Journal of University of Babylon

We present a crossing approach based on the new construction of non-polynomial spline function to investigate the numerical solution of the fractional differential equations. We find the accuracy of the spline method and to presenting the completion of non-polynomial spline two examples for problems are used. To clarify, we present the numerical computations that can be used to solve difficult problems while the results are found and got to be in good error estimation with comparing exact solutions

In this paper, we introduce a new type of semigroup, namely (Quotient semigroup) in differential equations with the functional analytic. This semigroup constructs the solution of the partial differential equations as the form:
(ρ(t))/(h(x)) (∂u(t,x))/∂t=(ρ'(t))/(h'(x)) (∂u(t,x))/∂x, where ρ(t) be a function such that ρ(0)=1

There is a scene in Jurassic Park movie in which the character Dr Malcolm, attempt to explain the mean of chaos theory to Dr Sattlar.
He dropping a bead of water on her knuckle on her hand, then he put another bead on the same place, it takes a different trajectory from the first one. He asserts that tiny variation of her hand make the first trajectory different from the second one.
Now let us ask what happened in Jurassic Park? Dr Malcolm attributes this unpredictability to chaos. He said that many times when he saw that the events of the film evolve in unpredictable way. He use his mathematics to grantee that the park will be out of the control of its manager. Of course he is correct, but is it truth that the Chaos is the cause of the chaos of Jurassic Park. Let us know what Chaos is and then answer this question.

The electronic stopping power of the proton reaction in the polymers C5H8O2, C2H3CL ,C2F4 for the energy ranging between (20-10000) MeV was studied. Numerical calculations and analysis of the results were carried out using the Matlab program for the Bohr and Beth equation and SRIM 2013 program. All theoretical and practical values and results are presented in graphs. The stopping time of each polymer in protons was calculated

The electronic stopping power of the proton reaction in the polymers C5H8O2, C2H3CL ,C2F4 for the energy ranging between (20-10000) MeV was studied. Numerical calculations and analysis of the results were carried out using the Matlab program for the Bohr and Beth equation and SRIM 2013 program. All theoretical and practical values and results are presented in graphs. The stopping time of each polymer in protons was calculated

Speech processing is more common day by day to provide enormous safety. The speech for the purpose of authentication is commonly used. Recognition of the speaker is the method that can check and recognize the speaker. The scheme of speech recognition is distinct from the scheme of speaker recognition. Recognition of speakers is commonly used in sectors, hospitals, laboratories, etc. Its benefits are safer, easier to implement, more user-friendly. Speaker identification method is one of the most commonly used techniques for the region where safety is very crucial. This article presents an overview of various methods that can be used to recognize speakers’ systems, the feature extraction techniques such as Linear Predictive Coding (LPC), Linear Predictive Cepstral Coefficients (LPCC), Unique Mapped Real Transform (UMRT), Real Cepstral Coefficients (RCC), “Mel-frequency Cepstrum” (MFCC), in addition to various classification techniques such as “Gaussian mixture model (GMM)”, “Dynamic Time Warping (DTW)”, Support Vector Machine (SVM), Neural Network (NN), “Vector Quantization” (VQ). The primary purpose of is to explain the common speaker recognition methods. The obtained results are that, MFCC is chosen for high efficiency and low complexity. and GMM is helpful in classifying less memory and less planning and efficient test results.

Plasmids play an important role in the spread of antibiotic resistance among bacterial strains that pose a threat to global health. Traditional methods of curing plasmid rely on the development of bacterial strains under inappropriate conditions, such as high temperature or the addition of intruding agents that interfere with the structure of DNA synthesis during the replication of plasmids. Other methods rely on the phenomenon of plasmid compatibility based on the principle of competition between identical plasmids but require accurate knowledge of the mechanism of multiplying the target plasmid, in addition to the subsequent treatment of the interfering plasmid. With the advent of Crispras9, which simulates natural bacterial defense against plasmid and latex infiltrators, this technique has been used as an accurate tool for targeting places specializing in plasmid DNA. In this review, we will address the most important methods of removing and deleting plasmids from bacterial cells.

In this present paper deal with an inverse force/source problem for a one-dimension wave equation under the non-classical condition with the right end displacement boundary as the additional measurement. Furthermore, inverse force/source problem comes from splitting wave equation, which is unstable while adding noise under the right end boundary condition. Numerical algorithm is based on finite different method (FDM) combine with separation variable. L-curve method and min norm is applied to reach regularization parameter where zeroth order Tikhonov regularization is proposed. Figures in section 3 are shown how accurate this unusual condition working in the wave equation.

SARS-CoV-2, or COVID-19, is a quickly spreading global virus that has been reported as a pandemic by the World Health Organisation (WHO). COVID-19 is spread by droplets or direct contact and, in most cases, infects the respiratory tract leading to pneumonia and, in around 15% of cases, to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Mortality in COVID-19 patients has also been linked to the existence of the virus-induced cytokine storm. Excessive pro-inflammatory cytokine production contributes to the aggravation of ARDS and significant damage to tissues, leading to multi-organ failure and death. The cytokine storm's pathogenesis is very complex. Much data suggests that the extreme worsening in several patients was directly linked to the cytokine storm in their bodies during the COVID-19 epidemic. This article discusses the cause of incidence and management methods of the inflammatory storm caused by the COVID-19 virus to offer useful clinical treatment advice without using drugs.

Over several decades, plenty of records of lab. workers contracting disease due to the infectious materials have been documented. About 80 percent of these cases are thought to be directly associated with the formation of aerosols during the lab. works with potentially infectious samples. Small liquid or solid particles of aerosols suspended in the air for a while or spread over a wide range of distances and then inhaled easily. However, they can be settled rapidly on surfaces such as skin and ventilation systems if the diameters of particles are higher than 5 microns. Effective steps should regularly be used to protect staff and the environment, or to reduce the extent of the aerosols production. Measures containing the aerosol are to be applied where physical containment at practice 2(P2) and above levels is needed for the research operation.
In most cases the safely equipment’s and precautions must be available in all time in the lab. and comply with the required level of Biosafety for any type of the laboratory work (including the relevant biological agents, SARS-CoV-2 in this case). Staff who working with suspected or confirmed specimens of COVID-19 or of SARS-CoV-2 should be completely protected from such infectious materials. Good biosafety practices have been recognized to avoid or mitigate the spread of infection (i.e., SARS-CoV-2). Standard precautions expected to be already used by laboratories as stated in the general guidelines and they should follow standard laboratory practices. Practices related with these biosafety requirements must be proceed when dealing with samples/specimens from SARS-CoV-2. This involves microbiological as well as clinical laboratories conducting routine serum, blood, sputum (respiratory) and other sample diagnostic, analytical, or other research-related studies.

Hydrocephalus is caused by subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH), Infection or by a tumor compressing the CSF passages is mostly temporary and can resolve with treatment. We have many methods to assure cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) diversion, no method is considered more preferable than others; so, to choose a method depends on the causes or other factors.
Ventriculosubgaleal shunt (VSGS) is one of those temporary ways in which we can assure a simple and rapid CSF decompression method and not causing electrolytes or nutritional losses.
To study the effectiveness of using VSGS compared to external Ventricular Drain (EVD) in adult hydrocephalus for temporary CSF conversion and to find out the results that help us avoid putting a permanent shunt, and last, to find the possibility of occurrence of complications.
A retrospective observational study.
Materials and Methods: The data were taken from Hospital Admission notes of fifty patients with acute hydrocephalus: 26 caused by IVH, 10 from ruptured aneurysm, 8 post-traumatic, and 6 were due to infection. In all the patients we did CSF conversion in Hospital Queen Elizabeth II, Sabah, Malaysia, from 2012 to 2015. The patients’ follow-up started from the date of surgery till the hydrocephalus is treated completely Parameters used are the dependency to the shunt and the occurrence of complications.
Statistical Packages for the Social Sciences Version 22.0. Chi squared test, Fisher’s exact test.
Results: A total of 21 (42%) patients, EVD inserted and 29 (58%) VSGS inserted. Thirty-seven (74%) patients did not need a permanent shunt; 24 (64.8%) of them were from the VSGS group (P = 0.097). EVD patients developed more complications (44.1%) in comparison to VSGS (23.5%), with a statistically significant difference P = 0.026.
Conclusions: VSGS is a safe and a dependable way for adult hydrocephalus patient’s treatment, with the ability to continue the treatment for such patients in non-neurosurgical centers or even discharge the patient home, as compared to patients with EVDs. This method does not have a statistical difference to avoid putting a ventriculoperitoneal shunt, VSGS has a significant less complications than EVD.

Silver nanoparticles are used in the medical and engineering fields and are still of interest to scientists, possibly due to their small size compared to their efficiency. Previous research has demonstrated the efficacy of silver nanoparticles in inhibiting microbes as they are used as reducing agents. Silver nanoparticles are manufactured in a variety of chemical or physical ways that may have environmental hazards due to their potential toxicity, or they are manufactured in biological, environmentally friendly and non-toxic ways.
In this review, we first present the properties of nanoparticles and their synthesis methods and then discuss their role as inhibitors of bacteria, fungi, viruses and algae.

Moduli of smoothness are intended for mathematicians working in approximation theory, numerical analysis and real analysis. Measuring the smoothness of a function by differentiability is two grade for many purposes in approximation theory. More subtle measurement are provided by moduli of smoothness.
Many versions of moduli of smoothness and K-functionals introduced by many authors. In this work we choose two of these moduli and prove that they are equivalent themselves once and with a version of K-functional twice, under certain conditions.
As an application of our work we introduce a version of Jackson theorem for the approximation by neural networks.

This present study includes the petrography, lithofacies analysis and depositional development for the Zubair Formation in six boreholes (WQ-1, WQ-13, WQ-15, WQ-60, WQ-148 and WQ-356) within the West Qurna oil field. Zubair Formations was deposited within Mesopotamian Zone during the Barremain stage which belong to the Early Cretaceous epoch.
The major component of Zubair succession is sandstone which classify as quartz arenite (also known as orthoquartzite) has about 92% or more quartz grains. While a rock having >25% lithic fragments and subordinate feldspars are lithic arenites; those with clay content >25% and subordinate lithics is a gray wacke
Five major lithofacies within two groups of rock dominance are recognized in this succession as follow:- Quartz arenite well sorted-subrounded Lithofacies, Quartz arenite poorly sorted sub-angular Lithofacies and graywacke poorly sorted Lithofacies within the sand dominated rock; and Sandy claystone and Shale Lithofacies within clay dominated rocks. Three facies associations are distinguished in studied succession, they are: delta plain, delta front and back-shore. The microfacies analysis and reconstructed the paleoenvironments for the Barremain basin in the studied area has contributed to determine three stages matching with the observable units.
Main composed of the lower unit is shale with thin beds and lenses of sandstone to divided this unit into two parts, the upper most is sandstone and the lower part is consisting of shale in the south part of studied area. This sequence is interpreted to form in a delta plain deposits was common in the north and south part of the studied area (WQ-13, WQ-1 and WQ-356), while the middle part of this area (WQ-60 and WQ-15) was closed to shore face environment. The middle unit is the thickest and characterized by alternative of shale and sand beds as Three laterally heterogeneous cycles. These three-cycle appeared clearly in the southern part of studied area, while to the north became two cycle. In the central of studied area the middle part is represented by one cycle of quartz arenite well sorted-subrounded lithofacies as a delta front and shoreface association facies. The delta plain is common association in the WQ-13 and WQ-148 as a successive of lithofacies 3, 4 and 5, while this association is alternative with back shore association to the north direction (WQ-15, 1 and 356). Upper unit is composed of sandstone as quartz arenite well sorted-subrounded lithofacies. This refer to deposition in the delta front and shore face to mark the sea level rise in all studied well except WQ-60, which represent the delta plain association facies. This cycle was marked the end of Zubair deposition during the transgression stage.

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Adipose tissue is widely concerned as an active endocrine organ, and have a crucial role in the innate immune system . Adipocytokines perform a role in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance and related metabolic complications, and also they cause both beneficial and detrimental immune and inflammatory effects. And most of these adipocytokines are physiologically important for metabolism, such as leptin, resistin, and visfatin which may serve as a missing connection between obesity and diabetes in the causal relation. Also it may have myriad anti-inflammatory effect. It should be considered the functional balance of the adipokines and obesity.

Halophytes or saline plants characterized in their ability to live and give production in saline soils or in other
saline habitats. They refer to plants that can live in high salts habitats like saline marshes and saline deserts, and can
give relatively a high production of biomass in such habitats. They are very important due to their different uses of
them as food, fodder, drugs and many other different important. They may solve salinity problem tolerant or avoidant
species by several adaptations which may by morphological, anatomical or cellular modifications. In this review
tend to answer the main questions related to halophytes which including: what are their defines, important, and their
strategies to be live and give good productivity in saline habitats?

Streptococcus pneumonia is a major pathogen in humans, and causes diseases such as pneumonia and meningitis. This bacterium produces many virulence factors that participate in the mechanics of injury. The battle between human host and bacterial pathogen is extremely complex. Each side tries to outpace the other in the race for survival. Particularly in the innate immune system in humans, the complementary immune system acts as the first line of defense against invading pathogens during the course of evolution, however, the pathogen has developed multiple strategies to counter the host complement system and colonization, for survival and sustainability within the host. One of these pathogens is Streptococcus (pneumococcus), which are Gram-positive bacterial pathogens that often coexist in the human respiratory system. Depending on the host\'s sensitivity, pneumococcus can transform into an infectious agent that spreads within the human host and causes diseases ranging from mild to severe and potentially life-threatening diseases. This transition from the symbiont to the infectious agent is a very complex process and an understanding of this mechanism is essential in controlling pneumococcal disease. Using its complex arsenal of weapons such as surface adhesions as well as pneumococcal recruitment recruit the host\'s immune system. This review discusses the biological activity of several pneumococcal virulence agents and describes C1q, the first subunit of the classic complement pathway, and its role in antimicrobial reactions, as pneumococcus exploits C1q as a molecular bridge that facilitates the attachment of this bacterium to the cell surfaces of the host.

The Internet has become one of the important means used to transfer information via e-mail, social media, and others. It has become important to protect this information and find the best and most secure way to transfer and it to protect it from piracy attempts and common attacks on the Internet. In this paper, the encryption and steganography techniques are used to secure a transmitted through unsecure network. In this paper, we proposed a method for encryption images using second-order equations, then the encrypted image is embedded in the vide. The image is embedded according to the equations rather than embedding it sequentially in order to increase the security layer. The experimental results suggest that the approach proposed is achieves a high embedding ability. In addition, encryption and non-sequential selection of frames and locations for bit hiding increases the safety and robustness of the proposed system when compared to other methods of hiding information.

The Qamchuqa Formation has been studied in three wells ( Ja-15, Ja-20, Ja-22) within Jambur oil field, North East of Iraq . Three hundred and thirty five thin sections have been studied by polarizing microscope in order to determine fossils and biozones. Thirty seven species of benthic foraminifera were recognized.In addition to following fossils that recognized in Qamchuqa Formation : Calcareous algae – Coptocampylodon fontis, Rudist fragments ,Pelecypods Gastropods , Mollusks , Brachiopod , Ostracods shells , Echinoid fragmendes , Coral and Algea .
Five biozones were observed, they are: Praeorbitolina cormyi – Palorbitolina lenticularis - concurrent Zone (of Early Aptian), Mesorbitolina parva - Range Zone (of Middle Aptian age), Mesorbitolina texana - Range Zone (of Late Aptian – Early Albian,), Mesorbitolina subconcava - Range Zone (latest early Albian) and Orbitolina sefini - Range Zone (of Late Albian). The age of Qamchuqa Formation has been distinguished according to these biozones, to be as ( Aptian-Albian).

Diabetes mellitus (DM), is a group of metabolic disorders characterized by a high blood
sugar level in the blood. Diabetes can cause serious health complications including heart disease,
blindness, kidney failure, Symptoms of marked hyperglycemia include polyuria, polydipsia, and
sometimes with polyphagia. Acute life-threatening consequences of uncontrolled diabetes are
hyperglycemia with ketoacidosis. Long-term complications of diabetes include retinopathy with loss of
vision; nephropathy leading to renal failure; peripheral neuropathy with risk of foot ulcers and ,Charcot
joints; and cardiovascular symptoms and sexual dysfunction. Patients with diabetes have an increased
incidence of atherosclerotic cardiovascular, peripheral arterial, cerebrovascular disease and Hypertension
in people with diabetes.