Journal of International studies

The discussion of this issue has prompted us because Egypt is the only Arab country that has a military institution in the modern sense of the word, while the rest of the Arab countries have Arab armies, and the importance of this military institution does not come only from its defense of Egyptian national security, but it has financial independence, and therefore it does not It constitutes a burden on the political system. On the contrary, it was one of the pillars of the economic system through its developmental role, as well as the important aspect in fighting the growing and escalating terrorism by terrorist groups

The term women's empowerment refers to the empowerment and empowerment of women in contemporary societies, and the intention here is to have a high level of control so that women can express their views and their ability to make choices within society to influence important decisions with high participation. In Iraq after 2003, Steps have been taken to activate the role of Iraqi women in society in order to strengthen the Basic of the democratic system.

Therefore, the future of societal instability and stability depends on the extent to which there is a real desire on the part of Arab governments, their ruling political elites, political organizations and parties all to confront different political and economic crises and find exits for them and prevent their reflection on their societal reality, so the scene of the continuity of the status quo and retreat will be the advantage of Arab societies within The next future.

The Turks' dream of delivering water to the Republic of Northern Cyprus (Turkish) was fulfilled, In the aftermath of the severe drought crisis in recent years, especially since the economy of this part is still dependent on Turkey concerning water and electricity services.
This project was considered the first global experiment by the Turks in the field of transporting water for long distances under the Mediterranean. It was called by Recep Tayyip Erdogan the prime minister at the time as (Water of Peace), as it would transport - the waters of life - according to his description, via pipes to the northern part of the island, and use them for domestic and agricultural purposes.
According to Turkish officials, this project represents an investment of water, and a national wealth that must be exploited in an optimal way, as Erdogan expressed it as "the project of the times" that demonstrated to all the country's ability to make dreams a reality as a project befitting the Turkish people.
Keywords:

Political and social scientists have developed many theories, models and approaches for analyzing public policy-making. The theoretical approaches include institutionalism theory, incremental theory rational-choice theory, Game theory and public choice theory. This paper attempts to examine each theory, pointing out its strengths and
limitations. It is, therefore, wise not to be bound too dogmatically to one approach. A good rule for the public policy maker is to be eclectic and flexible, and to draw from theories that seem most useful for the satisfactory and fair-minded description and explanation of policies.
The objective explanation of political behavior rather than the validation of one’s preferred theoretical approach should be the goal of political inquiry. Each of the theories discussed, if drawn upon skillfully and selectively, can contribute to a better understanding of policy-making.

China plays an important regional role in the South-Asian region, which why it strives to strengthen its ties with the region’s countries. This is especially in the energy domain, given the latter’s increasing needs for energetic rewards so as to continue its economic growth and sustain its strategic goals. But China faces the Indian hegemony in the region, a country which considers South-Asia as its traditional sphere of influence and itself has huge needs for energetic rewards– as an emerging regional power. The competition between the two giants for energy – gas
especially – in Bangladesh and Myanmar is one of the manifestations of this Sino-Indian competition for hegemony and influence in South-Asia. To this end, each side has adopted multi-dimensional strategies to achieve its ambitious, noting the superiority of China in this regard.
Key Words:

OPEC countries' political systems are opposed to this, which makes them lose many opportunities to draw up an independent oil policy that is far from the influence of others. Oil prices fluctuated for reasons beyond OPEC's control for many periods of time, sometimes to be happy and sad at other times. The recent collapse of the oil markets on April 20, 2020 (Black Day) due to the Corona pandemic, the stagnation of the global economy, and the machine stopped working, all of these reasons pushed the oil-producing countries from inside and outside OPEC to conclude an agreement (OPEC +), led by the United States and Russia, to take harmonious decisions With OPEC's previous goals to reduce production,
adhere to specific production quotas, and work jointly to avoid losses incurred by all producers.
,

This study aims to explain the French policy in the Sahel region, and the justifications and reasons for its intervention in this strategic region, which is one of the most important areas of interest and influence for France in the world, due its economic, security and geopolitical importance.
Historically, the Sahel region is one of the most important areas for French interests and influence, making it, a priority for foreign intervention and action, through diplomatic, military or security means.
In the light of the rapid changes in the international environment in general, and in the Sahel region in particular, the study raises a central question regarding, the future of the French policy in the region, whether it will be determined to achieve security and stability, or, it will be a gate to restoring its colonial historical heritage in the region.
The study attempts to prove that, France will maintain its interests and influence in the Sahel region, based on the realistic theory of international relations, which is shaped by the foreign policy of states according to their national interests, and sometimes, adopts the neo-realism theory, that depends on a Strength variable, in explaining the French orientation towards the Sahel countries, can also be interpreted by combining utility and power together.

Throughout the ages. The Iraqi women had enjoyed in economic and social construction of the country. As the first legislative Mesopotamia was
pending Hammurabi containing women’s lows and legislations, followed by Islamic low that established equality with men in rights and duties and gave her right to political participation, learning and ownership.
Although the Permanent Iraqi constitution in 2005 guaranteed Iraqi women full rights to education, social and health care, their right to life, liberty, security, the right to property, political participation and leadership positions, they included a( quota system ) for participation in parliament and provincial councils, but lows and legislation do not Ensures empowerment of women in developmental fields. Despite discrimination and women’s exclusion from political participation, recent decades have seen remarkable progress in their political participation and decision – making. With the intervention of the United Nation,” the issue of women has become” a prominent place on its agenda and focused on creating an economic and political system that achieves greater participation for women in the political process and in global development through studying the social environment, obstacles to empowering Iraqi women and bringing about fundamental changes to the male culture that prevent Participation in economic, social and political decision-making and winning parliamentary seats.
The research dealt with four axes, the first axis addressed the theoretical concept that research deals with, and the second axis went to the reality of Iraqi women and their contribution to decision- making with statistical data. The third topic dealt with the most prominent solutions needed to empower Iraqi women in the decision- making and decision-making process.

It is noted that the political system of the European Union differs from the political system of states from multiple angles, so if the principle of separation of powers and the balance between the three powers, executive, legislative and judicial, can be considered the standard for the democratic nature of political systems in general, then we will find that this criterion is not completely clear in The political system of the European Union, as it seems as if this system includes, for the first time, a clear separation of powers. There is an executive authority (represented by the Council and the Commission), a legislative authority (represented
by Parliament), and a judicial authority (represented by the European Court of Justice). This separation is still largely formal, or at least in its embryonic stages, because this confusion and overlap between the nature and powers of the existing authorities, in particular between the executive and legislative branches, seems to the point where it is impossible to say that the European Union is a political system based on real separation and balance Between the authorities.

The American – Chinese competition in Africa began when both sides sought to assert their presence. The United States proposed political and security initiatives in Africa in order to support its military moves at the global level, and the use of the United Nations as a means to impose
sanctions on Africa, as well as the use of NATO to dissuade systems and movements opposed to American policy, and he proposed the principle of political conditionality, whereby the link between the provision of aid and loans, and the commitment of African countries to respect human rights and democratic transition, While China embarked on the approach of internal economic reform, which would be reflected in foreign policy, as China dealt with the African continent according to the principle of non – interference in other countries and respect for African sovereignty, and it sought to raise the volume of Chinese investments and financial flows in the African continent.
Keywords:

Building peace in post-conflict is a long-term process. It requires concerted efforts at all levels to resolve the causes of the conflict and giving the parties their rights to be in a state of lasting positive peace. This requires a number of measures or procedures, We discussed the concept of peace and its levels in the first topic. In the second, we explained the security and reform measures such as disarmament, security sector reform such as the police, and the removal of remnants of war such as mines, for the big risk of the situation in post conflict period, it demands immediate handle. And we also discussed in our research the humanitarian and reconstruction measures of providing humanitarian assistance, the return of the displaced, and the start of building the infrastructure and economy, which are the pillars of lasting peace and reconciliation between the conflicted groups. At the end of the study we reached a number of conclusions and recommendations.
Key words:

The Middle East is facing many serious challenges to the process of building and making peace for the Middle East. These challenges have increased after 2011 because of the emergence of crises at the international level of the emergence of terrorist groups and organizations that have created instability for the peoples of the region in full, In addition, there is growing international competition from regional and international countries, as well as foreign international interventions.

The "Covid 19" pandemic represents as one of the biggest challenges that facing the international system, which is expected to leave its impact on its composition in light of unforeseen human and material losses, as it became clear that the public health sector in most of the countries that are described as the great or advanced were not prepared to deal with the pandemic. Efficiently, what led to reactions through the foreign policy orientations of these developed countries between isolationism and cooperation which resulted tension in international politics in light of the current international pattern. The paper raises the main problem through the following question: To what extent does the current global crisis reflect a pandemic? Covid 19 “The orientation towards a theoretical review of the structure of the international system?” The paper relied on the approach of structural analysis and the descriptive analytical approach, the paper came to the conclusion that the military and economic balance of power is no longer, as it was in the past, the only variable that has the ability to influence the issue of stability, but rather the sudden emergence of complex dynamics through security issues. Also, the global epidemic as a threat to international peace and security is an example of the "emerging Covid 19 pandemic" that researchers were not concerned with previously. Washington will also realize that the structure of the international system is unstable and based on the state of "uncertainty." And that the state of polarization imposed by international transformations in the light of the pandemic does not reach the limits of a radical change in the structure of the international system, but rather to its acceleration in establishing a flexible bipolarization between Washington and Beijing. Therefore, Washington's tendency would be towards the option of cooperating with Beijing in the health system and the economic system, in a way that consecrates the flexible bipolarity.

Thinking centers or thought as translated into English (Think - Tanks) or thinking banks or research centers, especially since these designations were not born today or even the twenty-first century, labels that differ in different regions and trends, but in conclusion their results remain influential by working to provide The best information, conclusions and even setting goals for political decision-makers or decision-making institutions, whether in internal or external politics, they work according to different disciplines and within the framework of the interest, whether these centers are governmental or individual ownership, and policy men often follow these centers after they retire from work, The politician is to establish research centers that work to provide advice and draw strategies for this or that country, and some may ask about the importance of these centers and is it possible to classify them as one of the foreign policy tools of countries? Especially as it may be a new tool and is applicable, whether in theory or practice, as experience proves that these centers have an important role to be considered as one of the signs of development in external political action or the importance they give to this work.

The phenomenon of terrorism is one of the most dangerous phenomena that have negatively affected the reality of societies in the entire world in its human aspect. This phenomenon has been exacerbated in our contemporary world after terrorism has turned into a global phenomenon that affects and affects all aspects of life for the peoples of the world. Terrorism is no longer a party or A nation or a state without another, but it included everyone regardless of its causes, forms, goals, and even the nature of the parties behind it, that this fact has been recognized by the international community since the beginning of creation, permissions societies have endeavored and through various eras to fight them and limit their destructive effects to aspects of human life Civilization, economic and even political. The exacerbation and increase of the phenomenon of terrorism and its spread in the world, to the increased interest in studying and analyzing this phenomenon more and more, to know its motives, causes, forms and goals in order to reach the most successful, to confront it, reduce its danger and eliminate it.