Journal of University of Babylon

Digital technology is the hallmark of the present era and its applications have been reflected in the fields of science, culture and art, including architecture, changed the language of architecture in the physical an d intellectual level with its influence on the forms and its characteristics. The digital architecture has emerged as a new architectural type investing possibilities of digitization, by removing the discrepancy between the physical tectonic and immateriality digitization. This resulted in the crystallization of new visions for the formulation of architectural forms and characteristics according to digital morphology. Thus, the research problem is (the lack of knowledge of the methods of form-finding digitally and its effect on the characteristics of the form achieved) . The research aim was to identify digital form-finding and its effectiveness in the characteristics of the form achieved on an objective scale . In order to achieve this goal, the knowledge of previous studies has been clarified on two levels, the first aimed to identify digital approaches to form-finding ,the second discuss the formal characteristics of the product achieved for the purpose of extracting an objective measure of numeric values in the same manner as the laws of nature. It generated a theoretical framework for digital method and vocabulary for its scale of characteristics, the hypothesis is tested on selected samples . Finally the research concluded the effectiveness of digital techniques to form-finding in increasing the degree of living , complexity, heat, harmony and entropy of architectural form versus the effectiveness of other techniques is reducing.

The current era adopt the digital technology and its Techniques as a distinctive feature . It invested by human in his quest for knowledge and science by unlimited simulation with virtual worlds to organize his world in an integrative and harmonious manner . thus, the architecture has undergone a qualitative shift due to technical progress, where the concepts of design, production and construction of contemporary architecture related to the development of digitization, which has expanded design and structural options to create highly complex organic and curved forms. Digital tools have made it possible to add architectural flavor of digitization on surfaces to achieve certain characteristics of the product, thus the research problem identified (The scientific need for a clear and specific knowledge of the surfaces strategy-digitally derived and their structural and formal characteristics for the production of architecture in general and Iraqi architecture in particular) Thus, the aim of the research is to (determine the digital mechanisms of the strategy in creating form and their effectiveness in its characteristics according to Salingaros scale). To achieve the research goal the conceptual reality of the previous studies has been clarified and the conceptual framework of the surface strategy and its structural characteristics has been developed. The Salingaros model has been used to measure the formal characteristics of the product achieved on an objective scale with numerical values in line with the laws of nature. It creates a conceptual framework for the strategy and vocabulary for measuring the characteristics of the form and testing it with selected architectural sample, The research concluded the effectiveness of specific mechanisms by adopting digital techniques to increase the degree of vitality, complexity, heat, harmony and entropy in addition to their structural properties in the achieved product.

This paper is an introduction intellectually and establish a new concept of the research is trying to formulate the basic vocabulary in light of the reality of contemporary and near-future global intellectual climate course. Near-Future architecture, trying to imitate human intellectually in their ability to decision-making and adaptation to environment and meet the functional and aesthetic requirements within the material body Structural. All this resembles the human body in its Biologic ability to perform its vital functions and adapts to the external environment and the employment of his body to control the mental awareness and perception and feel the external reality in all its complexity. This is a detailed link between the three scientific revolutions have led to the so-called civilization of the third wave. Therefore, the research will establish this paper intellectual base and the most important vocabulary of architecture in the light of these contemporary technical civilization and its future prospects of the nature of architecture a physical entity artificial intelligent conscious and able to adapt to different contexts around, and on the human service and meet different requirements .

Way finding system is so essential to establish and improve the healing environment in hospital, as it satisfied users’ needs and make them comfortable while they are in hospital to get their therapy.
Research hypothesis stated that well way finding system affect positively and support creating healing environment in hospital building. Research problem was the lacks in the knowledge of way finding systems main elements and the role of this system in supporting healing environment, so the goal was to conclude way finding system elements and the role of them in supporting healing environment in hospital.
To achieve this goal researcher worked on two methods, the first was collecting a theoretical data that explain and discuss way finding system and its elements and strategies from available resources, while the second was a field survey throughout doing written questionnaire for local hospitals users to find out the importance of these elements and their effects on supporting healing environment. Finally findings and recommendations were concluded which described way finding system elements and their effects on supporting healing environment in hospitals.

This study was conducted at 2015 for testing the existence of the relationship between the sustainability and the aesthetics of townscape by depending on analysis of street components after derivation of the affecting factors on the aesthetics and on the sustainability presence. So this research depended on analytical approach for the results of questionnaire form to realize the presence extent of aesthetics factors in the kinetic axises , in addition to utilizing of the observation and syllogizing to realize the presence extent of the sustainability factors .
The results showed clearly weakness of aesthetics factors and of sustainability factors in the study region ( Habobi street , Nassirriah city , Iraq ) , therefore these results led to existing of relationship between the sustainability and aesthetics of townscape .

Cities and infrastructure have always appeared in an interrelated and shared development, and cities cannot exist without it, the possibility of cities and urban life are conditional by infrastructure. This important relationship between cities and infrastructure is an important element in understanding the appearance of cities and civilizations and their sustainability, because of the transformation of infrastructure and its transformational power. This relationship works in both directions; Cities and their social, economic, and political functions lead to evolution and / or appearance infrastructure, according to needed infrastructure to support growth. This paper aims to clarify the role of infrastructure in cities’ sustainable urban development.
The effect of infrastructure on cities’ sustainable development appears in two integrated aspects; The first, is their importance in providing basic conditions of life - the needs of residents, the second, the three dimensions of sustainable urban infrastructure: environmental, financial and physical assets dimensions. To achieve the research’s objective, the development and updating of the Muqdadiya master plan was analyzed, the research concluded that the project focused on environmental dimensions of sustainable infrastructure in urban development, in addition to the main elements in planning and urban form.

This study was conducted to realize the effect of magnetizing three different Octane number fuel on exhaust gases and fuel consumption by using one cylinder , four stroke engine . The compounds and gases which left after fuel combustion be determined by digital equipment ( NGA 6000 )
The results showed that the percentage of mono carbon oxide decreased with the magnetic fuel . so the hydrocarbon compounds be decreased clearly with magnetic high octane number fuel , the percentage of dioxide carbon increased too and the percentage of oxygen decreased as a result of improving the combustion efficiency , so there is an improving in the percentage of ( LAMBDA ) as a result of above reason . In addition to that , the fuel consumption become more economic after its magnetizing.

The concept of smart cities is not a term for intellectual luxury, but rather the need for smart cities. The concept of smart cities is not a term for intellectual luxury, but rather a need for smart cities. In the midst of the accelerating pace of urbanization versus environmental degradation, in the midst of a climate of digital and cognitive technological progress that has shaped the solutions to urban problems facing the present century man. In the context of the general knowledge of the subject, we deduced the results and dropped the contexts and dimensions of contemporary urban design. (According to the concept of Carmona), the concept of smart city, to draw the advantages and disadvantages in the atmosphere of knowledge and technical system of contexts and the urban dimensions of cities of the future smart. The sources of the research were mainly based on three official sources: ITU Publications (one of the main promoters of the idea of Smart Cities), as well as the European Parliament's plans and policies for the development of smart city building strategies (one of the smart city implementing institutions) As well as some World Bank publications, as well as other supporting sources outlined in the margins.

This research aimed to time analysis concerning variations of (Seasonal, and Cyclical) according to the suggested procedure which considered that each variation are accounted a function of mixed model, in order to test an optimal of modeled fitness among statistical assumed models, as well as suggested formulas to estimates standard error for seasonal and cyclical variation rates to obtains an estimation range limits of seasonal variation's grand mean, and cyclical variation throughout creating a confidence interval for that rates.
Algorithm of the suggested estimation method are presented, starting from step of accounted variation rates (Seasonal, and cyclical) components, and ending with the final step of estimation range limits of grand mean of (Seasonal, and cyclical) variation.
Data analyzed, and are expressed from annuls statistical reports of traffic accidents (Clash, Overturn, Crush, and others) which are registered and published by Ministry of Planning for the time periods (2002-2014), and whipped the process of building a forecasting model of general long term trend at the application side for the time series of the total of that accidents throughout searching for more fitted of variation rates (Seasonal, and Cyclical).
Represents significant of the suggested formulas of estimating standard error of seasonal, and cyclical variations for obtaining range limits of seasonal variation's grand mean, and cyclical variation's grand mean, throughout building a confidence interval for that rates, and that should be applicable after proved the normal distribution assumption for each one. As well as the similarity behavior of seasonal, and cyclical variation's rates throughout cube polynomial model of order one lagged time.

Miscible displacement had been used in this research in salts leaching of the saline soil.then the soil samples were collected from alqizwinia reign at Al-Najaf city. It was alluvium soil and salty for three location with three replicates .Soil samples were analyzed after soil prepared, the leaching process had been applied to study salts release by Kinetic concept to test which one among kinetic equation would be best one. Also using the saline equilibrium equation to describe removal salts with through time. The results showed as follow :
1- The binomial equation proceeding of salts release description than the others.
2-Decreasing of removal salts quantity via increased differential way with progressing of leaching time.
3-prediction of added or removal salts quantity via water irrigation and water table .
4- Possibility of Using these concepts into field work unless it will be fit with climate conditions disrespecting soil type and water quality.

This study focuses on the subject of “Control method of engineering project in Iraqi engineering organizations". Though many scientific studies and some local studies had taken up the subject of control،, they were insufficient to present information regarding monitoring:
There is no completely comprehensive and exact research concerning the nature of control method of engineering project in Iraqi engineering organization.
Thus، we have indicated goal of this research as “Indicating the Iraqi practice particularity of control method of engineering project”.
To achieve these goals we had followed the procedures below:
1. Indicating the theoretical framework of control method of the engineering project depending upon previous available studies.
2. Indicating reality of practice in the control method of engineering project in Iraqi engineering organizations through the operations of collecting information and field survey، and applying the Iraqi practicing of control method of engineering project، within the general framework to identify the particularity of an actual practice.
Finally، conclusions were present، which cover the aim of the research، The most important security results it is، Most project managers practice the process of controlling their projects despite their lack of scientific background in engineering project management methods.

Design Process associated with the fields of knowledge in general, and the field of architecture, in particular, because of a close and influential link in human life and manners, in all its corners and its branches and levels, through the achievement of adding knowledge within a field of knowledge in order to reach the ultimate goal and objective happily People, by finding standards and characteristics of optimal design for humans and compatible with the idea itself and the private nature of the material and intellectual needs. As it represents a systematic method to collect and document information and recording analytical and objective as notes, to be far from the emotions and bias, where you write a scientific systematic steps according to the data available. As all the different cognitive science share with each other in all social factors, economic, political .. etc, which represent the foundations for the start of its operations within the scope of your research.
The research concept of suspicion and uncertainty in architecture starting from the basis of the intellectual process and research, and through the process of design to the final output, and is accompanied by this series of network questions, suggestions and doubts and the multiplicity of visions and down to the output which is closer to certainty, hence emerged the research problem(ambiguity available knowledge on the role of uncertainty as a process to get to the uncertainty and thus immunity output in architecture), to achieve the objective of this research to reveal the role of uncertainty as a transformative process from interpretation to interpretation related to the intellectual and physical certainty of access to the fortified product in architecture, to highlight the research hypotheses: was where the hypothesis (The more questions and the chain of uncertainty in the design process, the greater the level of certainty in the architectural output), to be then test these hypotheses through the analysis of a single global project, and then build a mental model of the idea of the search. Where he was reached (the process distrust big role in the understanding of the recipient of the product before, by stirring questions series in his mind, which indicate a range of interpretations associated with the system mental images its own, which in turn moving him toward the interpretation that is closer to certainty output).