of the research sample.
2. There is no significant difference according to the gender variable (males, females) for the respect variable.
3. There is no statistically significant difference depending on the specialization variable (scientific, humanitarian) in the respect variable.
4. There is no statistically significant difference according to the grade variable (first, fourth) in the respect variable.
In light of the results, the necessary recommendations and proposals were presented.

Praise be to Allah, Lord of the worlds, and the best of prayers and blessings be upon our Prophet Muhammad, his family, and all of his companions.
And After:
This is a brief study related to (Imam Ibn As-Salah's jurisprudential choices of issues related to Friday prayers) and the rulings related to them. Through this research, it becomes clear that Friday prayer is an individual obligation on notables, except for what is excluded from those who have excuses, and God Almighty has singled them out among Prayers have special characteristics and characteristics, and he has made provisions for them that are not other than them, and it has the merit and reward that made it obligatory to strive for it, and it prohibited selling at the time of its establishment and other things that distinguished Friday from others.
The importance of this research is evidenced by the doctrinal issues included in it, so they should be studied, and the opinions and sayings of the jurists of the schools of thought be examined, and conciliation from God.

Vicarious learning is obtaining knowledge through seeing the activities and results of others. One can acquire new knowledge, abilities, and habits without necessarily experiencing them firsthand. Vicarious learning is a very successful method of education that can occur in a variety of contexts, including the classroom, business, and daily life.
An individual observes the conduct of others and learns from the repercussions of their actions without engaging in the behavior themselves. By examining and assessing the activities of others, students can improve their problem-solving and critical thinking skills through observation.
By observing the behaviors and emotions of others, students can learn how to manage their emotions and interact with others in a positive and productive manner.
Students can gain essential social skills such as empathy, collaboration, and cooperation, which are essential for success in both academic and non-academic settings.
To gather information, a test instrument has been constructed by the researcher. A sample of (40) students divided into two groups (experimental and control one), from the English Department at the College of Education for Humanities / University of Diyala of the academic year (2023).

“The Fall of the House of Usher” is one of Edger Allan Poe masterpiece. It has a complex structure that leads to different interpretations and analysis. This story has been seen as shrouded in mystifying atmospheres references to obscure texts and hints of enigmatic events .As a gothic tale, it has always been examined in terms of gothic literature which depends on supernatural elements and mysterious atmosphere as main factor to create and developed events .Some pointed that the source of gothic and horror in this tale is based on structuring a conflict between reason and irrationality .However the complex structure of this story rises from a special use of language has led and readers to disagree over its exact meaning. Poe confesses that he is master of language that he believes that truly imaginative literature locates its deepest meaning in an undercurrent for this reason, Poe redirects our attention to the he terms and general manner of the narration. This sentence drags our attentions to the language in “The Full of the House Usher” as a reflection of the meaning hidden there in the text. Because of this, in this paper, will examine the style of Edger Allan Poe in terms of sentences, structure, terminology and symbolism.

Literary translation studies have contributed significantly to the progress of society by fostering intercultural contact and the sharing of ideas and values. This study examines how literary translation studies have affected the development of society, emphasizing how they have affected language, culture, politics, and identity. The study also looks at the difficulties that literary translators encounter when attempting to cross linguistic and cultural barriers, including concerns with power, representation, and authenticity. The final section of the study addresses the direction literary translation studies will take in an increasingly globalized society.
Literary translations have made it possible for readers to access works of literature from other cultures and countries, which has helped to break down barriers and promote cross-cultural understanding. By reading literature from other cultures, people are exposed to different perspectives, values, and ideas, which can broaden their horizons and foster a greater appreciation for diversity.
The study, analysis and transfer of literature from one language to another are all aspects of literary translation. It considers the setting, culture, and time and place of the original text. to keep the text's essential meaning from being lost or changing. Since the context controls the text and the text is a byproduct of the context, there cannot be a text without a context. Similar to how a text cannot exist without a context.

There is no doubt that the ecosystem experiences significant climatic changes which cause environmental issues. A significant chapter in the history of global communities is the rise of opposition between the authoritarian leaders and the non-authoritarian public. The anti-party, whether the activists, the protestors, or the organizers utilize many ways of communicating their messages. In this study, we tackled extinction; one of Africa's most significant and dangerous environmental problems. The corpus consists of 13 accurately selected banners. It is divided into different sections dealing various issues and actions towards animals in Africa, such as: materialism, domination, racism, inequity, violence, selfishness, carelessness, climate change, cruelty, and abuse. The banners were analyzed according to critical discourse analysis and eco-linguistics framework. The researchers aim to shed light on extinction from an eco-linguistic perspective since eco-linguistic studies have not placed a strong emphasis on the extinction phenomenon. This study seeks for answering How far animals’ extinction and climate change issues play an important role in preserving the ecological balance, supporting biodiversity, and ensuring the sustainability of life? It also serves as evidence of how humans treat other species and how they contribute to their extinction. The study concluded that human actions and climate change issues play a significant role in animal extinction issue in Africa which, in turn, leads to imbalanced ecosystems.

Speakers use speech fillers in their communication once in a while to gain time to think, pause, or organize their thoughts. Speech fillers are sounds, words, and phrases produced to fill the gap during the conversation, which is thought to be less important as part of the sentence and could not change the meaning of the utterance. However, speech fillers become problematic when overused or employed in the wrong context. This study investigates speech fillers and how they are produced and perceived appropriately by interlocutors from a phono-pragmatic perspective. Consequently, this study aims to examine the types of SFs used in ‘Top Girls’ and the extent to which they are employed. The data have been analyzed and classified based on the eclectic model Rose’s (1998) theories on the types of fillers which combined with similar notions on the types and functions of fillers which taken from Stenström’s (1994) model. A qualitative methodology was used, and the results showed that lexicalized speech fillers were more frequent than unlexicalized ones. In particular, this study will benefit learners specialized in pragmatics because it clarifies the pragmatic indication of speech fillers used in the dramatic text. The occurrence of each speech filler was calculated manually using auditory judgments to identify types of speech fillers.