Journal of University of Anbar for Humanities

Objectives: The study aims to shed light on the role of Yemeni markets in ‎commercial activity during the era of the Rasulid State 626-858‎‏ ‏AH/1228-1454 ‎AD, which ruled Yemen for more than two centuries ‎
which is the Rasulid State.‎
Methodology: To apply the study methodology, the study adopted the analytical ‎method in studying the events of the study period, which formulated the role of the ‎Rasulid State's commercial activity as well as its role in the markets inside and ‎outside Yemen.‎
Results: This state played a major role in stimulating trade, taking advantage of the ‎geographical location in which it originated, which is Yemen, which made them a ‎prosperous state. The results also showed that markets brought many merchants ‎from different parts of the world. The country of Yemen has known seasonal ‎commercial markets since the pre-Islamic period, as Al-Marzouqi mentioned that ‎the Arabs had thirteen markets before Islam, of which he mentioned in Yemen the ‎market of Al-Shihr Rabia Hadhramaut‏ ‏Aden‏ ‏and Sana'. The spread of these ‎markets is considered a natural matter due to the commercial and agricultural ‎activity that Yemen enjoyed, which made it necessary for it to establish markets to ‎sell its internal and external products to obtain money.‎
Recommendations: The study recommends the necessity of conducting many ‎similar studies that deal with the commercial aspect and its activities through the ‎necessary research and analysis in most Islamic countries and knowing how to reach ‎distant countries in order to increase capital, and linking those previous economic ‎activities to the present and taking lessons from the future.‎

Objectives: This research investigates the most important efforts made by the ‎Abbasid Caliphs against the people of innovation and deviation. They had ‎successful efforts throughout the Abbasid era to eliminate the deviants and prevent ‎them from carrying out their activities. The current research also aimed to ‎investigate how the deviants had worked to undermine the Abbasid authority and ‎the Islamic religion, and how they exaggerated in their words about religion and ‎began to spread their deviant ideas and beliefs in an attempt to restore their glory ‎and ancient authority. It also aimed to shed light on how the Abbasid caliphs face ‎their danger, limit their influence, and eliminate some of their leaders. ‎
Methodology: To achieve the objectives of this study, the researchers adopted the ‎historical descriptive approach when presenting the position of the Abbasid ‎Caliphate on intellectual deviation, represented by the position of the Abbasid ‎Caliphs against the intellectual deviation that appeared clearly in the Abbasid era by ‎referring to specialized historical sources and references, dealing accurately while ‎employing those sources to reach the most accurate information and clarify the ‎position of the Abbasid Caliphate on those deviations.‎
Results: The study showed many important results that were obtained during the ‎research period, perhaps the most prominent of which are the following:‎
‎1- The Abbasid era witnessed dangerous deviant intellectual movements carried out ‎by the enemies of Islam to undermine Arabism and Islamic culture and strike the ‎authority of the Arabs, by entering the ranks of Islamic sects and inclining them ‎towards intellectual deviation.‎
‎2- The Abbasid Caliphs worked to make efforts to eliminate them and work to cut ‎off their continuous movements throughout the Abbasid era.‎
‎3- Ending the issue of saying that the Qur’an was created, through the successful efforts of the Caliph Al-Mutawakkil.‎
‎4- The Abbasid sultans had similar efforts to the efforts of the caliphs to eliminate ‎heresies and deviations by the Ghaznavid and Seljuk sultans and Sultan Salahuddin ‎Al-Ayyubi.‎
Conclusion: The study recommends the necessity of emphasizing on researchers to ‎study intellectual deviations in depth and to know the reasons that led to their ‎emergence, who is behind them and the goals they seek to achieve. It also ‎recommend to work on refuting the claims and falsehoods of those movements and ‎rejecting their ideas that are foreign to Islamic society.‎

Objectives: Somali Ethiopian relations under civil rule were characterized by ‎tension and demands to solve the border problems between the two countries‚ ‎especially after the exploitation of Somali and the emergence of Ethiopia as a ‎military force that wants to preserve its agreements with foreign countries to ‎achieve victory. The study aims to explore the political relationship between the ‎two countries in the Horn of Africa after both parties attempted to solve the border ‎problem left by Western colonialism in the nineteenth century. ‎
Methodology: The current study's plan included an introduction and two sections: ‎the first section dealt with the situation in Somalia after independence and its ‎impact on the relationship with Ethiopia, and the second section discussed the ‎failure of negotiations and entry into military confrontations ‎
Results: After analyzing the historical information, the results showed that the ‎intensity of the differences between the two parties had increased, and the region ‎witnessed a continuous escalation in military operations, which were sometimes ‎carried out by the Front against the Ethiopian army. ‎
Recommendations: ‎
‎1- Somalia gained independence in 1960 and demanded the reunification of its ‎parts. ‎
‎2- Somalia’s desire to reunite parts of its occupied territories through peaceful ‎means through negotiations and mediation with the Organization of African Unity, ‎which stipulated maintaining the borders between the two countries, and Somalia’s ‎rejection of the borders set by the 1908 Treaty. ‎
‎3- The failure of negotiations and peaceful methods to reach a solution between
‎4- Somalia was unable to find a solution through peaceful means.It turned to ‎military force to restore its lost parts after its agreement with the Soviet Union to ‎train its army and provide it with military weapons ‎
‎5- Ethiopia was ready to confront the attack of the Ethiopian army and was ‎receiving military supplies from the United States of America.‎

Aims: The research aims to study the city of Kash and identifies its political and ‎cultural conditions under the Arab-Islamic rule. The study also aimed to listing the ‎most important Arab-Islamic campaigns that contributed to the conquest of the ‎city, and then identifying the status of the city politically and scientifically.‎
Methodology: In presenting the events of the topic, the study adopted the well-‎thought-out research plan, in which we followed the methodology of thematic ‎presentation, as within these topics we followed another approach, which is the ‎historical presentation of the sequence of events. The timeframe for the research ‎began from the year (55 AH/674 AD), which is the date that represents the entry of ‎the first vanguard of the conquering Arab armies into the city, and ends to the year ‎‎(653 AH/1255 AD).‎
Results: After analyzing the materials of the study, the results showed that the city ‎of Kash is one of the cities of Transoxiana located in the Islamic East. It is a ‎bustling and populated city. It was conquered by Muslim Arabs in the year (55 ‎AH/674 AD), then it was re-conquered by Commander Qutaybah bin Muslim al-‎Bahili in the year (91 AH/709 AD). The study also showed that the city's general ‎conditions stabilized and it became part of The Arab Islamic state. The city was ‎administered by the rulers of Transoxiana, as the men of the Abbasid mission took ‎it as their shelter and a starting point for spreading their ideas to mobilize people ‎against the Umayyad rule. Al-Muqnad Al-Khorasani also used it as his military ‎headquarters after he fortified himself in its castle (Bisman). Kash witnessed a great ‎scientific movement, as many scholars appeared in it who excelled in various ‎sciences, the forefront of which were Hadith, jurisprudence, interpretation, ‎language, literature, and history. The city fell at the hands of the Mongols in the ‎year 653 AH/1255 AD.‎
Conclusions: it can be concluded that the city of Kash canot be considered to be‎ one of the major cities of Transoxiana, like Bukhara, Samarkand, and Khwarezm, ‎but it is considered one of the cities of the second generation of Transoxiana in ‎terms of political, cultural, and economic importance, just like the city of Nasf .‎

Objectives: The research aimed to introduce Badr Al-Din Al-Ghazzi (d. 984 ‎AH/1577 AD), and to reveal the urban aspects mentioned in his book "Al-Matali' ‎Al-Badriya Fi Al-Manazil Al-Rumiyya", during his journey from Damascus to ‎Constantinople, which took four years, between the years (936-940 AH/1530-1533 ‎AD).‎
Method: The investigative approach was used to collect information, then verify its ‎accuracy, refine it, and analyze the research results, an analysis characterized by ‎objectivity. The descriptive approach was also used; in order to describe the urban ‎features of cities and urban units, and compare them with what was mentioned in ‎the country and historical sources and references. The research dealt with urban ‎aspects according to their importance and functions; It refers to the basic urban ‎units that comprise the Arab Islamic city, which are: cities, mosques, hospitals, ‎endowment buildings, bridges and arches, castles and forts.‎
Results: The research revealed Sheikh Badr al-Din al-Ghazzi's interest in many ‎sciences and knowledge, including jurisprudence, hadith, principles, interpretation, ‎grammar, poetry, prose and Sufism, until his writings reached more than one ‎hundred, between books and letters, and it became clear that he belongs to a Sufi ‎scholarly Shafi'i family, as his father and grandfathers were jurists, and his sons, ‎grandchildren and their grandchildren were also jurists, and in writing this book he ‎followed the style of rhyme, coupled with poetry, which is a style that requires ‎extensive knowledge of the sciences of the Arabic language and its literature, and ‎although he was not a traveler or geographer, his book is considered one of the ‎books of the countries with a historical literary character. The book Al-Matali' al-‎Badriya included extremely important information about several urban aspects that ‎were not mentioned by other sources; Because no books were written at his time ‎that dealt with the urban aspects he mentioned, this contributed to filling some gaps ‎in the history of Islamic civilization. It became clear that urban landmarks such as ‎forts and castles played a major role in historical events, due to their distinguished ‎geographical location on transportation routes, securing the movement of the ‎Islamic army, monitoring the movements of the enemy, and obstructing its progress. ‎The information contained in this book was characterized by brevity and accuracy, ‎because the author saw it with his own eyes, in addition to being one of the ‎trustworthy scholars.‎
Recommendations: The researcher recommends conducting similar academic ‎studies on literature and travel books, through which the urban aspects that Muslim ‎scholars were interested in are highlighted. And searching for manuscripts that ‎dealt with urban activity, verifying them, and publishing them, in order to support ‎Arab, Islamic, and international libraries with this bright side of Arab and Islamic ‎civilization

Objectives: This study aims to formulate a clear understanding of Turkish-Egyptian ‎relations by examining the regional variables and crises that have occurred in the ‎area‏.‏
Methodology: The current study required the use of a systems analysis approach, ‎which focused on analyzing the impact of regional variables and conflicts between ‎the countries in the region on the nature of the relationship between the two ‎countries, in addition to a comparative approach wherever necessary‏.‏
Results: The study found that the crises that the region experienced after 2011, ‎along with the wave of regime changes in some Arab countries, had a significant ‎impact on the nature of foreign policies and international relations in the region. The ‎Libyan crisis is considered one of the most important variables affecting the reality ‎of Turkish-Egyptian relations after 2011, and it negatively reflected on the nature ‎of relations between the two countries after their involvement in this crisis, leading ‎to a troubled relationship between Turkey and Egypt. The issue of the Qatari ‎dispute with the Gulf Arab states, along with the involvement of Turkey and Egypt ‎in the crisis, is considered one of the most significant changes that have negatively ‎impacted relations between the two countries‏.‏
Recommendations: The study recommends intensifying studies and research that ‎demonstrate and clarify the impact of regional variables and their effect on the ‎overall foreign relations, especially since Turkish-Egyptian relations have been ‎clearly affected by these variables. It is essential to shed light on these variables and ‎examine them closely.‎

Objectives: The aim of the research was to study the emergence and development ‎of religious beliefs in ancient Iraq. The main idea of the research is that religion is ‎considered as a basic pillar of any ancient civilization and is a spiritual aspect in ‎human thinking. The presence of the religious idea among a people shows us the ‎aspects of its general development. Because of the importance of religion in public ‎life, it was necessary to study the most important ancient components in shaping it ‎as a spiritual aspect of human thinking. Religious ideas and beliefs determined ‎general human behavior and affected his customs, traditions, customs, and the ‎pattern of his intellectual and spiritual construction. The ancient Iraqi religion ‎focused on the main elements of religious thought, rituals, and worship. ‎
Methodology: The study relied on the historical research approach and focused on ‎the emergence of religious thought in ancient Iraq and the development of the ‎generative forces of nature, as embodied in works of art and archaeological ‎remains, to analyze events and factors in daily life, including the method of ‎worshiping the gods or offering sacrifices, and religion became of lofty moral ‎values represented by honesty and reverence for the gods.‎
Results: The results showed that religious thought in ancient Iraq focused on the ‎human being who was created to serve the gods. Therefore, their religious motive ‎did not go beyond offering sacrifices to the goddess and her priests in accordance ‎with the established ceremonies, because the ancient Iraqi human believed that the ‎source of all goodness was due to the satisfaction of the goddess and was primarily ‎due to religious duties. What is required of humans is supplication, sacrifice, and ‎prayer, the second of those religious duties. Intellectual and religious awareness has ‎developed among the inhabitants of ancient Iraq, as well as a reverence for the vital ‎factors affecting rain and vegetation. It can also be said that the Mesopotamian ‎important factors that contributed to the development of the thinking of ancient ‎Iraqi man. The gods in ancient Iraq represented the various attributes of nature,‎ such as lightning, thunder, the sun, and life. The Mother Goddess emerged from ‎her, the gods of good and evil, and she was distinguished by distinctive ‎characteristics other than humans, including eternity, continuity, and vitality. ‎
Recommendations: The study recommends shedding light and intensifying ‎research and studies on the importance of religious beliefs in the history of ancient ‎Iraq and the role of religion in the life of ancient Iraqi people, as everything was ‎assigned gods to worship and thus became obligated to perform certain rituals ‎towards them and study the first beginnings of religious belief.‎

Objectives: The current study aimed to conduct a comprehensive geomorphological ‎survey of the region for the most important environmental stimuli of risks through ‎field study and remote sensing data. It also aimed to identify the values of ‎morphometric and hydrological coefficients, and finally formulate appropriate ‎models based on mathematical methods and multivariate analysis. ‎
Methodology: The research relied on the regional and analytical approach in order ‎to provide the required data on phenomena and delve into the surrounding ‎conditions, and use space visualizations and the Digital Elevation Model (DEM) ‎and the deductive approach in producing the outputs of the technologies and ‎analyzing them to reach the desired results‏.‏
Results: After analyzing the data of the current research, the results showed that ‎the actual reality of the road requires some measures to reduce the effects of floods, ‎the most important of which is that Road 12 should be low in its level in a way that ‎allows water to pass without any retention, which exacerbates its danger on the ‎road, as the road is exposed to collapse due to the excess loads formed by flood ‎waters carrying large amounts of sediments that move at high speeds, and the road ‎that is higher than the valley level cannot cope with these loads‏.‏
Conclusion: The study area varies among itself in terms of the degrees of ‎hydrological risks and in terms of the areas it covers and the extent of its impact on ‎the studied road, as a group of natural characteristics combined in distributing those ‎levels of that risk, and the rates of risk degrees reached (67.4) for the first model ‎and (68.6) for the second model, and from this the study area was divided into five ‎levels.‎

Objectives: Anbar Governorate is witnessing a great development in construction ‎industries, especially Fallujah District. This study aims to identify the importance of ‎construction industries and the extensive use of their products. The number of ‎construction industries facilities reached (114) facilities distributed throughout the ‎district’s areas, and (1586) individuals working in these industries. ‎
Methodology: The current study adopted the analytical-deductive approach in ‎order to provide the required data on the phenomena and delve into the ‎surrounding conditions, and the deductive approach in addition to the field study ‎of the current reality for the year 2022‎‏.‏
Results: the results showed that the area includes a number of various construction ‎industry facilities distributed across the district’s regions, employing (1586) ‎individuals, and most of the production is consumed in Anbar Governorate, and the ‎rest is exported to other governorates. The production components are very widely ‎available in the governorate due to the availability of a large area and the many ‎deposits present in it, especially with the availability of raw materials such as ‎limestone, sand, gravel, capital, market, labor, energy sources, fuel, and ‎transportation methods. Its products have been able to provide most of the building ‎materials needed for all urban, economic, and infrastructure projects. These ‎industries are linked to population growth and urban expansion. ‎
Conclusion: The number of construction industries in Fallujah District reached ‎‎(114) factories in 2022, and the largest percentage was for private sector factories, ‎while the public sector only has two factories out of the total construction ‎industries in the district.in fourth place, then asphalt factories in the fifth stage, ‎gravel crushing and sand screening factories in sixth place, Bork factories in ‎seventh place, then black and white cement factories in the eighth stage, and the ‎thermal brick factory in last place. ‎

Objectives: The noise intensity emitted by transportation vehicles in the city of Hit ‎was measured, and for all the city's neighborhoods at specific points (5) m away ‎from the noise source and for a period of (2) minutes. The measurement was made ‎using a sound level meter (Edos\Ds-102). The measurement points were determined ‎using the GPS system to determine locations‏.‏
Methodology: The research relied on the descriptive and analytical-deductive ‎approach as well as field work‏.‏
Results: The noise was measured at the specified points (5) times and the average ‎for these points was taken, by calculating the reading rate for the roads and streets ‎of the city of Hit and measuring the noise intensity resulting from the various ‎means of transportation and traffic in these streets. It was found that the highest ‎noise intensity rate was recorded in Al-Jisr Street and its value reached (82dB) in ‎the morning period as it is one of the important commercial streets and witnesses ‎traffic congestion. As for the lowest reading rate, it was recorded in (Hit Hospital) ‎Street and its value reached (64dB) in the evening. It is noted that the noise ‎intensity measured by means of transportation in the study area is higher than the ‎global and local determinants‏.‏
Conclusion: The highest noise intensity rate was recorded in Al-Jisr Street and its ‎value reached (82.4 dB) in the morning period as it is one of the important ‎commercial streets that witnesses traffic congestion in the morning period, followed ‎by Al-Jari Street with a measurement rate of (82 dB). The lowest reading rate was ‎recorded in Hit Hospital Street, with a value of (64dB) in the evening. It is noted ‎that the noise intensity measured by means of transportation in the study area is ‎higher than the global and local standards. Map (2) shows the distribution of road ‎and means of transportation noise in the city of Hit.‎

Objectives: This study aims to explore the health services and their spatial and ‎functional efficiency in the countryside of Al-Qaim District for the year 2021, and ‎to investigate to investigate the extent of their conformity with local standards by ‎the relevant authorities in the governorate‏.‏
Methodology: The research relied on the (functional) and analytical approach in ‎studies of health services in the countryside of Al-Qaim District, with the help of ‎some quantitative and statistical methods and techniques using modern ‎technologies (GIS) in spatial and statistical analysis and discovering spatial ‎relationships between variables and standards subject to the research in addition to ‎field work
Results: The results of the field research showed that (42%) could reach the health ‎services walking, (27%) arriving by private cars, (17%) using public transportations, ‎‎(8%) using bicycles, and (6%) using motorcycles. The results also showed a ‎shortage in health centers for some administrative units, as well as a shortage in ‎doctors, dentists, pharmacists and health professionals. Therefore, the study ‎recommends that the Anbar Health Directorate should provide medical staff for the ‎study area in line with local standards for specialist doctors, dentists, pharmacists ‎and health professionals, as the area suffers from a severe shortage of medical staff ‎to treat the population and provide treatments and laboratory equipment for the ‎study area‏.‏
Conclusion: The health centers in the study area provide therapeutic services such ‎as vaccinations, school health, promotion and supervision, in addition to some ‎simple surgical operations such as bandaging and others. Therefore, most of the ‎population goes to the cities to obtain better therapeutic services. The field study, ‎through the use of human standards and indicators and health services, showed ‎their negativity in terms of the numbers of doctors, pharmacists, dentists and health ‎professionals

Objectives: To minimize the number of family size in Anbar province, this study ‎aimed to measure the impact of family planning on family size. ‎
Methodology: The research relied on the analytical-deductive approach, as well as ‎the field study during 2021‎‏.‏
‏‏Results: After analyzing the data, the results showed that the percentage of heads ‎of households who use contraceptives in Anbar ‎Governorate was (46.8%), of which ‎‎(53.8%) are in urban areas and (39.2%) are in rural ‎areas. The percentage of use of ‎these methods varied between the districts of Anbar ‎Governorate, as Rawah ‎District recorded the highest percentage (61.9%), while Al-‎Amiriya District ‎recorded the lowest percentage (35.8%). The most important motives ‎that led heads ‎of households to plan their families were economic motives in urban ‎and rural areas, ‎followed by housing in urban areas and raising children better in rural ‎areas‏‎. ‎‏
Conclusion: It can be concluded that the most important motives that drive heads ‎of households to follow family ‎planning programs, the most important of which is ‎reducing the family's economic ‎burdens, with a percentage of (39.8%) of families ‎following the program for this ‎reason, while the housing motive occupied a ‎percentage of (23.5%), and better ‎upbringing of children with a percentage of ‎‎(20.7%), while the other reasons came ‎with a percentage of (2.5%).‎

Objectives: The problem of salinity is considered as one of the main problems that ‎soil is facing in the countryside of Al-Amiriya district, as it is located within the dry ‎and semi-dry region. The main aim of this research is to investigate the role of ‎human factors and to explain its impacts on the spread of the phenomenon of ‎salinity among the study area. It also aimed to investigate its impact on agricultural ‎production.‎
Methodology: The research relied on the regional and analytical-descriptive ‎approach in order to provide the required data in addition to field work.‎
Results: The analysis of the data showed that neglecting drainage projects and ‎burying many of them in the study area negatively affected agricultural production. ‎The results also showed that unregulated irrigation was one of the important ‎reasons that could lead to the exacerbation of the problem of salinity.‎
Conclusion: The study concluded that the area suffers from severe salinization in ‎many parts of it. The reason for this salinization is the high temperatures and the ‎increased rate of evaporation. In addition, the poor management of land and water ‎by humans was considered as one of the risky factors of salinity. Other factors ‎could affect the area of the study such as, wrong methods of tilling and leveling the ‎soil at inappropriate times and the expansion of summer agriculture. All after ‎mentioned factors could have a direct impact on soil salinity in the study area.‎

Objectives: this study aims to identify the risks of material movement or what is ‎known as morphodynamic risks and the explanation of their types, forms and ways ‎to confront them in the area between the Mani Valley Basin and the Jabab Valley ‎Basin north of the western Anbar Plateau according to the geographical vision. It ‎also aims to shed light on the characteristics of the study area and its strategic ‎depth represented by the fact that it represents the middle of the western part of ‎Iraq and the northwestern part of Anbar Governorate. ‎
Methodology: The current study adopted the analytical-deductive approach to ‎study the existing reality of the impact of morphodynamic risks in the area between ‎the Mani Valley Basin and the Jabab Valley Basin north of the western Anbar ‎Plateau, in addition to the field study for the year 2022‎‏.‏
Results: Following the analysis of the data, the results showed that the impact of ‎morphodynamic risks on land uses in the region represented by (agricultural use, ‎urban use, and transportation). The results also showed that the highest area ‎occupied by agricultural use amounted to (172) km2 and the lowest area occupied ‎by urban use amounted to (14) km2, while transportation routes occupied an area ‎extension of (337) km, as it was found that these uses exist to a large extent in the ‎parts adjacent to the Euphrates River and their distance from the high and sloping ‎parts and from the barren desert lands, which represent dangerous places that ‎residents avoid and avoid establishing any activity in them‏.‏
Conclusion: A model for morphodynamic risks was created through the layers ‎entered in the GIS programs, and these layers are (rock material movement, ‎morphometric, hydrological, water erosion), as it was found that the study area ‎include (5) categories of risk degrees, which are (non-risk areas amounting to 89 –‎low-risk areas amounting to 203 - medium-risk areas amounting to 295 - hazardous ‎areas amounting to 248 - high-risk areas amounting to 110) km2 of the study are

This research aimed to explore multifaceted academic practices for gifted students. ‎A descriptive methodology was employed, utilizing a questionnaire for data ‎collection, administered to a random sample of 300 male and female students. The ‎sample was stratified based on educational level (middle school/secondary school), ‎gender (male/female), type of education (public/private), and caregiver status (both ‎parents / fathers only / mother only). The results indicated that the sample ‎respondents' overall response to the questionnaire items was moderate. ‎Furthermore, statistically significant differences were found at the 0.05 level ‎between the means of the two research groups according to the educational level ‎‎(middle vs. secondary) in response to the four questionnaire items collectively, with ‎higher means favoring the middle school group. The study also confirmed the ‎absence of statistically significant differences at 0.05 level between the means of ‎the two research groups (males and females) in response to the four questionnaire ‎items collectively. However, statistically significant differences were found at 0.05 ‎level between the means of the two research groups according to the type of ‎education (public vs. private) in response to the four questionnaire items ‎collectively, with higher means favoring public education. Finally, the results ‎indicated statistically significant differences in the sample respondents' responses ‎based on caregiver status (both parents / fathers only / mother only) for the total ‎questionnaire score, with higher means favoring those cared for by both parents ‎compared to those cared for by either the father or the mother alone.‎

This study aimed to identify the attitudes of female administrators at the College of ‎Applied Studies and Community Service at King Saud University towards digital ‎transformation reached, and if there were statistically significant differences ‎detected at the significance level (α = 0.05) in the attitudes of female administrators ‎at the College of Applied Studies and Community Service at King Saud University ‎towards administrative digital transformation according to the variables ‎‎(administrative experience and academic qualification). The descriptive approach ‎was followed. The study sample consisted of all female administrators working at ‎the College of Applied Studies and Community Service at King Saud University, ‎and their number reached (218) administrators. To achieve the objectives of the ‎study, the researcher built a measure of the trend towards administrative digital ‎transformation, which consists of (28) statements divided into four axes: (the trend ‎towards appreciating the importance of digital transformation, the trend towards ‎standards for administrative digital transformation, the trend towards electronic ‎management in light of digital transformation, and the trend Towards the obstacles ‎to administrative digital transformation. The results showed that the general ‎arithmetic mean of the study sample’s responses to the axes of the scale of the ‎trend towards administrative digital transformation reached (3.74), with a high ‎positive trend, and the axis (Requirements of Administrative Digital ‎Transformation) ranked first with an arithmetic mean ((3.93), with a high positive ‎trend, followed by the axis ( Estimating the importance of administrative digital ‎transformation, with an arithmetic mean of (3.91), with a high positive trend, and ‎then the axis (electronic management in light of administrative digital ‎transformation), with an arithmetic mean of (3.79), with a high positive trend, and ‎ finally the axis (obstacles to administrative digital transformation), with an ‎arithmetic mean. (3.35) with a moderate trend degree, The results also showed that ‎there were no statistically significant differences in the attitudes of female ‎administrators at the College of Applied Studies and Community Service at King ‎Saud University towards administrative digital transformation according to the ‎variables (administrative experience and academic qualification). The study ‎recommended that the administrative leadership at the College of Applied Studies ‎and Community Service at King Saud University adopt and consolidate positive ‎attitudes among employees towards digital transformation in administrative and ‎educational work. ‎

The current research aims at identifying:‎
‎1. What is the level of social impact on the value system among university students.‎
‎2. Identifying the differences in the influence of social networking sites on the ‎value system according to:‎
‎(A) sex (males-females). (B) Field of specialization (scientific-humanistic).‎
The Research sample consists of (200) male and female students who are divided ‎into (100) male students and (100) female students. (Al-zayoun, Mulhim and Al-‎Wamleh scale, 2017) has been adopted as an instrument of the research paper, the ‎information has been by means of applying the instrument the psychometine ‎characteristics of the instrument represented by validity and reliability have been ‎verified and after processing the date statistically the researcher has come out of the ‎following findings:‎
‎1. The level of the social impact on the value system among university students was ‎of high level.‎
‎2. There are statistical significant difference according to sex for the benefit of male ‎students.‎
‎3. There are statistical significant difference according to field of specialization for ‎the benefit of humanistic stream.‎

Aims: the current research aimed to identify the level of psychological flourishing ‎and teaching competencies among middle school teachers. It also aimed to find the ‎correlation between psychological flourishing and teaching competencies among ‎middle school teachers. The sample of this study consisted of 140 female teachers ‎from eight middle schools in the city center of Baquba, Diyala Governorate.‎
Methodology: The current research adopted the descriptive correlational research ‎method for research procedures. This method is suitable for finding correlational ‎relationships between variables. Two scales were used in this study, the first to ‎measure psychological prosperity, prepared by (Rizk, 2020) and consisting of (40) ‎items divided into four components: emotional. Social, spiritual, personal, and the ‎second scale is the teaching competencies scale prepared by (Al-Shammari 2019). ‎The scale consists of (40) items distributed equally over four components that ‎represent the teaching competencies that are supposed to exist among female ‎teachers. These competencies are (cognitive competencies), (social competencies), ‎‎(Personal competencies), (Teaching and evaluation competencies), and after ‎establishing the validity and reliability of these measures, they were applied to the ‎study sample.‎
Results: The study found that female middle school teachers in the city of ‎Baqubah have psychological prosperity, and as for the teaching competencies, three ‎of them were at a high level, which are, respectively, (cognitive competencies), then ‎‎(teaching and evaluation competencies), then (personal competencies), and as for ‎‎(social competencies), they were At a moderate level, the results of the study also ‎found that there was a correlation between the dimensions of psychological ‎prosperity and the dimensions of teaching competencies, all of which were positive ‎relationships at different levels with the exception of the relationship between (the ‎ personal competencies), and (the personal dimension in the psychological prosperity ‎scale and the dimension of teaching competencies). and evaluation), as it was not ‎significant, meaning there was no relationship between them, while the highest ‎relationship recorded was between (the social dimension and social competencies) ‎with a positive relationship at a good level. As for the rest of the relationships, all of ‎them were positive relationships at the moderate level and others at the weak level. ‎As for the relationship between the two scales as a whole, it was Positive ‎relationship with the average level.‎
Conclusions: The female middle school teachers in the city of Baqubah had a good ‎level of psychological prosperity, which led to their ability to possess a sufficient ‎amount of respect, appreciation, high confidence, control their emotions and ‎feelings, and be optimistic about the future, As for the four competencies among ‎middle school teachers, three of them were at a high level (cognitive competencies), ‎then (teaching and evaluation competencies), and (personal competencies), while ‎‎(social competencies) were at a moderate level, Therefore, psychological prosperity ‎and the dimensions of teaching competencies among middle school teachers can be ‎considered two important psychological components that complement each other, ‎and this was demonstrated through the correlational relationship that links them, as ‎there were positive relationships between the two variables as a whole and at ‎different levels between the components of the two scales.‎

Aims: The study seeks to investigate the impact of Small-Group Discussions on ‎improving Iraqi University students' speaking proficiency in English as a Foreign ‎Language (EFL). This includes examining the communication between Iraqi ‎students and their interactions with native English-speaking students and students ‎from the UK and Canada. The Iraqi students now acquiring English language ‎proficiency still require more development in their oral communication abilities.‎
Methodology: Pre-test and post-test measures were employed to collect the data. A ‎quantitative data analysis method is implemented. Small group discussion is a ‎learning process in the classroom consisting of two or more students who interact ‎with each other, where each group member can express their ideas. In a small group ‎discussion, students must combine their different ideas with those of other students ‎in the same group to understand the text well.‎
Results: The results from the three hypotheses revealed a significant difference ‎from which we can conclude that the learning of the speaking skills by small group ‎discussions may create a comfortable and safe speaking environment. The study ‎recommends That teachers employ this method and actively motivate their pupils to ‎engage in these groups.‎
Conclusions: The study concluded with significant results that proved that ‎interaction with peers who speak Arabic as their mother tongue can create a useful, ‎safe and comfortable environment for speaking, and that interaction with native ‎English speakers can benefit students by getting to know different English dialects ‎as spoken by native speakers.‎

Objective: To identify the effect of the persuasive thinking strategy on the ‎acquisition of Arabic language grammar for fourth graders and the development of ‎their linguistic fluency. Method: An experimental research method with partial ‎control was used.‎
‎ The study sample consisted of (64) fourth-year science students. An achievement ‎test of the multiple-choice type consisting of (40) items was prepared, and another ‎test was prepared for linguistic fluency consisting of 50 items distributed over four ‎skills. The tests include validity, reliability, and other characteristics. ‎
Results: The experimental group outperformed the control group in the ‎achievement and linguistic fluency tests. There are differences between the pre- and ‎post-applications of the linguistic fluency test and in favor of the post-application.‎
‎ Conclusion: The positive effect of the persuasive thinking strategy as a teaching ‎method in increasing achievement compared to the usual method among fourth year ‎scientific students in Arabic grammar. And The magnitude of the effect of the ‎persuasive thinking strategy on the academic achievement of fourth grade students ‎in Arabic grammar and linguistic fluency was large.‎

The aim of the current research is to measure self-efficacy in managing a culturally ‎responsive classroom among middle school teachers, and to determine the statistical ‎significance of the difference in self-efficacy in managing a culturally responsive ‎classroom according to the variable years of service (less than 5 years - more than 5 ‎years). The current research was limited to a sample of (360) teachers in government ‎morning schools in the center of Babylon Governorate for the academic year (2022-‎‎2023). To achieve the research objectives, the researcher used the self-efficacy scale ‎in culturally responsive classroom management prepared by Kamau et al. (2015), ‎which consists of (20) paragraphs. After verifying the validity and stability of the ‎scale, it was applied to the research sample, and through the use of the statistical ‎program (SPSS), the research reached the following results: - The presence of self-‎efficacy in managing a culturally responsive classroom among middle school ‎teachers, and the presence of a statistical difference in self-efficacy in managing a ‎culturally responsive classroom. According to the years of service and for the ‎benefit of teachers who have 5 years of service or more. A number of ‎recommendations and proposals have been developed in light of these findings of ‎the current research.‎