AL-ADAB JOURNAL

This research focus on the protection right of children in armed conflict. Some time, children recruited and used in hostilities as a fighter by armed forces or armed groups. For instance, Islamic State in Iraq and Syria (ISIS) has recruited thousands of children to commit international crimes like genocide, war crime and crime against humanity. In addition, the research explains the abusing and trafficking children for sexual purposes. For example, in Iraq ISIS forces raped Yezidy girls and then used in armed conflict. Furthermore, during armed conflict children face refugee and internally displacement. Moreover, the research analyse the effects of armed conflict on children especially when armed forces attack hospitals and schools and kill them. The research tries to answer the questions, why the children are the purpose? What is the responsibility of children when they participate in hostilities? What is the minimum age of children to participate in hostilities? Is it legal to involve children in armed conflict?

The research is an attempt designed to diagnose the problematic of characterizing the genocide by adopting the "Holocaust" as a paradigm for the hypothesis addressed by the research, reviewing the trends of historians' interpretation of the genocide since the end of World War II (1945), as well as tracking the historical stations that those interpretations have gone through, the problems and crises that they provoked in Germany, and the response of German historical circles for the challenge imposed by those interpretations. The research is divided into two topics: the first: The Historians' Trends in Interpreting the Nazi Genocide of the Jews until the 1980s. As for the second: the "Holocaust" Historiography, the Nazi Knot, and the Identity Crisis in Germany.

Memorialization refers to preserving and remembering traumatic events and people who suffered or died during conflict or genocide. It aims at examining past trauma to address contemporary issues. In addition to documenting and telling facts and truth, memorialization helps with recognizing and honoring those who suffered and preventing “future atrocities through education and advocacy” (Thompson, n.d.). Memorialization plays an important role in post-conflict “reconstruction and redress”. Genocide memorialization can take different forms such as museums, law, documentaries, education, and first-person accounts and testimonies (Bennett, 2020). Most recently, Extended Reality technologies like Augmented Reality (AR) and Virtual Reality (VR) started to push the physical and mental boundaries of genocide memorialization and storytelling. Through an extensive review of the related literature, our paper first surveys AR and VR-based genocide memorialization around the world. Through a selected number of case studies, we will highlight how AR and VR memorialize and engage affected and no-affected people with genocide. Our paper also discusses the impact of AR and VR-based genocide memorialization.

On the 3rd of August 2014, ISIS fighters attacked the Sinjar region in northern of Iraq, mostly populated by Yazidis, a religious minority. In almost 3 days, most of the villages in the region were vacated and their residents captured. These events mark the beginning of a campaign of extreme violence that has left men and women apart. Adult men were massacred while girls and women were held for sale as sex slaves. More than 7 years after these events, no prosecution has been brought by International Criminal Court. States are unwilling to try their nationals guilty of crimes of genocide against the Yazidis. This paper aims to analyze the genocide of the Yazidis from the perspective of sexual violence and in particular to determine whether it can be considered to the status of genocide. The origins and legal sources of the genocide are first analyzed. This violence is then examined in the light of certain elements constituting the crime of genocide. Finally, the challenges to be met in the fight against impunity in International Criminal Court are mentioned in the conclusion.

Genocide is an attempt to wipe out an entire group of human beings, either directly by killing them, or indirectly by creating conditions favorable to their death, for disciplinary purposes aimed at punishing, blaming and retaliating against the victim, routine institutionalization in the context of war, utilitarianism aimed at achieving a specific gain, A monopoly aimed at identifying the dominant in power, and an ideology aimed at creating an optimal society and erasing all that is impure. The scientific study of genocide in a calm cognitive way is a humanitarian and historical necessity, because the horrific and tragic outcomes of this phenomenon threaten the depth of human existence and human values. It is a complex phenomenon that can be approached from multiple sides, philosophical, political, sociological, economic, historical and psychological, each of these approaches has a great value in understanding the phenomenon, but the psychological and social dimensions are at the core of these approaches. In a previous study by the researcher on the Iraqi historical memory (Ghabr, 2014), the strength of the presence of the genocides - Saddamism and terrorism - was found among the most important events in contemporary Iraqi history in the Iraqi historical memory, and it fell within the first factor (suffering) in the content of that memory, the factor that Intertwined with a complex web of relationships with political cultures and social movements. Therefore, the current study will work on clarifying the psychosocial dynamics of genocide through a comprehensive review of the specialized literature, and employing those insights in understanding the genocide in the Iraqi context, as the Iraqi context witnessed multiple and horrific genocide campaigns, in the time of totalitarianism and Daaeshism, and such an approach constitutes an existential necessity in Iraq.

Human history was full of massacres committed by states, whether they were locally practiced against members of society or externally practiced against members of another society by tyrannical governments. The brutality of the stone ages.
This is represented to us through the massacres of killing and blood that are committed in all societies against the vulnerable groups in them without the slightest guilt, but there are no flimsy reasons to justify their brutal actions. They may be religious or ethnic. These mass massacres include under the concept of genocide and this term has both descriptive and legal meanings, the descriptive meaning It possesses the status of a group, and the legal one is what the International Tribunal specializes in by setting terms and conditions for these crimes.
Therefore, this research reviews the latest developments of the brutal groups through the massacre of soldiers at the Speicher base, which acquired this massacre the name of the place in which it was committed, so it was called the Speicher massacre, this massacre that claimed the lives of (1700) innocent people. Then we address the Islamic religion’s view of killing in general, especially since these groups claim religion and practice their brutal acts in the name of religion. We address the sociological theories that explain the phenomenon of mass murder or genocide. In the conclusion of the research, we present an analytical description and pictures of the Speicher massacre, leaving the legal aspect of jurisdiction and content with the social effects left by these The crime is against society and the families of the victims, and this is what was mentioned in the conclusions and recommendations, The research includes four chapters, and each chapter includes two chapters. The first topic: the problem, importance and goal: The second topic: scientific concepts and terms: The third topic: manifestations of genocide: The fourth topic: The sociology of genocide: The fifth topic: Genocide in international law and human rights: Theme Sixth: The Islamic religion's view of genocide and the Speicher crime: The seventh topic: The Speicher crime.....a crime against humanity: The eighth topic: findings and recommendations. And then the conclusion of the research and finally the sources.
Search elements
First: Search problem
Iraqi society has been exposed to many heinous crimes that were committed against its members at different times and under the authority of successive tyrannical governments. These crimes left their social and psychological effects according to the ugliness of these crimes that affected members of certain groups and for different reasons that may be national, ethnic or religious without the slightest other reason
The succession of governments and the apparent deterioration of security in recent times caused terrorist groups to enter their work, setting up car bombs, killing dozens and hundreds of people, including wounded and dead, and it is one of the manifestations of genocide committed every day against Iraqi society.
But what has now emerged is the emergence of a brutal group called (ISIS) that has begun to commit various genocides against members of society, and the most heinous thing it has done is the Speicher crime, where it was killed by (1,700) soldiers working at Speicher base and killed under sectarian names because of their belonging to the Shiite sect, and therefore This crime is one of the crimes committed against humanity, whose perpetrators must be prosecuted by the state as a crime of genocide according to Article 5 of the Criminal Court Law.
Second: Search Importance
The importance of the issue stems from the fact that the Speicher case is not only a military or political one, but a humanitarian issue that has had social and psychological effects among the families of Speicher victims and spread fear among members of society, especially since the most prominent goal behind the crime is to stir up sectarian strife among members of the same community.
Third: Search goals
1- Familiarizing yourself with international human rights law and its close connection with the report on the right to life of peoples and individuals?
2 . Recognize the concept of genocide?
3- Understand the concept of sociology?
4- Recognize the manifestations of genocide?
5 - Identifying the sociology of genocide and its relationship to sociology?

The marsh represents a rare natural environment of its kind for a number of reasons. First, the marshes were the cradle of the Sumerian civilization and an environment that embraces a unique biodiversity. Its geography and vast area, which is equivalent to the size of a country like Lebanon, made it a resting place and provided food and reproduction for migratory birds. It is worthy of being included in the World Heritage List as one of the treasures of the world that must be preserved, but unfortunately, the Iraqi marshes have not been subjected throughout history to extensive and systematic drying operations, which reached 95% of their total area, as they were exposed to during the era of the previous dictatorial regime in the nineties of last century, which led to the emergence of a number of environmental problems that collectively led to the disruption of natural ecological balance through the loss of the ability to achieve the environmental balance and causing biological diversity damage . This is as a result of the lack of incoming water resources and the high percentage of salinity and pollution, which caused the death of huge numbers of wildlife and aquatic life, as well as the extinction of large numbers of them, causing a mass migration of the population of those areas to other areas that provide them with a minimum standard of decent living after they lost their main sources of livelihood represented by fishing and raising animals.
The paper aims to present a study on the impact of the widespread and systematic drying stages that began after the Iran-Iraq war in the eighties of last century and culminated in the nineties, bringing the percentage of the remaining water from the marshes to 5% in 2002, and the extent of its impact on the destruction of the environment and biodiversity, which includes humans and animals, as well as migratory birds from Siberia to the Indian subcontinent, which lost their habitats and places for laying eggs and breeding. It will also present a number of solutions that will help reduce the environmental degradation that the marshes have been exposed to.

The process of forced displacement is one of the most severe cases that a person or group can be exposed to, and its cruelty may be equivalent to the death penalty, because it represents a moral death for all the values, ties and belonging of the human soul, and it strips man of his relationship with his homeland and all kinds of decent living, and makes him A homeless being without affiliation and communication, and the consequent economic, political and even moral problems affecting the individual or the group.
In view of the peculiarity of the nineties of the last century for Iraq, as it witnessed the most violent war that Iraq witnessed after its invasion of Kuwait and the subsequent political and social disintegration and economic hardship. Many cases of forced displacement in which Iraq was a party in one way or another have been noted. Forced displacement of his people, in addition to the presence of population groups that were forcibly displaced to him, with the addition of an important matter, which is the return of those who were forcibly displaced in his lands or to his lands.

The character of the Jew was absent from Iraqi cinematic works, while it was present in many Arab cinematic works produced in other Arab countries, and the manner of presenting these characters and the goals behind choosing that method differed. While this character was absent from the Iraqi cinematic narration, it was present in the Iraqi novelist narration, especially after the year 2003. Its presence in the Iraqi narration was diverse, due to the specificity of the Iraqi Jewish character and its attachment to the idea of being an Iraqi citizen, and the exclusion and forced displacement that Jews were subjected to in the modern history of Iraq. This absence in the cinematic texts is a continuation of this enforced absence. The Jewish character was never present in the Iraqi cinematic narration, as far as we know, except in one short fictional movie, which is the subject of this research.
The research dealt with the movie “Venice of the East 2018” by screenwriter Mustafa Sattar Al-Rikabi and director Bahaa Al-Kazemi. We chose this movie for several reasons, some technical and some non-technical. One of the non-technical reasons is that feature cinematic texts rarely dealt with Jewish characters. The movie is the only Iraqi feature movie, according to our knowledge, produced after 2003, dealt with these characters, and assumed that one of them would return to Iraq. Therefore, our choice was while we were thinking of a research sample dealing with the personality of the Iraqi Jew and what is related to him and how it was expressed graphically. As for the technical reasons, it is due to the quality of the cinematic language level that the director employed to express what he wants in this movie, whose only hero is the character of the unnamed Jewish man played by the Iraqi actor (Sami Kaftan). As well as, many of the signs contained in the visual text that provide indications that may be conscious or unconscious of the situation of this segment of Iraqis, and this will become clear in the course of the research.
The research is divided into a number of subjects, including historical theory and applied cinema. The historical subjects included a set of points, namely (the Jews who they are and where they live) and (their presence in Iraq). The research then passed on the existence of (the Jewish character in the Iraqi narrative narrative), and how the Iraqi novelist dealt with the Jew in his novels after 2003, and does the Iraqi narration distinguish between the Jew and the Israeli or the Zionist. The applied part of the research followed, and included a (critical view of the movie) and then passed on the cinematic narration of events in the last subject (the narration of the cinematography). We studied the cinematic narration from three perspectives (cinematic shots, camera movement, camera angle and point of view), the research concluded with a set of results from criticism and analysis. It is worth mentioning that this research is an integral part of a previous unpublished study entitled (Ethnographic movie as artistic memory), which is an ethnographic study of the personality of the Jew in the Iraqi short movie.

The camps are a cumulative assembly that does not constitute a sense of belonging and does not constitute a coherent social body. Therefore, the camps were not prepared to meet the needs, and are not suitable for practicing work except in the most limited limits, almost creating a feeling for those who live in them that they are neglected, and that life in the camps reminds the survivors Every day, with what they have lost, they find themselves in a vicious circle. It is clear that the issue of Yazidi women has become a general humanitarian and social issue on the one hand, and a special issue related to women and the forms of kidnapping, rape and violence they have been subjected to.
This study seeks to examine the situation of Yazidi girls and women after their return from kidnapping, and about the reality of the services provided to them by some international and local organizations. Based on the importance of documenting these services provided to women and girls in displacement camps, the study focuses on the service frameworks provided to them, as it is an important step in knowing the size of the gap in the protection services provided to them, and the study contributes to identifying the priorities that must be taken into account when developing plans future to achieve better conditions for Yazidi women survivors of violence. The study shows that women are suffering from multiple forms of violations committed against them, as women have suffered a lot from the effects of the control of (ISIS) gangs from kidnapping, rape and forced marriage, as well as forcing them to convert to the Islamic religion, Women still suffer from an unknown fate, as girls and women today have become widows or orphans in situations devoid of protection and support mechanisms. Most of the survivors, whether residing in the camps or residing outside the camps, lack health services, including psychological and social support. This study aims to identify the social and economic conditions that Yazidi women live in the camps, with the identification of the most important services provided to Yazidi women and their effectiveness in covering their needs. Given the importance of this study, we will rely on the case study method, because it reveals to us closely the real and actual conditions of the Yazidi women's conditions after their return inside the camps.

The importance of social networking sites has emerged as an inevitable, realistic and indispensable necessity in various fields. Social networking sites are distinguished by their ability to influence and interact quickly as a new method in the field of media and communication and play an important and prominent role in the transfer of news and information in various fields and follow-up on what is broadcast on these sites, in monitoring what is happening in the internal and external environment, satisfying the psychological need and social.
Our research topic talks about the role of social networking sites in spreading the concept of genocide among the Aezidis. This study aims to identify the role of social networking sites in spreading the concept of genocide among the Aezidis. The current study relied on the survey method through the questionnaire and statistical methods and test correlations.
The main conclusions of the study were summarized as follows:
1. A large proportion of the respondents trust social media to obtain information and news about the concept of genocide, and we conclude that the use of social media has become a daily necessity for different segments of society, especially the Aezidis.
2. The study proved the validity of the alternative hypothesis. There is a correlation of statistical significance between the demographic variables of the Aezidis and their use and their confidence in what social networking sites publish.
3. The study proved a significant direct correlation between the use and trust of the Aezidis on news and published materials to increase their knowledge ambition about the events and their utilitarian motives as a result of this trust and use.

The early detection of crises and knowing the extent of their size and danger to the individual and society, their size, spread and psychological and social effects according to a scientific approach, and dealing with those crises and their effects has become one of the necessities to find solutions to these crises, manage them, and mitigate their effects on the individual and society alike.
Our society, like other societies, has been exposed to crises, disasters and campaigns of extermination and Anfal, whether at the hands of dictatorial regimes or terrorist organizations that affected the social aspect and the cohesion of society and left traces in the psyche of those who were exposed to these inhumane campaigns, and given the lack of consideration of the scientific foundations and international experiences in managing crises and disasters, as well as the lack of Benefiting from the lessons of previous crises and disasters, and the weak training in dealing with crises and disasters.
Hence, it was necessary to have counseling and therapeutic programs and to provide psychological and social support to them, which unfortunately were not as required, which led many to live with the pain, disorders and psychological pressures that they suffer from for many years, which leaves its effects on the life of the individual and the cohesion of society.
The current research seeks to answer the following questions:
1. Crises and disasters represented by wars, genocides and the Anfal that faced Iraqi society
2. The psychological and social effects of disasters and genocides faced by the victims and their families.
3. The role of counseling services in mitigating and addressing the psychological and social effects of victims of disasters and genocide
Through a review of the psychological and social effects, a number of recommendations were presented, the most important of which is activating the role of psychological counseling and providing therapeutic and developmental counseling services for individuals who have been exposed to crises and trauma, as well as the need to create staff specialized in counseling and psychological therapy and rehabilitate them scientifically and practically.

Genocide has affected human societies since ancient times, and in the modern era the genocide is a global phenomenon: from the massacres in colonial America, Africa and Australia.. to the Holocaust of European Jews and mass death in Maoist China, Cambodia, Palestine and Burma, and in our Iraqi reality there are what is known as the Anfal, Halabja and the genocide of the people of Marshes, Speicher and Sinjar are examples for the genocide in our country, and in recent years the system of genocide studies has developed to provide analysis and understanding of the phenomenon and an understanding of the psychology of violence as well as the development of counseling and psychological assistance for survivors within the psychology of genocide survivors, and since psychological counseling as an applied branch of psychology it contributes to helping individuals survivors of the horror of the genocide.. to see and realize their psychological strength and resilience and to invest the best options, resources and opportunities available to them (Gladding, 1996). Therefore, the current research comes to review a number of counseling styles and their techniques with the victims of genocide, and their role in overcoming the painful experiences of extermination to which these individuals were exposed. The research concludes with a number of conclusions and suggestions in making the support and assistance necessity and higher value imposed by human, ethical and religious considerations. The research also recommends to adopt a national strategy that the state has to adopt in most of its institutions in

It is an Iraqi city located in the Kurdistan region of Iraq, near the Iranian border, about 8-10 miles away, 150 miles away from Baghdad and located in the southeast of the city of Sulaymaniyah. It is one of the important cities that contains many mosques, shrines and shrines.
In 1985, this city was subjected to the former regime's aerial bombardment, where more than 450 Kurdish villages were bombed, 300 citizens executed within one month, and internationally prohibited chemical weapons were used.
The Iraqi regime’s violations of human rights continued to reach their climax in 1988, which was known as the Halabja events, which will be the subject of our research, the Halabja massacre, which took place at the end of the first Gulf War or what is known as the Iran-Iraq war from 16-17 March 1988, the killing of Kurdish civilians and the use of chemical weapons against them and the effects of a war The first Gulf and the breach of the international treaty through the use of chemical weapons that are banned internationally, as well as international reports on human rights violations in Halabja, which left about 5,000 martyrs, most of whom are residents of the region, and we will also clarify who is responsible for the events of Halabja, and the truth can be highlighted through documents and evidence The editorial in the Halabja case, where these documents included information about chemical weapons in handwriting and not in a printer to evade responsibility. The document talks about the production and accumulation of chemical agents by the former regime and the intention of the former regime to strike them when necessary, in addition to other documents that we will address through the research, There is also an appendix with the names of a number of companies involved in supplying the government at that time with unconventional weapons, including missile weapons and other weapons Chemical materials and advanced technology, and this is very clear in the violation of human rights by extremely barbaric repressive methods and means, and northern Iraq has become the scene of these crimes that have been circulated between international press agencies and television screens, articles, photos and documentaries expressing the horror of the calamity and the magnitude of the tragedy. Well-known international documents and documents and what Halabja has been exposed to are classified within the concept of genocide wars. This type of war is not attended by all international laws and segments only, but also the simplest rules of behavior and human and civilized interaction between people belonging to the human race.
We will also show the issue of Halabja in the corridors of the Iraqi Parliament, which was during the session on 7/3/2011 of the second electoral cycle, the first legislative year, the second legislative term in the Iraqi Council of Representatives, held in Baghdad, by submitting a proposal to the Council of Representatives regarding the position of the House of Representatives regarding the crime of bombing Halabja with chemical weapons. In conclusion, I hope you will like this summary.
key words :The city of Halabja, The attack on Halabja. The meaning of genocide Legal penalties. Documents and editorial evidence in the Halabja case

The process of building peaceful coexistence within societies is the basis upon which the entity of society and the state is based and its survival, and this process must be reflected in legal texts starting from the constitution and ending with laws, instructions and practices that include principles that contribute to: The stability of society and the state. But the lesson is not only in the texts, but these texts must be reflected in steps on the ground, so that they are integrated with each other, for the purpose of building a homogeneous and integrated society.
If we look at modern Iraqi history, we will find that there are three stages of the life of the Iraqi state that witnessed three constitutions that included the elements of peaceful coexistence, and reality witnessed obstacles to these ingredients and these three stages are: the stage of establishing the Iraqi state, which is represented in the Iraqi Basic Law of 1925, and The stage of changing the state’s pattern from a monarchy to a republic, the impact of a military coup, represented in the temporary Iraqi Constitution of 1958, and finally the stage of building the Iraqi state after 2003, represented in the permanent Iraqi constitution of 2005, and these stages and the events and developments they witnessed have raised several questions and Of which:
- What are the principles of peaceful coexistence in theory?
- What are the legal texts in the three Iraqi constitutions on the social foundations of peaceful coexistence, and were these texts reflected on the ground?
- Is the reality of peaceful coexistence in Iraq consistent with the principles stated in the Iraqi constitutions, especially the 2005 constitution?
The importance of this study comes from what it discussed in the foundations of peaceful coexistence within societies that witnessed internal conflicts, and the Iraqi society is not far from them, also through its research on the foundations of peaceful coexistence, especially social ones in the three comparative Iraqi constitutions and the extent of their manifestation in governmental or semi-governmental institutions government to consolidate the foundations of coexistence among the various components of Iraqi society.
The main hypothesis of this research is (The texts of the constitution are not the only guarantor for building peaceful coexistence within society, unless these texts are reflected in the way state institutions deal with social components).
For the purpose of answering the previous questions and verifying the mentioned hypothesis, we divided the research into the following two sections: The first topic dealt with the concept of peaceful coexistence and its principles and social foundations, while the second topic we searched for the principles of peaceful coexistence in the Iraqi constitutions compared with their social foundations, as we concluded the research In conclusion, it contains conclusions and recommendations, as well as a list of sources.

The current research aims to identify the nature and reality of peaceful coexistence in the city of Mosul, by determining its levels and assessing its social dimensions among its various components in the city, for the purpose of reaching the possibility of developing the feelings of its members and activating their role in achieving harmony and harmony, accepting the other, living in luxury, etc.
Positive in providing stability and social and political security and identifying the resulting problems. As the importance of this research is revealed in revealing the basic dimensions of peaceful coexistence between the various social components in the city of Mosul and identifying the manifestations of these dimensions and their factors depending on measuring the extent of the cohesion of individuals and accepting or rejecting coexistence among them.
This is because identifying this reality and the dimensions, manifestations and factors that support and affect it and are related to it would facilitate the consolidation of its activities and social relations between these social components in the social reality of the city.
Not to mention that, the contemporary Iraqi street, specifically the city of Mosul after the American occupation of Iraq, witnessed problems and disturbances that humanity has not witnessed throughout the history of its civilized development, which affected social construction, and these problems crystallized and were born due to several reasons and accumulated reasons and silence their shape and content in the Iraqi scene, so the individuals in the city. They are more influential because they are more interacting with each other in social reality, and it is from these bases that the importance of the subject we are studying comes from.

1-Identifying the most important disturbances that women were subjected to in the martyred city of Halabja after the chemical bombardment and detention in (Nakra Salman's prison
2-Identifying the most important areas that appear in women's disturbances after they were subjected to chemical bombardment and arrest in (Nakra slaman) prison. The validity and reliability coefficients of the scale were extrac ted, and the data were processed using the following statistical methods:
Pearson correlation coefficient - chi-square - Fisher equation
The results showed that delusional disorders ranked first, with a degree of severity of 1.85, while anger outbursts ranked in the second place, with a degree of severity of 1.79, and disorders of low self-confidence got the third degree, with a degree of severity of 1.74. As for anxiety disorders, social phobia, nervousness, sleep, nutrition, family, behavioral, and the rest, they got the following ranks.
The results of the research also showed that the women who were subjected to chemical bombardment and arrest in the (Nakra salman) prison in the martyred city of Halabja have severe and numerous psychological disorders. These results have been explained, and the researcher has reached some recommendations, including:
1-The necessity of opening and establishing centers for psychological, neurological and social care services in this stricken city to help the psychologically disturbed, and to treat these psychological effects on them.






2-Demanding a fair international trial for the owners of factories and foreign companies that helped the corrupt regime by supplying and manufacturing poison gases, imposing the most severe penalties on them, and paying appropriate compensation to those affected (as Israel demanded Germany and received billions of Western marks in exchange for the mass killing of Jews using poison gases).
3-Rebuilding the city of Halabja in a modern and sophisticated manner by these companies (in return for their despicable and shameful deeds).
4-Prosecuting and punishing the officials, officers and pilots who helped and contributed to the bombing of this city in a fair trial so that they receive their punishment for what they did.

The research aims to know the negative effects of genocide wars on the reality of Kurdish-Arab social relations
The idea of the current research is built on the nature of the negative psychological and social effects that devastating wars leave on their people and what they provoke from sectarian, racist and social strife, especially in a country like Iraq, which is multi-ethnic and multi-ethnic.
The current research community is identified by a segment of the Iraqi society that is homogeneous between Kurds and Arabs, and it has been identified in the Kurdistan regions represented by the governorates of Erbil, Sulaymaniyah and Dohuk, and the research sample was randomly selected from the community represented by 200 individuals.
The research tool was the questionnaire, and its 20 paragraphs were prepared based on an exploratory questionnaire that included a set of questions related to the research objective.
After confirming the validity and stability of the questionnaire, it was applied to the research sample. Statistical treatments were carried out and the items were arranged in descending order according to what was obtained from a weighted mean and a percentage weight.
It ranked first with a weighted average of (3.3) and a percentage of (78) for the first rank among the paragraphs.
The paragraph (I hate Arab nationalism and I hate every Arab on a weighted average (1) and a percentage weight (41) got the last place, and the research came out with a set of conclusions, most importantly, despite the great disasters that occurred on the residents of the region, but the awareness preceded racism and extremism in opinion The Kurdish society is a peaceful society that loves life for others as it loves it for itself, as it is well aware that the oppressive regime was representing itself only.
The researcher also recommended a set of recommendations, including activating the role of civil society organizations and religious institutions to urge social rapprochement and renounce racism through seminars and conferences calling for this, and to include in educational curricula how to enhance community awareness in order to consolidate the principles of peaceful coexistence among the people of the same country, and to show the end of those who with such crimes. He also proposed a set of similar proposals for the

When studying the social issues associated with the relations of mutual recognition between oneself and the other, in which our disregard for any position or perception of the nature of this relationship leads to the denial of its existence in social life, the human self is not complete without the other as a complementary partner of its existence and its continuation in a social medium chosen by man as an object that can not live isolated alone from the children of his race, nor was he able to establish a positive lasting relationship with his other partner but subjected the human being to his brother man, and the result of this relationship The negativity of images of violence, conflict, domination and domination, which made the search for the sources behind the lack of self-recognition of the other individual or group, especially in societies of pluralism and cultural diversity as a feature that can be considered universal, to form the focus of theories and studies carried out by philosophers, sociologists, economists and psychologists through which they identified the main sources leading to denial or non-recognition of the other.

The research deals with some of the social factors causing the genocide to which they have exposed humanity According to a sociological perspective; the research deals mainly with the problem of the culture of collective violence, intolerance towards the other, and the collective spirit of the perpetrators of the crime of genocide.
It also deals with the elements of social peace, as they are essential tools in building peace and curbing the idea of genocide in a society.
The research comprised three axes, the first on the study concepts and terminology, the second on sociology and genocide, the third on social factors and their role in committing genocide, and the fourth on the elements of social peace to limit genocide.

This study aims to identify the level, the total degree of social stigma, and its relationship to the positive-negative thinking among employees who survived the Anfal operations in Iraqi Kurdistan. The researcher used the descriptive approach. The current study population represents the remains of victims of Anfal operations in Iraqi Kurdistan. The sample size was (80) males, and (70) females, they were chosen randomly.
A tool was prepared by the researcher, and divided into (6) dimensions (2) for social stigmatization and (4) for positive thinking, and the validity and reliability of the scale were verified. The validity of the study objectives. The study reached a set of results, which are:Symptoms of social stigma and negative thinking are prevalent among employees who survive Anfal operations, there are statistically significant differences that the average scores of females increase the average degrees of males in symptoms of social stigma and negative thinking among employees who survive Anfal operations in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq, and there is a positive, statistically significant correlation between stigma Social and Positive-Negative Thinking among Employees Survivors of the Genocide (Anfal). There is a positive, statistically significant, correlation between social stigma and positive-negative thinking among employees who have survived the genocide (Anfal). At the end of the study, the researcher put together a set of recommendations and suggestions.

The issue of death in the Divan (the cemetery of lamps) Sherko Bekas, an issue that most of his diwan talks about the tragedies of death and oppression of the people of Kurdistan
For this reason, we can call this Diwan the Divan of Death, and it is one of the new and unique experiences of Sherko Bekas, which explained in a striking way and the poetic chapters of the Anfal process and its results.
In other words, this study shows the poet's point of view as it is and his vision as a Kurdish poet of and tragedies of the mass death of the Kurds, in addition to that, it talks about tragedy and its role in the text, the reasons for the poet's resort to this tragedy, and the reflections and dimensions of the Anfal tragedy in this diwan.
In addition, the Kurds (women and children) in this tragedy are the main heroes in these events, and they became kings and pioneers of a heroic and historical story in a way that we touch this kingship and leadership annually several times.
However, the most important and strongest are the Kurdish (women and children) championships, meaning collective championships, not because they have specific characteristics that became heroes of this tragedy, but rather the type of oppression and brutal torture had an impact on the poet’s psyche and identification with the mother of women and children, which in turn made them heroes.

The determination of all criminal offenses that have been committed by the regime of Ba’ath, the former Iraqi government, or by other countries against Kurdish people was to discriminate and suppress Kurds’ identity. Eventually, the operation of eliminating Kurdish people started in 1987 and this massive murder reached its peak through Anfal campaign in 1988. This operation was planned and carried out progressively and wasexerted systematically through eight waves around all different areas in Kurdistan; these military procedures became the reason behind the destruction of the Kurdish villages and districts, which was not the only devastation for the Kurdish towns, but actually, the farmers and other workers were mainly the victims. Consequently, this created financial crises and economic destruction; plainly, the lives of people in those places depended completely on agriculture andlivestock farming. Deporting Kurds to other various places was another way for forcing them to settle in camps which was a factor for creating the financial crisis. Because there was no role of their interests. Close reading and investigations are needed to study these cases and issues botheconomically and academically – this is to understand the detailed particularities and their impact on people and Kurdistan at that duration and the forthcoming damages – through concrete facts and data.

Poem is typically regarded as one of the most generic references in historical researches. In other words، poems help seek and reveal missing parts of truth in the history by which poems are regarded as "asset" to reveal historical truths. A brutal attack on Yazidis by Islamic State in Iraq and Syria is one of the most tragic events in the 21st century which led to displacement and kidnapping of approximately 6000 people in which the majority were girls and women. Most of those people were sold and trafficked. The title of this research is: Yazidi Kurds by Jamal Ghambar. I find researches on this tragic event highly significant as a Kurdish individual and this is one reason which urged me to choose this topic. On the other hand، the great poem by Kurdish famous poet Jamal Ghambar in the name of (Get out of your cross، Merriam is awaiting you) dedicated to the victims kidnapped by ISIS was another reason I chose this topic. The purpose behind this scientific research is to identify Yazidis as oppressed people and explain attacks and oppressions on Yazidis throughout the history. Another purpose is to prove that Yazidis are parts of Kurdish nation. In addition it is also to correct some wrong common ideas about Yazidis such as; (Yazidis are Devil(Satan) worshipers) or Yazidis are named after Yazid، the son of Maawyya claiming that they are Yazids followers. One of the most significant things about this research is that there have not been any researches about the history of Yazidis in Kurdish literature so far. Eventually a poem by Jamal Ghambar (get out of your cross، Merriam is awaiting you) led to strengthening. The first section of this article concentrates on Yazidi identification، history of oppression، attack on Shengal by ISIS. And the second sectionLiterature and expressing the events، then Reflection of Yazidi genocide in the poem(get out of your cross، Merriam is awaiting you) by Jamal Ghambar .