URUK FOR HUMANITIES

The research aims to study the groundwater in the southern desert of Iraq within the administrative borders of the governorates of Diwaniyah, Najaf, Muthanna and Basra, by demonstrating its importance and general characteristics, knowing its reservoirs, geographical distribution and investment. There are large quantities of groundwater in the region that lack proper methods of exploitation. Through studying this region, it was found that it contains a huge treasure of wasted water resources. Due to the lack of mechanisms for using and investing groundwater, which was reflected in harnessing it in the service of agriculture and development, it was found that the southern desert needs a geological survey to determine the volume of groundwater and develop plans to benefit from it. The salinity of groundwater increases with depth and towards the drainage areas, but it often ranges between fresh and slightly saline water and of different quality, including bicarbonate, chloride and sulfate water.

The study aims to identify the role of depressions in the climate of Palestine, Which plays a major role in shaping the features of the Palestinian climate through the diversity of its climatic regions, despite its small area, The Mediterranean has a prominent impact on the diversity of its climate, and in view of the critical role that the depressions play in the climate of Palestine, Rain has a great impact on human activities in this region, so depressions have been studied and analyzed in terms of their places of origin, stages and formation, And the ritual phenomena accompanying them in Palestine, their paths in the Mediterranean basin, the places of their renewal, their distribution, and the factors affecting the atmospheric depressions in Palestine, which are the astronomical and geographical location, the topography, the water bodies, the air pressure and winds, air masses and fronts, and jet currents, The study reached a set of results and recommendations that the researcher hopes will be the focus of attention of interested people, planners and decision makers.

The researches carried out by the Greek philosophers on the issue of the universe and its emergence indicated a clear shift in the framework of human thought, as the human mind seemed to leave and abhor illusions and myths, and looked at the universe from a new angle, which is the angle of philosophy, through which the human mind explained the secrets of the universe by observation and inference, and from The most important characteristic of the Greek philosophers is that they look at things directly as they are trying to search and investigate the first substance that lies behind natural phenomena, and for this they began to change the thinking process from the physical to abstract thinking, and this change did not come suddenly, but rather was preceded by many intellectual factors and preludes. Mentalism, directly or indirectly, that both Thales and Anxamander, who represented the Ionian School, were the first to adopt the interpretation of existence from the point of view of natural science, and on this basis the Greek philosophers, despite their contact with other civilizations such as the Iraqi and Egyptian civilizations, they developed their intellectual midwives and their mental methods in their inferences. Philosophical by adopting research and experience, and these factors together led to the development of the educational philosophical aspect, which they counted. K in Aristotle’s educational vision based on the philosophical, experimental and abstract basis, through which he reached a set of intellectual constants in which he believed and applied, which led to the production of educated generations according to sound foundations and tried and tested standards .

Depending on the climatic data taken from the Meteorological Directorate for Palmyra city station located in Badia Al-Sham, about (215 km) from the Damascus governorate, the impact of the climatic elements represented by “temperature – precipitation - wind - humidity” was studied in the range The frequency and occurrence of dust storms that swept across the city of Palmyra over a period of (35 years) (1970-2005), by studying the correlation relationship between them using the statistical program (SPSS Statistics).
The results of the study showed that the frequency of dust storms is directly proportional to each of the temperature and winds and obtaining a positive correlation coefficient, while it is inversely proportional to precipitation and humidity and obtaining a negative correlation coefficient.
The graphical relationship between the occurrence of dust storms and the studied time period of the same years was also studied, and the results showed that the frequency of dust storms occurred decreasing with the progress of the years, with the highest value of their occurrence recorded in (1987).
The research has conclude by showing the negative effects resulting from the occurrence of dust storms in the research area, and then proposing some solutions to confront these storms and reduce their occurrence

Iraq, after its occupation by the United States, underwent several transformations that negatively affected the political, economic and social reality of the state. This is not evidenced by the raging conflict between political parties and entities for the sake of their narrow interests at the expense of the people, not to mention the role of that conflict in weakening the entity of the state and making it unable to perform Its internal and external functions, in addition to the weak economic structure of the state and the fragility of the social contract in it, in addition to the failure of government policies to achieve human development in general and political development in the country in particular, and accordingly this research came to reveal indicators of political development in Iraq and clarify its obstacles as well as provide solutions It has the effect of reforming the structure of the political system in the country through proper political upbringing and strengthening of patriotism, not to mention enabling citizens to participate in the decision-making environment, directly or indirectly.

Sustainable spatial development aims to achieve economic and social development that meets the requirements of society at the present time while preserving the environmental resources necessary to meet the needs of the population in the future.
The search problem is determined by answering the following axes:
1.What are the geographical potentials to achieve spatial development in the monastery district?
2.Is there a spatial discrepancy between the distribution patterns of urban and rural settlements in the Monastery district?
3.What is the reality of agricultural development and other economic sectors and the efficiency of community services in the study area?

The study reached several results, the most important of which are:
1.Deir district has a number of geographical capabilities suitable for achieving spatial development.
2.The spatial variation of the health and educational development indicators and the infrastructure between urban and rural settlements and their low efficiency with the increase in the population of the monastery district.

Many studies indicate that geography is applied if its content or content includes an applied research project in any of its natural and human fields, especially the latter because its field is broad and more prejudicial to man, his community and his environment. Therefore, it was necessary to take the concept of sustainable environmental development into consideration because it is one of the interests of applied scientific geography that searches for human interest and benefit in the present and future. The topic of the research is one of the modern topics that pave the way towards sustainable development and its application in agriculture, which can be characterized by innovation and creativity through its practical application anywhere in the world and for the two researchers to reach their goal of giving a theoretical idea about this topic in legal terms in defining the most important thing related to the topic of agriculture. Smart Starting from the definition of the concept of smart agriculture and how to work with the automatic scheduling system for the irrigation process using remote sensing devices through which it is possible to determine the moisture content of the soil and thus determine the amount of water that must be added to the plants that are irrigated by an electronic operating system, it takes upon itself to complete the irrigation process according to the climate and the type of crop. This method is considered one of the effective irrigation systems as it provides a valuable tool to maintain water planning and irrigation scheduling to ensure maximum water absorption by the plant with minimal water waste. And then referring to the most important practical applications of smart irrigation in certain countries and the extent of their success, can they be applied in Iraq, and how important this is in terms of raising the efficiency of irrigation and getting rid of the salinity that most agricultural lands suffer in it. Finally, the research reached some conclusions, the most important of which is the development of an intelligent automatic irrigation system based on machine-to-machine communication (M2M) to take measures in determining the amount of water and the plant’s need for it and supports its health with some applications from which it derives scientific proposals that can be worked on and placed in the hands of decision-makers. At the Ministry of Agriculture for the sustainable development of the agricultural reality in Iraq.

The study aims to identify the spatial analysis of private primary schools in the city of Samawah and determine their educational efficiency. The study concluded that the variation in the spatial distribution of private primary schools at the level of residential neighborhoods is clearly due to economic and locational factors, in addition to the low level of government education in many neighborhoods. Their presence was limited to (12) residential neighborhoods out of (36) residential neighborhoods in the city of Samawah, such that (4) residential neighborhoods had (2-3) private primary schools for each neighborhood, while the rest of the neighborhoods were less than that. As for the functional efficiency of private primary schools in the city of Samawah, they showed good efficiency, as the average for the teacher, the class, and the school is less than the specified local standard. As for the problems they suffer from, the most prominent of which is the high tuition fees first, and then the unsuitability of the design of school buildings, as these buildings were not originally designed to be school buildings, as the floors and buildings were exploited for this purpose, and thus this was reflected in Its specifications are poor, in addition to the smallness of its classrooms.

The study of gully erosion and the treatment of their negative effects has a Significant importance in the geomorphic studies generally in many various areas and specially in the area of our study (The gully erosion of Shabala valley pond)? It is necessary to indicate that this erosion not only leads to devastate the soil bridges erected on the desert valleys but also leads to decrease the ground water reserves which are considered the essential resource for these areas' population, and that happens by affecting on the chemical and the physical characteristics. In accordance with the research events, it has appeared that the erosions degrees and averages, according to Bergsma classification, amended by (Al-Allaf), the study region which has an area of (365.3) km2 has three levels of slot erosion, which reached (83.5)% of the total area of the region.

This study seeks to demonstrate the role of climatic characteristics in influencing the planning and design characteristics of regions and residential units, in order to make them suitable for climatic conditions and to benefit from their planning and design characteristics at the level of future planning, as the study aims to highlight the urgent need to take into account climatic conditions when planning and designing areas and housing units So that the highest degree of comfort for the person is achieved and the minimum possible from the use of various conditioning methods, and then the person lives in an atmosphere that is far from physical and intellectual exhaustion and is appropriate for a better level of productivity and less energy expenditure.The climate is one of the environmental elements that define the features of the urban formation of buildings, and man has realized in the past the relationship that the climate imposed on all kinds of urban patterns and tried to harmonize and respond to them, as architecture is the result of the interaction between man and the surrounding environment. But after the era of industrial development, regions began to move away from the idea of climate adaptation, which reflected negatively on the comfort of man and his environmental reality in the regions, and the need to use energy in air-conditioning to reach the required comfort appeared, causing an increase in pollution, noise and an increase in energy consumption. Therefore, many studies have emerged studying the relationship. Between the planning and design of buildings and the nature of the prevailing climate, as architectural models compatible with the prevailing climate provide thermal conditions more comfortable than others.The study relied on the descriptive and analytical approach that relies on understanding the problem by dividing it into smaller units to solve the basic problems, which in turn lead to the final solution by collecting small solutions, and through the analysis, interpretation and linking, the planning and design characteristics of areas and housing units with a hot dry climate can be reached. In line with contemporary developments.

It is of utmost importance to achieve urban development for any city that is intended to be inhabited by residents who wish to live in it, as it achieves an adequate quality of life for them in all economic, social and environmental aspects. In order to achieve urban development, it is necessary to understand and analyze the geographical characteristics that envelop that city and shape its environment, so that we distinguish the positive effect from it and develop it, identify the same negative impact and evaluate it or discuss its alternatives.
The importance of the city of Salman stems from its being one of the cities in the districts of the Muthanna Governorate that controls large areas of the governorate, and it is almost stagnant in terms of its urban growth (population and urban), so the study came to shed light on the components of development and its obstacles to this city.
The research deals with the study of the natural and human features that characterize the city of Salman with mentioning the obstacles it suffers from, such as the weakness of transportation networks and the lack of infrastructure services such as electric power, drinking water and telecommunications services, as well as its marginal location and topographical status, and the decline in the economic and social level of its residents. Urban development will not be achieved unless appropriate plans and strategies are put in place to address the aforementioned matters. Therefore, the study proposes addressing the economic conditions of the population, achieving justice and a comprehensive balance between population and resources, providing community and ancillary services in the city, and investing large areas in the city by establishing renewable energy projects with solar energy. And wind energy to fill the shortfall in the city

Transport is one of the basic activities in human life, as man has relied on transportation since he was found on the earth, using his own energy to secure the completion of his daily activities that ensure his survival, and the transportation system and road network are among the most important components of cities, as the transport network and its regional interconnection contribute to Enhancing the adequacy and performance of the city for its functions, network is one of the elements of linking the settlements and the system of all interactions. The study revealed that the total length of the paved roads in Al-Rumaitha district is about 299.4 km, and the density of the road network in relation to the area was 0.24, while its density for the population was about 124.44, while the density of the road network in relation to vehicles reached 43.68. The transportation network in Rumaitha district is close to the lower boundaries and far from the upper bound of the connection, and this is evidence that the road network efficiency is low.

The research deals with the study of estimating the volume of surface water runoff and indicating its importance in terms of its exploitation in sustainable development, whether agricultural or industrial, or for the purposes of recharging groundwater in the Asali Basin, which is located in the southwest of Iraq, specifically in the Muthanna Governorate, and its area reached (707.25) km2, as Spatial analysis and estimation was done through some hydrological treatments of the study area basin that are directly related to surface runoff to estimate the volume of incoming quantities of rain and torrential water, reduce their risks and make use of them as much as possible in various fields and human uses, As three sites were proposed to build dams in the study area to store water and benefit from it in times of drought, as the first dam is located in the north of the basin, while the second dam is located in the middle of the basin, while the downstream area took the third dam, for the purpose of developing the study area sustainable development for agricultural purposes, which is represented in Cultivation of lands of floods and depressions located on either side or behind the dam, as well as for industrial purposes in gravel and sand quarries, or to make use of them for the purpose of recharging groundwater in its geological reservoirs through what seeps from this water into the ground through what seeps from it in the dam lake.

The research aims to show the use of time in the various activities of the residents of Al-Muthanna Governorate in 2019, and due to the lack of studies in this field, especially with regard to the study area, it was necessary to make a questionnaire form to fill the deficit and shortcomings in the time use data, and for the conditions that Iraq and the world are going through regarding the Corona epidemic. A number of difficulties and as a result of persistence and determination the integrity of the research and concluded that the use of time by the residents of the study area varies according to the different activities and also varies according to the spatial distribution of the population centers in the governorate and according to the districts, and varies according to gender as well, which requires concerted efforts to identify the challenges that hinder the use of Time by the residents of the study area in the correct and serious manner that enables it to develop and advance.

The marshes have been the focus of interest of many researchers because they represent a reflection of the natural conditions, and periodic field studies have been and are still one of the most important methods and means of collecting data to study the marshes and to find out their morphometric and morphological conditions due to the constantly changing nature of the sabkha systems, as their areas and thicknesses of sediments and their components of the elements change dramatically. My period, and field studies mainly depend on conducting field measurements, collecting samples of sabkha sediments, salt solutions and natural plants, and in light of the rapid developments witnessed by modern technologies used in geographical scientific research, the most important of which are the use of statistical and quantitative methods, the use of computers and remote sensing, and image analyzes Sabkhat al-Jabboul is an important geomorphic phenomenon and is a reflection of the natural conditions surrounding it, so it is necessary to use modern scientific methods to study it without dispensing with the hand that works in the field and the mind that analyzes, and Sabkhat al-Jabboul is an ideal model for studying the change of the ecosystem of the sabkhas due to the expansion of its area and the change Noticeable system Its environmental environment was from the 1980s to the beginning of this century, so two satellite images were used for the same quarterly period of the year, one dated 7/15/1983 AD, and the other taken on 7/16/2020 AD, to clarify the changes in the ecosystem of the sabkha through the application of Salinity Index / SI (2) /, on the two images, their classification, and the comparison between the two resulting classes.
It was also proposed to implement the mechanism of the multiple buffer zone to protect the ecosystem of the Sabkhat al-Jabboul, after analyzing the results of several studies on the appropriate width of the buffer zone for protecting wetlands, and choosing the

Hazardous medical waste resulting from departments, centers, and scientific and medical research laboratories of health care, curative, diagnostic and preventive, is considered one of the sensitive and important issues for all hospital departments and government and private health centers in most countries of the world. It is necessary to follow an ideal environmental management system that plays an important role in dealing with hazardous waste in terms of managing the processes of separation or sorting, collection, transportation and temporary storage of such waste, and the creation of the Department of Environmental Protection in it, and giving full powers under the environmental regulations and laws in force in dealing with such wastes.
Most departments, centers, and research and medical laboratories produce hazardous waste resulting from the above-mentioned departments. This phenomenon is one of the sensitive and important topics for all government and private hospital departments and health centers. The research included, in addition to the introduction, the problem, the goal, and the importance. An important purpose for the success of this study, then the research concluded with conclusions and recommendations, then a list of sources.

The study aims to invest in arable areas in the desert of Muthanna Governorate, which has a very large area, which is a desert area within the western plateau of Iraq, by cultivating palm trees using the tissue method, to benefit from them economically and environmentally. With groundwater, it is planted with palm trees of good varieties that have a viable market regionally and internationally, which helps in diversifying sources of national income and making the economy emerge from being one-sided that relies on the export of petroleum only. The goal is also to improve the natural environment and mitigate the local climate of the region, especially as we face a dangerous phase of climate change represented by global warming.

The education sector is one of the most important basic needs of the human being, without which it is not possible to achieve his humanity. Through the education sector, man has been able to preserve, transfer and develop his civilization, and education includes the activities of the individual and society. It is evident from the above that people's interest in education in order to achieve their goals side by side with the humanitarian goals.
In view of the great importance that the services sector poses in the life of civil and rural societies, so many human, applied, planning, engineering and medical sciences have given them great attention in line with the broad spectrum and diversity of services, which made services receive great attention in the human development plans of most countries of the world. The most sophisticated is the one that provides the most diverse services to meet the basic and varied needs and desires of mankind, and one of them is educational, which is the basis for extending the rest of the services with human competencies.
The study problem revolves around the following main question (What is the reality of the spatial distribution of kindergarten services in the city of Kufa؟(
The research hypothesis and the answer to the main question as follows (the spatial distribution of kindergarten services in the city of Kufa suffers from a relative imbalance in general).
The study relied on a number of scientific approaches that act as controlling and guiding factors in reaching the desired goals, including the descriptive approach (Approach The Descriptive) to follow up the development of educational services in the city. A number of quantitative methods with an applied (spatial) dimension, represented by the geographic information systems (GIS) technology, were used in its various methods and programs, throughout the study, and wherever the field of use is required.
The study includes three topics that precede the introduction and the theoretical framework and end with conclusions and a list of sources. The first topic deals with population characteristics, while the second topic is devoted to the spatial distribution of kindergarten services and their distribution pattern, and the third section focused on analyzing the efficiency of kindergarten services.

Sea fishing and land cover. In this research, the European Sentinel-2A satellite imagery and the US Landsat8 satellite data for the year 2021 were used in this research. Analyzing data, extracting maps of water bodies and estimating the volume of water in them, including low crucifixes, the NDVI reference indicators were applied, relying on Arc Map 10.8 in data processing. And draw conclusions.
Salibat Depression is one of the important water bodies that need attention and focus on the environmental status of it with the possibility of turning it into a nature reserve. The process of monitoring the amount of water in it by relying on satellite data is one of the means that contribute to preserving the environmental situation in it.

The map is the geographer's tool and optimal means in distributing and analyzing geographical phenomena. Therefore, hardly any geographical study is devoid of a map showing the distribution of a phenomenon, or analyzing the causes and pattern of its spread. The use of the map in geographical studies has witnessed a wide spread among researchers, especially after the spread of the use of computer software in mapping; This software provided ease of design, speed and accuracy of implementation, through its superior ability to convert paper maps into digital maps according to design principles and controls that lead to the production of maps that are easy to update, add to and delete from. What fits the topic of study.
This demand for the use of the map was accompanied by a reluctance to adhere to the rules and principles of cartography, especially those related to the foundations that must be available on the map and the location of each of those foundations. Hence the idea to write this study on the importance of the map in the geographical study, which the geographical researcher must adhere to in order to be a scientific and technical complement to his research.
The research problem is represented in the following question: (What is the importance of maps in geographical studies and the extent of students’ commitment to using the map in their scientific theses). As for the research hypothesis, maps are important in geographical studies. The current research aims to know the extent of the importance of maps in geographical studies.
The importance of the research lies in the need for geographical research to include maps that are consistent with the subject of the study. It emphasizes the importance of adhering to the foundations of the map in geographical studies. Shows the importance of spatial techniques in geographical studies. The research includes three sections: the first topic is the map (its concept - its development - its basic elements), the second topic is the basic elements of the map and cartographic representation, and the third topic is the importance of the map in geographical studies.

The issue of social security is one of the basic tasks of any society, no matter how developed on one hand or backward on the other hand, the need for security is necessary and essential for the sustainability of life as insecurity leads to anxiety, fear, homelessness and the cessation of livelihoods, which leads to the collapse of societies and the foundations of their existence. Concepts of social safety have varied. In light of the transformations that the world is witnessing with the emergence of new dangers and variables that have left their effects on all life forms, whether related to the life of the individual or the life of the group. The state, regional security and international security, where the individual seeks to adopt the behavior that insures him from the dangers that threaten his life, his family or his property through his awareness of the followers of legal procedures to ward off these dangers and resort to the law to provide safety while being careful for the lives of others, so this research came to shed light Shedding light on the spatial dimensions of social security and clarifying its internal and external determinants in post-2003 Iraq due to economic developments Social security and changing the political system in Iraq left an impact on social security in Iraq, and the research reached a set of results, the most important of which are the following:
1-Social security is the main pillar for building modern societies and a key factor in protecting their achievements and the way to their advancement, by providing a safe environment for work, construction and stability in various economic, social and other sectors.
2- International changes play an important and influential role on social security in Iraq.
3- The problem of poverty is one of the serious challenges facing social security in Iraq, as the study has shown that it is in a state of continuous increase, as in 2008 it reached (23%)), to rise in 2018 to reach (44.2%) and this has a great impact on The Iraqi Social Security.
4- The variation in the poverty line in Iraq between urban and rural for the period from 2007 to 2018, and this variation leads to repercussions on social security in Iraq according to the environment in which the individual lives.
5- Unemployment is one of the basic determinants facing social security in Iraq, as the unemployment rate in Iraq for youth reached 20% in 2014 and 22.7% in 2016 .
6- The continuous increase in the volume of drug crimes in Iraq threatens peace and social security in Iraq, as the volume of drug crimes in Iraq in 2004 reached (715) crimes, up to (3451) crimes for the year 2018.

Water is the basis of life and the secret of its indispensable permanence. It is the basic factor for the rise, growth and transcendence of civilizations. Water represents the precious thing that God granted to man to perpetuate his life and survival in this life. Despite the fact that man has reached the highest levels of science and progress in the manufacture and installation of many inventions at all levels, he has not been able to install and manufacture water as it is now in the nature with which God created him. With the progress of man and the complexity of his civilization, his requirements of water increased, and this is what made him drain huge quantities of it. This is what led to the apparent inability to provide this requirement, which made many joules, especially the Arab ones, suffer from a shortage or scarcity, especially since most of the sources of Arab rivers are located outside the borders of these countries. Which is characterized by low rainfall and low rain efficiency.

In the present study, the efficiency of educational services in the Khuder City and its conformity with the Iraqi's standards in terms of the capacity of one school and the number of classes has been conducted. Moreover, the availability of appropriate educational staff for the academic year 2018-2019, as has been the study of each grade alone. the number of educational institutions in the study area reached (43) institutions, with the population of (16184) pupils, while the number of educational crew exceeded (628) teachers with a number of classes reached (431), and the most important results of the study, is that the efficiency of all grades is high in terms of the number of pupils per school except kindergarten where the efficiency goes down compared to the local standard, and in terms of standard (pupil / teacher) (the pupil / class) recorded the grades all in the Khuder City is higher than the local standard rate except professional stages which recorded a low average that varies between neighborhood and another, where it is observed the average rises in some and decreases in the other. On the other hand, the main proposals is to building kindergartens in the study area, and to increasing educational and teaching staff for kindergartens and primary and secondary, as well as, increasing the classes number for all of them.

The research showed a clear relationship between the effective rains and the degrees of drought in the Samarra station during the period (2010-2019), as it was found that the Samarra station recorded during the period (2010-2019) the highest rate of drought in the year 2012, while the amount of effective rain was recorded in the same station for the same year. A value of (64.12) mm, while the Samarra station recorded the lowest rate of drought during the year 2010, which was matched at the same time by an increase in the amount of effective rain, which amounted to (182) mm.

The armament process has great importance for decision-makers in all countries of the world, whether these countries are developed or developing, because they possess geopolitical dimensions that affect the state’s power and its regional position, and because the phenomenon of armaments is one of the most dangerous phenomena in the world and because the countries of the Middle East are at the forefront of countries in the field of the arms race Therefore, the study aims to identify the nature of armaments in the Middle East region, its patterns and the geopolitical dimensions resulting from it, and the effect of the armament process on the security and stability of the countries of the region. It is great for the countries of the region that suffer from the low standard of living of their people. The research concluded that the Middle East is the most armed region in the world, as this region witnessed the largest international arms races

Indicators of rural development represent the main pillar on which planners and decision-makers depend in creating the appropriate conditions for comprehensive development events with their social and economic dimensions, up to the stage of social welfare in the countryside by upgrading the level of educational and health services, as well as improving the economic reality and raising the level of per capita income. The study is to measure these indicators in the district of Samawah and their suitability to local and international standards in order to assess the quality of life that the residents of the study area live, and then find effective solutions that lead to achieving comprehensive development in the countryside of the district, as well as providing the basic needs of its residents. And to ensure their individual and collective security. Hence the importance of this study, as it simulates the nature of rural development indicators in Samawah district, as well as exposure to its main foundations on which the principles of integrated development are based.

The research concluded that there are many landforms that have changed the land appearance and that humans have contributed to their formation, such as urban expansion, twists and tongues in waterways near bridges, compacting and compacting soil through roads, and some excavations through quarrying and obtaining raw materials for the manufacture of gypsum and bricks.

The most of country industrial in the worlds heavily depends on the oil consumption and crude oil use of source main energy and raw materials in industrial sectors, this increases in world request for crude oil, this increases the used of oil in world and puts pressure on the oil producing country to increases oil production operations, in Iraq the first in history oil discovered in Kirkuk, oil was discovered in 1927years and drilling began on 10 October, Kirkuk has a four big oil producing fields with six oil fields not oil producing, Kirkuk oil fields consists of fourteen station of oil producing , its consists of 732 oil wells ,oil production in the oil fields Kirkuk daily reached 386th barrels , of course this oil production operations impact on the environments and including soil pollution , showed the effects of oil production on soil pollution, such as changes in land surface quality or changes land cover , the aim of this study is to evaluate and determination of oil pollution and impact of oil production and processes on soil pollution in the Kirkuk , in study areas the ten images satellite Land sat are used from between years (1989, 1998, 2008, 2015, 2019), in the results showed that there was a strong connection between oil production and soil pollution and this is oil industry operation reflected on the vegetation in Kirkuk.

The power of the state is influenced by a range of geographical factors, which are the main focal point of strategic studies in both geopolitical and geostrategic aspects, meaning that the strategy of the state and the directions of its system of government and the building of its relations and diversity is determined by the geographical factor, and therefore natural factors are among the most important geographical factors and the most influential in the power of the state and the drawing of its personality and external movements, and then determine its geostrategic influence and place on the international scene.

The escalation of U.S.-China economic competition clearly reflected on the policy of the two countries and their strategic relations with other countries of the world, which prompted China to take a foreign policy commensurate with its rising role and new status as one of the most important poles affecting the global system, ensuring that China's economic growth continues. The economy, led by energy supplies, requires building strong political relations with exporters and corridor countries and a military presence that ensures access to Chinese machines, as well as expanding its markets beyond its political borders, especially after the global conflict has shifted from a military conflict to an economic conflict based on interests, in which each pole is keen to achieve a competitive advantage.

Migration from the countryside towards the city has become a prominent feature in Iraqi cities due to the deterioration of the rural reality, as well as forced migration in some areas. And that this migration cast a delusion on the cities with the emergence of many problems such as customs, traditions and rural behavior, the most important of which is the emergence of random housing and animal husbandry .... Hilla is one of the Iraqi cities that suffered from this phenomenon. The phenomenon of urban sidewalks for reasons related to the deterioration of the rural situation throughout the countryside of the governorate and the lack of job opportunities and the lack of services, which made the city of Hilla the center of Babil Governorate a pole of attraction for the migrant population in search of work opportunities, as well as the occurrence of urban migration in some areas of Babel Governorate (as in the Jurf al-Sakhar district As a result of terrorist operations, which prompted immigrants to settle most of them in the city of Hilla. At other times, the phenomenon of urban families has contributed to the urbanization of the city as the city expands on the neighboring countryside, and all this may result in the manifestations of urban countryside in the city, including random housing, raising animals of all kinds and undesirable behaviors, as well as the phenomenon of the street vendor and the abuse of empty spaces and green areas. The city of Hilla is the center of Babil Governorate, it is located between latitude (30_32) and (27_32) in the north, and between longitudes (27__24) and (21_24) in the east, away from Baghdad (100) km from the north and (45) km from Karbala city in the west. (65) km from the city of Diwaniyah from the southeast side, (140) km from the city of Kut to the east, and (120) km from the city of Ramadi from the northwest side, and the area of the city of Hilla is (161 km2) out of the total area of the governorate amounting to (5119) km2. Its population is (486,347) for the year 2018

Man is exposed to many and diverse diseases, some of which are contagious, some are transitional or chronic epidemic, some of which lead his life and some are inherent to human life.
The study aimed to identify the type of communicable diseases prevalent in Hamza district and to identify the causes that led to the emergence of these diseases as well as the study of the geographical distribution of people with these diseases. The second section deals with the study of spatial variation in the transmission of diseases in Al-Hamzah Al-Sharqi district.
The study showed that the spread of several diseases in the judiciary has been recorded typhoid disease ranked first among the communicable diseases followed by chickenpox and pneumonia, also the study showed that the relationship there is a strong relationship with the transmission of diseases and factors and the most important reasons of the lack of efficiency of health services available in The study also found that the highest rate of infectious diseases was recorded in Al-Hamza district center (61.5%) with a prevalence factor (5.6) per thousand

The study aims to shed light on the reality of random housing in the city of Diwaniyah, and study the health implications of the residents of that city and try to find appropriate and adequate solutions to address and reduce this phenomenon. As the random settlements varied in the residential neighborhoods in the city of Diwaniya, which numbered (19), which constituted the highest percentage in each of the (Euphrates, Soub al-Shamiyya and al-Hadara) neighborhoods, with a percentage of respectively (19.4%, 17%, 12.8%). Among the most important reasons for the emergence of these clusters is the factor of immigration towards urban centers, rapid population growth, low income levels, and other reasons. These residential communities suffer from many diseases as a result of the contamination of these areas, and intestinal worms disease formed the largest percentage, reaching (18.2%) to occupy the first rank for the diseases spread within those communities. As for chickenpox disease, it ranked second with a percentage (13.6%). There are many developmental projects that pertain to health services in the city of Diwaniyah, according to the actual need of the population, and its total reached (27) development projects, but most of them were not implemented or under implementation

In this study, were performances of two method techniques ordinary least square (OLS) regression and geographically weighted regression (GWR) were compared for the task of predicting the values of water erosion across a study area in Dewana basin as a part of Sulaymaniyah Province, northeast Iraq. The study showed a clear difference between the two methods Because least squares regression methods do not take into account local variations within the study area and it do not give weight to the area or to any other weighted element, it gives a general impression of the type of relationship between the independent variables and the extent of their influence with the dependent variable. The geographically weighted regression model considers the internal local variations of the study area and the ability to give some weights outweigh the elements involved in the process of analysis. These study results have recorded a difference between the two methods approximately (9.3%). The best results were obtained with the GWR model with an area estimated at (199.4 km2) of total area in the rate of (33.2%). The results showed no significant relationship between water erosion and the degree of slope. It is also found that calculating the values of water erosion by the Bergsma method does not give accurate results for measuring the severity of erosion in general and do not record a strong correlation compared to the degree of slope on the other hand.

Water quality is an important necessity for the integrity of ecosystems and food production when it is available in sufficient quantity and safe quality. It has importance in the field of economic development, energy production, and the safety of living organisms, foremost of which is the human being , research studied the quality of surface water characteristics in Al-Muthanna Governorate, specifically in the Euphrates and Shatt Al-Atshan River , Furthermore Lake Sawa , and evaluated its physical properties , including temp, turbidity, and total suspended particles Tss, as well as chemical electrical conductivity Ec, hydrogen ion PH, dissolved oxygen DO, total dissolved salts TDS, calcium Ca, potassium K, sodium Na, and , research results were evaluated on two seasons , during winter and summer season , the average was extracted for them . Most of the measured items exceeded the permissible limits .