Political Sciences Journal

The issue of nuclear proliferation is one of the most vital issues as it reflects a form of dealing in the field of international relations. Therefore, the Middle East region has taken great interest in reducing the levels of nuclear armament and acquiring nuclear power within the strategic framework of the international and regional powers. The establishment of a nuclear-weapon-free zone in the Middle East region is currently one of the most important international and regional arrangements for controlling the levels of nuclear proliferation and attempting to build a state of stability and balance. In the Middle East and the world.
The importance of the research comes from the fact that it deals with an important and vital issue: the issue of nuclear proliferation and its implications for the equation of the strategic balance in the Middle East after the events of September 11, 2001, which gained great importance in the post-cold war era. And to achieve some kind of stability and balance within the framework of the international and regional environment, especially in the Middle East, which has increased the importance of efforts in this regard the proliferation of nuclear weapons to new countries, it is possible to obtain nuclear technology by enhancing levels The proliferation of weapons of mass destruction has become one of the most important facts for the post-Cold War era. At a time when only five countries possessed nuclear weapons (the United States, Russia, China, France and Britain) , As well as the possibility of other countries such as India, Pakistan and Israel, which suggests that the post-Cold War era has seen a widening of the circle of States possessing or manufacturing such weapons (Pakistan, North Korea and Iran) The emergence of regional tensions as in the case of William Middle East.
Thus, the issue of non-proliferation of weapons of mass destruction has become a central issue in the context of the post-Cold War American strategy, especially after the events of September 11, 2001, as a result of the convictions that there is an interrelationship between the non-proliferation of weapons of mass destruction and the global fight against terrorism.
In keeping with this, the research started from the premise that the continuity of the Middle East countries in seeking to acquire nuclear capabilities is in itself an essential brake or determinant of the establishment of a zone free of weapons of mass destruction, as well as the lack of guarantees to establish security among countries The Middle East, which is reflected negatively on the regional and international security approaches to the Middle East, and of course lead to the adoption of their respective security policies against each other within the framework of the growing levels of nuclear weapons to achieve some kind of balance towards the nuclear capabilities of each of these countries And then more nuclear armament policies in the region, as a result can not promote positive security perceptions that are based on the employment of enablers of smart power, which is reflected negatively on the strategic balance in the territory of the Middle East equation.
Keywords: nuclear proliferation, the Middle East, strategic balance, the events of September 11, 2001, regional and international security, doctrine of preemptive war, preemptive war, nuclear deterrence, strategic perception, terrorism, nuclear power Nuclear proliferation

(After World War II, Japan was able to rise again and achieve a political modernization experience that made it witness radical changes from poverty to wealth, from the control of military rule to a demilitarized state, from backwardness to the most advanced technology in the world, and from isolation, isolation, and the mentality of islanders to openness to the cultures of the globalization era and its media. How can we benefit from this modern experience politically, and even economically and socially, because the process of studying the system addresses all political, economic, social, and even cultural levels, for the purpose of building a new political system in Iraq based on the exercise of power in a sound manner through the position of citizenship and peaceful institutional work that makes serving society, achieving its interests, and demanding its rights, in addition to other human roles, a lofty goal within the framework of the agreed upon systems and laws).

The Frankfurt School is the most prominent contemporary critical social philosophical school that directed a central and constructive criticism of the social and intellectual negatives known to contemporary European societies by directing radical and deep criticism of the concepts and values ​​on which these societies were founded, such as (rationality, freedom, scientific and technical progress), as most of its thinkers sought one common goal, which is to work on changing reality to become more humane and to find an image of the mind that is compatible with this human mind. Despite the extinguishing of the candles of most of its great pioneers, its critical philosophical and social ideas are still alive, and this is evidence of its vitality, the strength of its influence and its effectiveness, which represented an unusual generation whose historical moment passed in a distinct and unusual way as well.

This study deals with the subject of violence, but from another perspective, it has not been emphasized in contemporary studies of violence in Arabic and raqi universities, which is the structural or institutional aspect of violence. Traditional studies have focused their analysis of violence on the direct side the violence, The other side of the violence is the hidden violence, which is characterized by a lack of clarity of the underlying factors and its effects are not arises, which makes it the most serious violence, which requires a deep research into the social, political, economic, cultural and psychological structure of society (individuals and institutions). This study was based on the theory of the Norwegian scientist (Johan Galtung) in the explanation of the structural violence.

The Middle East region witnessed, at the beginning of the nineties of the twentieth century, a group of international and regional transformations that left their impact on the political, strategic, military and security conditions of the region and the future of its political systems. This development was reflected in the issue of arms control in the region, making the demand that the region be free of weapons of mass destruction one of the important and vital issues affecting the future of the region, affected by the international transformations related to the issue of arms control being at the forefront of the concerns of the major countries, where a group of treaties were reached, starting with the bilateral agreement between the United States and the Soviet Union to establish centers to reduce nuclear risks in 1987, then the agreement on the elimination of medium-range missiles from Europe in December 1987, as well as the treaty for the two parties to reduce their nuclear arsenals to about 30% of the stockpile at the time of concluding the agreement in 2000, then the (START 1) Treaty in 1993. This development in the field of arms control led to the emergence of new concepts such as confidence-building measures and transparency, in addition to the change that affected the policies, security arrangements and mechanisms used to maintain The strategic interests of the major powers in the region, especially the United States of America, which has made controlling the spread of weapons of mass destruction worldwide in general and the Middle East in particular one of the most important goals of its foreign policy, with the aim of imposing its sovereignty and hegemony over the world. The Second Gulf War represented a golden opportunity to rearrange the situation in the region in a way that serves its strategic and security interests, starting with eliminating Iraqi weapons of mass destruction and their production facilities in accordance with the text of Security Council Resolution No. 687/1991, and using it as a means to warn other countries in the region against any attempt to develop their capabilities in this field. This is what led to developments at the regional level, as it led to an increase in the imbalance in the military balance in favor of Israel, and American monopoly in the security arrangements of the region.

This study seeks to deal academically with how the EU treats clandestine immigration, through adopting a purley security approach, based on the European understanding of security threats posed to the security of communities and States in EU at all levels. So they agreed upon criminalizing this threat within the bloc while using repressive tools and steps to limit illegal immigrants flow to European territories.
Accordingly, the EU gave the phenomen a security character. So it takes it from low politics level , that of employment and economic field to that of high politics, as a new security problem lying within a new security language embraced by ruling European elites, in other words EU touched on this issue as a speech act emphasizing the emergency of existential threat as it would affect both physical and moral existence of EU security reference whether at individual group, state or identity levels.
That ‘s why exceptional arrangements of securing that reference under threat must be pursued which turned to be named in the political and security literature as securitization of clandestine immigration.

This research deals with the Al-Tossy contribution Islamic government and explain the directions of early shiaa political thoughts and knowing the opinions of Al-Shakh Al- Tossy in the Islamic Government

The development of Japanese society passed through long historical stages and as a result of the bitter experience of Japan in the Second World War and its exhaustion, it was able to build a modern modern state after 1945. Japan is a country of culture, civilization, science and technology, a country that appreciates the value of solidarity work. And the role of active civil society. This is what makes us in Iraq stand and draw their experience in the advancement and development, especially that they also passed bitter political stages, Iraq today passes through the most historical periods of forestry through its historical heritage in terms of the existence of complex social problems, the US occupation of Iraq in 2003 highlighted the controversial issues were not visible and floating on the surface as a sectarian problem, and we should to the extent possible benefit from the Japanese experience in building and modernizing the society that is Basically, in any economic, technological and military development, the developed country is a mirror of its society.

It could be said that the essence of the “quota” is the state’s intervene as external power in bringing positive change for the benefit of the disadvantaged women and cultural minorities, and from the perspective that compensatory justice requires dealing differently with the different parties culturally and economically for the benefit of those deprived of them. Practicing of quotas merely, does not mean the full achievement of equality between cultural and sexual components in general, but it’s a big leap towards achieving this crucial goal, since the latter necessarily requires a range of legal and non-legal mechanisms aimed at empowering women and expanding their capabilities as a whole. On the other hand, in the absence of a written Kurdistan constitution, a package of legal reforms must be implemented in a series of relevant laws and regulations simultaneously, in order to accomplish the main goal which is women's political empowerment in the light of a governing idea that collect between two interrelated aspects: The first is eradicating various legal obstacles related to women's political participation. The second is embodying in combination of taking sanctions against parties that do not adopt quota or adopting it at low rates. At the same time, offering incentives to parties that adopt women quota which exceed the minimum legal quota as well as adopted programs that support women's participation.

The American vision of the Non-governmental Organizations in Iraq the topic area of that’s paper dealing with Civil Society as concept and practice, its already consider as Western concept and associated with liberalism and political development, they are many definitions of its but most significantly is all organizations, agencies, trade unions and non-governmental institutions, that’s agencies were established after 2003 and received funds from United States and UN development agencies.
The non- governments organizations played a significant role as support and develop many cultural, healthy, educational, and social projects, also that’s organizations try to reduction the effects of terrorists actions especially after ISIS seized many cities in North of Iraq.
That’s paper will focus upon role of United States of America to support the NGO as main mechanism of democracy and political transitions in Iraq.

The issue of the war against corruption is one of the major issues in developed and developing countries alike. Societies in all times and ages have known the phenomenon of corruption, and therefore it can be said that it is a global and ongoing phenomenon because it is not specific to a particular society or a specific historical stage. It is a phenomenon that accompanies human civilization and is an integral part of political and social conflicts throughout history. No nation has collapsed, regimes have fallen, or revolutions have occurred without corruption being an active element in them. Interest in the issue of corruption has increased since the second half of the eighties of the last century due to the negative effects it has left on political, economic, and social development. The size of the phenomenon has also increased and worsened to the point that it has become a threat to large societies with stagnation and perhaps collapse. Accordingly, many studies have emerged that have taken the issue of corruption as their main title, in which researchers have presented a presentation of the images and manifestations of corruption and an analysis of this phenomenon, and called for combating it and limiting its spread in particular.

The use of legislation related to electronic contracting, through the adoption of the method of enactment of legislation and legislative intervention, and to be careful and cautious in the issuance of legislative texts that do not adversely affect the business activity, which is taking its steps for the first time on the path of electronic commerce in this new world by the new knowledge of the subject theoretically and practically , With the necessary assistance of legal expertise so that legislation does not constitute barriers and obstacles to the development of electronic commerce.

Since 2003. Iraq has begun a new phase in its modern history, which was after a long period of tyranny, repression of freedom of expression, and women were no better off than men; they suffered marginalization and exclusion, but after the fall of the former regime and the adoption of a parliamentary system of government, The level of participation in the government; where it approved the share of women in the legislative authority called "quota" which reflects the legislative level of a certain proportion of the seats in Parliament, amounting to 25%, and this is approved by the Iraqi constitution for 2005. But it is noticeable that women in parliament did not work within the quota; in other words they belonged to the political parties or blocs, and therefore their decisions were not independent of these parties or blocks and the women serve independently, and did not succeed any attempt to form a unified feminist bloc within Parliament, reflect their political orientation, and on the other hand, the parties to which these women belong did not have a role in leading any of their women electoral lists, as well as the presidency of a party or bloc, and this of course may be due to several reasons, the most important: those values or community Altawilat Which prevent women from taking over Leadership, and other reasons, but it is generally observed that there is inequality in favor of the subsequent phase after 2003. From the previous that there is an escalation towards this political participation in general as well as its share in the seats in parliament, "quota." This has been addressed in the framework of the two studies that are starting from the study because of the existence of a research problem, centered on the following question: Is the woman, has been able to invest the approved
percentage of "quota" within the political processThe first topic and the scientific necessity dealt with several issues. First, the concept of political participation, especially the political participation of women, which touched upon several definitions, can give a clear picture of this concept. The second, The participation of women political, in terms of those conventions and international conventions and treaties that approved this
participation, and the system of kota, the third topic, has dealt with the politicalparticipation of Iraqi women in the permanent Iraqi constitution in 2005. The second topic dealt with the reality of such participation in the framework of parliament
authority after 2003. The conclusion was to answer the research question that was behind the Study

The political participation of the Iraqi woman, gains a big importance equivalent to its role in all other fields. Therefore , it represents a higher value in the democratic orientation in addition to the importance of rising the reality of the woman specifically in the fields that are considered as a scale of the human development like the income, health, and education . The weakness of womenʹs political participation, is something that can't be ignored or neglected if we are looking forward to the rising of the country᾽s reality and achieving the required development in its all aspects. The woman is half of society or more than that due to the burden of raising the generations tasks. This can be achieved by taking part in the making of the political decision which requires that she should be a level of ability and qualifications to allow her such participation . After the reality has sorted out the missing part of her political role compared to the man.