Iraqi Journal of Science

Titanium dioxide nanotube arrays (TiO2 NTAs) were successfully decorated with nanoclusters of cobalt by an electrochemical deposition method. This Co TiO2 NTAs nanostructure exhibited high compatibility with aluminum chloride\ chloroacetamide (an ionic liquid) and calcium chloride dihydrate\ acetamide (a deep eutectic solvent), leading to significant improvements in the electrochemical properties of the system. Significantly, this led to a discernible augmentation in both potential and current values, concomitant with a decrease in internal resistance. The presence of cobalt facilitated a faster transfer of electric charge, enhancing the overall efficiency of the system. Moreover, the incorporation of cobalt exhibited a beneficial effect on the preservation of ideal operational temperatures in the electric cells. The temperature remained below the permissible limit during both the charging and discharging processes. The utilization of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X ray spectroscopy (EDX) provided comprehensive visualization of the Co TiO2 NTAs surface.

study developed two electrodes using molecularly imprinted polymers (MIP) for the selective recognition of Diazepam (DZP). Ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA) was employed as the cross-linking monomer to polymerize allyl bromide, which acted as the functional monomer. DZP was used as the template molecule during the polymerization process to introduce recognition sites in the polymer matrix complementary to its size, shape and functional groups. For comparison, non-imprinted polymers (NIP) were also synthesized using an identical combination of EGDMA and Allyl bromide as the MIP, but without the incorporation of the DZP template. Evaluations are conducted on the slop is 29.31258 and 25.818933, linearity range (M) 5×10-5-1×10-2,5×10-5-1×10-2, correlation coefficient 0.9964,0.9994 and the detection limit (M)5.5×10-6 - 5×10-6 relatively for DIA-MIP electrodes. Selectivity tests were performed for the interfering cations Al3+, Ca2+ and K+, which showed no inhibition of diazepam detection by the proposed electrode. The generated MIP electrode exhibited promising analytical characteristics, such as good selectivity against common interfering species.

A new colorimetric-flow injection method has been developed and validated for the detection of Cefotaxime sodium in pharmaceutical formulations. This method stands out for its rapid and sensitive nature. The formation of a brown-colored complex between Cefotaxime sodium and the Biuret reagent in a highly alkaline environment serves as the basis for the detection. The intensity of this colored complex is measured using a custom-built Continuous Flow Injection Analyzer, enabling accurate quantification of Cefotaxime sodium. Optimization studies of the chemical and physical parameters such as dilution of Biuret reagent, effect of the medium basicity, flow rate, sample loop and others have been investigated. The calibration graph was linear in the range of 10-650 μg.ml-1 for each blue & green light source, with correlation coefficient r = 0.9509 & 0.9991 for blue & green respectively. The limit of detection was 5 μg.ml-1 for diluting the lowest concentration in the calibration graph. The RSD% was less than 0.7% for 50 and 100 μg.ml-1 (n=6) concentration of Cefotaxime sodium in each light source. Cefotaxime sodium was successfully determined using the proposed approach in two pharmaceutical products. the conventional approach (UV-spectrophotometry at wavelength 388 nm) and the newly devised method analyses were compared using the conventional add approach and the t-test at a 95% confidence level revealed that there was no discernible difference between the two procedures.

A novel compound, 8-[(E)-(3-hydroxyphenyl)diazenyl]-1,3-dimethyl-3,7-dihydro-1H-purine-2,6-dione (PAT), was synthesized via the diazotization and coupling reaction of m-amino phenol with theophylline. In addition, complexes of the ligand (PAT) with [Ce (IV) and La (III)] were synthesized. The structural features of the synthesized compounds were examined using several spectroscopic techniques including elemental analyses [CHN], Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), UV-Visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis) and proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H NMR). Other characterization techniques employed were magnetic measurement, molar conductance data, thermal analysis (thermogravimetric analysis, TGA), inductive coupled plasma (ICP), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Through the FTIR study, it was found that the PAT ligand behaves as a neutral N,N- bidentate ligand and that the two complexes have octahedral coordination geometry with six coordination sites. The ligand and its complexes were assessed as antioxidant by DPPH free radical scavenging with ascorbic acid as a positive control for comparative with the synthesized compounds which were appeared good activities, also all compounds were tested for their antibacterial activity via disk diffusion method (MIC) at two concentration (50 mg/ml and 100 mg/mol) they had varying effectiveness compared to amoxicillin as reference

This study set out to assess the ecological states to show that the Main Outfall Drain and the Southern Marsh are viable for irrigation use and the preservation of aquatic life. Water quality conditions at four sites were evaluated using the weight model. Samples were taken monthly to calculate the water quality index (WQI) for two seasons, summer of 2021 and winter of 2022. Twenty-six parameters were chosen to apply the WQI: Cl-, CO3-, HCO32-, Ca2+, Mg2+, pH, electrical conductivity (EC), NO3, NO2, NH3, Na+, K+, dissolved Oxygen (DO), water temperature (WT), total dissolved solids (TDS), Mn, Ni, Pb, Fe, Cr, Zn, Cd, Cu, sodium absorption ratio (SAR), residual sodium carbonate (RSC) andsoluble sodium percent (SSP).
High levels of Cl, TDS, Cu and Pb were found in all sites during both seasons, and their concentrations were beyond the aquatic life protection criterion. Cl-, Mg2+, pH, EC, Na+, Cu and Cd were above the permissible limit for irrigation uses.
The results of the index for protection of aquatic life and irrigation uses ranged between 72.12–372.47 and 131.24–158.1 respectively. The WQI's ultimate rating ranged from very poor to unfit for both purposes. Therefore, only tolerant species may find this water quality acceptable which is insufficient to support the presence of diverse aquatic life.

Breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer and a leading cause of cancer mortality among females worldwide. The recruitment of less invasive serum protein electrophoresis and serum breast cancer tumor markers as monitoring factors for patient response to therapy is still controversial. Hence, the present study aimed to designate serum protein electrophoresis pattern of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), carcinoma antigens (CA125 and CA 15-3) as novel biomarkers in monitoring breast cancer patients under and post radiotherapy or chemotherapy. Samples included 23 breast cancer women patients after mastectomy and under or post chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Tumor markers CEA, CA 15-3, and CA 125 were measured by using electrochemiluminescence method used in Cobas ®. Total serum protein was performed by using commercially available kits suitable with semiautomated chemistry analyzer. Quantitative estimation of serum proteins was accomplished by agarose serum protein electrophoresis. Serum total proteins showed a non-significant increase in under and post therapy compared with healthy control. A significant decrease in serum albumin level (p<0.0001) was observed in under and post therapy patients. Additionally, serum gamma globulins and alpha-2 globulins levels showed significant increase in under and post therapy patients. Alpha-1, alpha2, gamma globulin fractions, CA 125 and CA-15-3 showed the highest sensitivity and specificity.

Breast cancer is a heterogeneous disease with a significant impact of genes involved in apoptosis. Hence, this study aims to assess the contribution of programmed cell death protein 4(PDCD4) miR-21, miR-449b and PDCD4 genes polymorphism in breast cancer pathogenicity. A total of 180 blood samples were collected from Iraqi women aged between 15-80 years, 120 samples were included from breast cancer patients (divided into two groups of 60 patients under treatment and 60 post treatments and recovery) then 60 healthy women as a control group. The extracted genomic DNA was amplified by PCR technique for the loci of interest and PCR products of the tested samples were genotyped using TaqMan real time fluorescent oligonucleotide for SNPs analysis. PDCD4 protein concentration in serum was estimated utilizing ELISA. The results showed significant association (P = 0.016) of miR-449b rs10061133:A>G polymorphism (AA, AG and GG) on the PDCD4 serum levels (3.62 ng/L, 4.75 ng/L and 2.58 ng/L respectively). PDCD4 serum showed to differ significantly (p = 0.001) among the investigated groups: treatment (5.39 ng/L), post-treatment (3.42ng/L), and control (3.19 ng/L). An evaluation of the effects of breast cancer risk factors on the studied parameter revealed that breastfeeding appears to significantly influence PDCD4 serum levels. Women who breastfed exhibited a mean PDCD4 concentration of 4.40 ng/L, compared to 3.25 ng/L for those who did not breastfeed (P=0.026). Additionally, the AUC value (0.7) suggests that PDCD4 protein could be a good predictive marker for treatment response. Overall, the phenotypic expression of PDCD4 demonstrated to be significantly influenced by polymorphisim of PDCD4, miR-21 and miR-449b SNPs, with a considerable impact of breastfeeding in increasing PDCD4 levels that could be utilized to promote breast cancer prevention strategies

Nigerian fermented food is characterized by high carbohydrate concentration. Widely spread yeast strains in the local fermented food waste amass traits useful to biofuel industry. This study aims to identify, characterize and assess the level of stress tolerance of local yeast strains residing in food waste produced from Nigerian "fufu," a fermented cassava product. Through the use of morphological, cellular, and amplification of TS1/ITS4 and D1/D2 rDNA sequencing, the yeast strains were identified. To test the yeast strains' resilience to stress, different concentrations of ethanol (15% - 20%v/v), sugar (5% - 25%w/v), and temperatures (30°C - 45°C) were applied. Out of the eight yeast strains, the isolate Y4, also known as Kazachstania pseudohumilis Y4 (Accession number: ON876535:1), was most promising since it could withstand ethanol at 15% and 20% (v/v). The strain showed tolerance to glucose at 20% (w/v) and temperatures (30°C-45°C). The carbohydrate-rich fermented food waste was a valuable source of stress-tolerant yeast, a vital resource for the bioethanol industry.

Breast cancer is the most frequently diagnosed disease in women and remains a leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. The small non-coding RNA molecule, MicroRNA-208 (miR-208), plays a crucial role in the development and advancement of numerous malignancies, including breast cancer. This study aimed to investigate miR-208 potential as an oncogene in breast cancer by examining its impact on cell motility and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Tissue samples from 25 Iraqi women with malignant breast cancer and 25 with benign breast cancer were analysed. Total RNA was extracted from the samples and real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was performed using SYBR Green technology to measure miR-208 expression levels. Tissue samples from both benign and malignant tumours were analysed to determine U6 gene expression. The analysis showed that the typical Ct values for benign and malignant samples were 29.83 and 29.67 respectively. No significant difference in U6 expression levels was detected between benign and malignant tumours. However, upon comparing the initial malignant and the benign tumours samples, miRNA-208 ΔΔCT values were found to be substantially lower (-7.105 and -0.781 respectively) with a p-value of less than 0.05. The study found that malignant tumours had a significantly higher miRNA-208 folding value (2.896±) compared to benign tumours which had substantially lower miRNA-208 folding values (1.591 ±0.37). The study also found that the differences were statistically significant (p-value = 1.292*). In conclusion, the study found evidence linking miR-208 to the CDH2 gene, indicating its role in the development and susceptibility to breast cancer in certain Iraqi women.

Background: Klebsiella pneumoniae is a common pathogen that causes nosocomial infections. The efflux pump, antibiotic resistance and the capacity to form biofilm are significant virulence factors of K. pneumoniae that play an essential role in infection persistence. The aim of this study was to determine the distribution of acrAB-tolC efflux pump genes and whether there is a link between these genes with antibiotic resistance and biofilm formation in K. pneumoniae isolated from various clinical sources. Methods: In total, 174 different clinical samples were collected from Baghdad hospitals. Based on morphological
characteristics, culture media, and biochemical tests, only 97 were identified as K. pneumoniae. Diagnostic results were confirmed using the Vitek-2 system and molecular diagnosis by the 16SrRNA gene. The sensitivity of the isolates to fourteen antibiotics was tested. The ability of the most resistant isolates to produce biofilms was also examined. Efflux pump genes (acrA, acrB and tolC) were investigated by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Results: All isolates (100%) were found to be resistant to ampicillin and amoxicillin-clavulanate. On the other hand, the resistance percentage to cefotaxime was 95.87%, while tigecycline had the lowest resistance rate of 11.43%. In addition, the ability of bacteria to produce biofilms varied as 63.07% were found to be strong, 29.23% were moderate, 7.69% were weak, and 23.52% were non-biofilm-producing. According to the findings, the percentages of acrA, acrB, and tolC in the genotype detection assay for efflux pump genes were 100%, 95.08%, and 85.1% respectively. Conclusion: A close connection was detected between efflux pumps, biofilm formation and antibiotic resistance.

The present study was designed to examine single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of CTLA4 (rs231775) and NOD2/CARD15 (rs104895467) genes profiles that are related to etiology and pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in two groups of Iraqi patients (Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC)). The frequency of the allele and genotypes were determined using polymerase chain reaction (PCR-RFLP) and then confirmed by sequence analysis. For CTLA4 (rs231775) SNP comparing IBD patients to controls revealed some significant variations. The GG genotype demonstrated a significant increased incidence in IBD patients than controls (62.4vs. 0.0%; OR = 238.69; pc = 5.7x10-9). In contrast, the AA genotype (14.1vs. 77.8%; OR = 0.05; pc= 8.5x10-9) appeared to have a decreased frequency in patients. Such as the A allele observed significantly decreased frequency in IBD patients compared to controls (25.9vs. 89.0%; OR = 0.04; pc = 6.6x10-9). While the G allele showed a significantly increased frequency in patients (74.1vs. 11.0%; OR = 22.91; pc=6.6x10-9). And for the NOD2/CARD15 (rs104895467) SNP indicated no significant association with the IBD. The genotype frequencies of the CTLA4 and NOD2/CARD15 SNPs also showed no significant variation between CD and UC patients.

Psoriasis is a common, persistent papulosquamous skin illness that affects people of all ages and has a high societal and personal burden. It is associated with various serious medical conditions like depression, psoriatic arthritis, and cardiometabolic syndrome. Interleukin-36a (IL-36a) is a key molecule in inflammation, coordinating the activation of critical pro-inflammatory cytokines and immune cells. The current study involved 84 Iraqi psoriatic patients (PoS) and 67 healthy controls. Real-time PCR and sequencing techniques were used to evaluate the gene expression and polymorphism of two SNPs (rs2305152 A/C and rs895497 G/A) of the IL-36a gene. The findings revealed that the IL-36a gene was up-regulated in psoriatic patients (1.29 [IQR: 1.12-1.55]) compared to healthy individuals. When we looked at how IL-36a gene activity varied based on specific genetic variations, only rs2305152 had a significant effect; the CC genotype was associated with significantly higher expression compared to the AA genotype (2.12 [IQR: 1.57-3.47] vs. 1.15 [IQR: 1.04-1.47]; p = 0.009). The genotypes of the SNPs showed that the AC genotype of IL-36a SNP rs2305152 (A/C) and GA genotype in rs895497 (G/A) presented a significantly amplified incidence in patients with psoriasis in comparison with the healthy control, and the associated OR values were 17.91 and 0.10, respectively. Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium value of SNP rs2305152 (A/C) was p-HWE = 0.033 in PsO. The haplotypes (rs2305152 A/C and rs895497 G/A) of the IL36A gene showed high significance. The results showed that the linkage disequilibrium values of IL-36a SNPs rs2305152 and rs895497 had a correlation coefficient value of R2 = 0.09 and an LD coefficient value of D' = 0.68, indicating that certain genetic variation (AC for rs2305152 and GA for rs895497) were more common in psoriasis patients compared to the control group, suggesting a potential association with the condition. This study suggests that the genetic variation rs2305152 (A/C) in the IL-36a gene may play a role in the risk of psoriasis.

This work investigates the chemical and physical properties of water activated by Hybrid plasma, using argon gas. Two ways were used to activate the water: the first one was done by mixing the argon gas and air at atmospheric pressure at two flow rates of 0.7 and 1.0 L/min, and the second, used only atmospheric air. To study the physical and chemical properties of water, 10 cm3 of distilled water was placed in a container made of glass in the form of a dish with a diameter of 5 cm and 1 cm depth; an AC sinewave voltage of 12 kV, a frequency of 20 kHz, and power of 36 watts was used; the exposure time ranged from 1-30 minutes. The generated RONS (oxygen nitrogen reactive species) were quantified utilizing tools designed specifically for this objective. The results showed that NO2, NO3 and H2O2 concentrations increased with the exposure time but they decreased with the increases the flow rate. The water pH in both methods decreased with the exposure time until it reached 2.3; the water temperature increased reaching 51.7°C with the first method and 50.6°C with the second method. The pH increased with the storage time, and the plasma activated water (PAW) reached the natural pH value of 7 after 24 hours of storage. From these findings, it can be concluded that Hybrid plasma discharge can produce RONS that may be applied in biological applications.

The study area is located in the Missan governorate in southeastern Iraq including oilfields (Halfaya, Noor, and Amara). Each field was previously studied separately, it was found that the structures were anticline folds. In this study, the three oilfields and the area between them will be studied structurally in one study to find out the extension of the structural axis of these structures within the Lower Cretaceous period, using 2D seismic reflection data. Seismic data improvement was carried out by using some attributes (structural smoothing, second derivative, phase shift, and trace AGC) to increase the visibility, accuracy, and signal-to-noise ratio. Also, the mis-tie correction was performed to match the interpretation pick at the intersection points of the seismic section. Depending on the 2D seismic reflection interpretation, and based on the well velocity survey, sonic and estimated density logs were used to make a synthetic seismogram of well Am-2. Two horizons were identified and picked (top Zubair and top Ratawi formations) within the Lower Cretaceous period. Two-way time and depth maps (3D structural model) were conducted for the picked reflectors to show the structural model of the subsurface formations. The structural interpretation shows two structural axes in the study area. The first one is the Halfaya Amara axis whose direction is WNW ESE corresponding with Amara structure. Due to the tectonic effect on the Halfaya structure, this axis deviates in the southeast direction. Another tectonic force affected the Halfaya structure in the NW SE direction leading to the appearance of a branch of a convex extension towards the north from the middle of the Halfaya structure as a nose and directed towards the Noor structure. The second axis of Halfaya Noor is in the direction of NW SE. Application of the instantaneous phase attribute detects the sag which represents a decrease in seismic velocity in addition to a flat spot representing the seismic response of hydrocarbon water contact, and a bright spot in the seismic section is considered a (DHI).

The Heavy Metal Pollution Index (HMPI) has been used to assess the quality of surface and groundwater drinking water in the Hawija region, where residents use groundwater for drinking. Forty groundwater samples were collected from the Hawija region's wells and analyzed in the Acme Laboratories in Canada. The results of this study were compared with the Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) and the World Health Organization's (WHO) classification of water quality and its suitability for different uses. Five samples (12.5%) had low pollution levels during the low flow season, 26 samples (65%) had medium levels, and nine samples (22.5%) had high levels. Thirty samples, a mean of 75% of the total groundwater samples obtained during the high flow season, were rated as having low pollution, while ten samples (25%) were rated as having medium pollution. This shows that a large portion of the groundwater samples in the study area are impermissible for human consumption. In the low-flow season, the HMPI values ranged from 8.38 to 148.68, with a mean of 32.43 in the high-flow season, they ranged from 3.55 to 29.23, with a mean of 8.54. The HMPI values of surface water ranged from 3.75 to 77.64 and had a mean of 26.101 during the low-flow season, whereas they varied from 4.19 to 26.35 and had a mean of 11.25 during the high-flow season.

The study area holds great importance as it is situated in the historically significant region of Karbala, one of the most religious centers in the entire Islamic world. The Al-Hussein and Al-Abbas holy shrines are religious and archaeological sites, for more than 600 years ago. Karbala has more importance for all Islamic peoples because it is the place of Al-Imam Al-Hussein and his brother Al-Abbas holy shrines and martyr graves of Al-Hussein family and friends whom they had martyred beside him in Al-Tuff battle in the year 61 hijri. The word Karbala means soft earth, but historically, it meant life and safety. According to old Iraqi language the name of Karbala was country of safety.
Ghaidan building is located at the center of Karbala about 100 km south of Baghdad. It is a modern building that was built in 2020 on soil containing the ruins of an old building. The area of the building is 71 m2 and its dimensions are 6.20m 11.45m. A differential settlement of the soil occurred due to the dewatering process for a nearby building, which led to the withdrawal of fine soil particles and consequently the occurrence of cavities, and then differential settlement, which led to its inclination towards the southeast. The main purpose of conducting a Ground Penetrating Radar survey is to identify areas of weakness in the soil underneath the foundation of the building. The presence of cavities and weak zones in the soil underneath the foundation caused a movement of the building structure towards the southeastern side, which represents the front part of the building. It is indicated that the soil underneath the foundation down to 5.5 m is relatively loose (i.e., not compacted), which causes differential settlement and affects, to a large extent, the building structures.

The study area is located within the Mesopotamian Basin, the habitat of several oil fields that extract hydrocarbons from NW-SE-trending anticline formations parallel to the Zagros folding belt. The study aimed to determine if discrepancies in bubble pressure values were caused by faults or reefs using historical matching of gas production. The study revealed a distinct Mishrif reservoir seismic graph and seismic reflectors exhibiting many severe discontinuities, indicating the presence of a reef or fault. Field production data matched the fault case more consistently than the reef case during reservoir simulation, as per the well results (C37P, C43P, C46P). The history-matching simulation confirmed the two faults and rejected the reef. After seismic interpretation and historical matching, the Mishrif reservoir has two faults that were the cause of the bubble point pressure discrepancy during production operations. This method is suitable for discovering geological structures and deformations that cause bubble pressure differences for use by other researchers.

Al-Najaf refinery produces many pollutants from fuel combustion, such as fumes and gases, which lead to heavy metal pollution in the soil. This research aims to study the pollution factors in the soil surrounding the refinery. Five soil samples were collected from different sites to analyse five heavy metals (Ni, Zn, Co, Cr, and Pb) to determine the chemical pollution level. The results found that the percentage of the metal (Co) in site No.3 was the highest due to its presence near the oil flame and toward the direction of the wind. Three different indices were applied to detect pollution levels: geo accumulation index (I-geo), pollution load index (PLI) and contamination factor (CF). The I-geo for Co, Cr, and Pb showed class 1 relative values, which indicated the sites were only slight pollution, while the I-geo for Zn showed class 2 relative values, which indicated moderate ranges of pollution, and the I-geo for Ni showed class 6 relative values, which indication extremely pollution sites. While the contamination factor for Zn was classed as class 2, indicating moderate contamination, the contamination factors for Co, Cr, Pb, and Ni were all rated as class 1, which indicates low contamination values. PLI levels in all investigated sites categorised as class 1 indicate no pollution (perfection). The gases released by the predominant wind impacted the metal percentage distribution pattern.

The magnetic properties of street dust in the north and south of Baghdad, Iraq, have been studied. Fifty soil samples have been collected from heavily Traffic streets. Mass-specific magnetic susceptibility (χ), frequency-dependent susceptibility (χfd%), anhysteretic remanent magnetization (χarm), saturation isothermal remanent magnetization (SIRM), and thermomagnetic analyses were investigated. Mass-specific magnetic susceptibility (χ) is 72.86 × 10-8 m3kg-1 and 98.31 × 10-8 m3kg-1 for northern Baghdad (BN) and southern Baghdad (BR) (mean values), respectively. χ is well correlated with χarm with correlation coefficients (R2) of 0.96 and 0.83 for BN and BR, respectively. Grain size analyses show the existence of single-domain (SD) magnetite and maybe a small portion or absence of superparamagnetic (SP) grains in the samples. Thermomagnetic analyses clearly show a dramatic drop in the curve around 580°C during heating, which is the Curie temperature of magnetite. Results of concentration-dependent parameters, grain size, coercivity, and thermomagnetic analyses show the dominance of a soft magnetic phase like magnetite and the existence of a hard magnetic phase like hematite or goethite.

The main purpose of this article is to introduce two different new basic analogue of the four parameters Mittag-Leffler function. Some q-integral representations and q-Mellin transforms for these q-analogues are derived. We have also obtained Riemann Liouville-type, Weyl-type and Kober-type fractional q-integrals and q-derivatives for these q-analogues of the four parameter Mittag-Leffler functions as the applications in q-fractional calculus.

This research aims to construct a stage-structured mathematical model to evaluate the impact of time delay on infectious disease control. The solution's characteristics are described. Every possible equilibrium point has been determined. The local stability of all equilibrium points for time delay values is investigated. It has been shown that the Hopf bifurcation takes place in the vicinity of the endemic equilibrium point. The periodic dynamics' stability and direction are investigated. Numerical simulations were provided to confirm the theoretical findings and understand the effects of varying parameter values.

Associate graph is said to be idempotent divisor graph with vertices set V( , if any two non- zero elements and are adjacent if and only if . , where is an idempotent element not equal 1. In this work we study and introduce the extended idempotent divisor graph that is for any two non-zero elements and adjacent if =e , where and e an idempotent element not equal one, and we give some results for properties such as diameter and the girth of this graph. Also, we investigated rings isomorphic to direct product two finite local rings.

Some topological games with soft set theory became important in real life techniques, especially, in economics. Throughout the present work, we introduce new types of soft sets, say, - - -open sets and some of their investigations are studied. In addition, some new kinds of soft separation axioms will be defined, and their implications are studied. Finally, numerous sorts of soft topological games that depend on soft separation axioms are investigated. We prove the important conditions that the first and second players win the proposed games.

In this paper, a numerical and analytical treatment for the heat irreversibility of thermal radiation and Ohmic heating on the Williamson fluid problem is investigated with various physical parameters and the new initial conditions that pose arbitrary constants. The governing equations are transformed into dimensionless formulas, and the ordinary differential equations obtained are then solved using the BVP4c and the differential transform method (DTM). The heat irreversibility analysis is achieved by substituting the obtained results into entropy generation and Bejan number expressions. The results of numerical solutions are compared with the results of analytical solutions for various parameters. Fluid motion is reduced by the increasing values of the thermal radiation parameter, the magnetic parameter and the Reynolds number. In addition, it is worth noting that, except for the Weissenberg and Prandtl numbers, all of the flow parameters under investigation contribute to the augmentation of fluid temperature. Furthermore, it should be noted that the formation of entropy is heightened near the upper wall of the channel for all parameters, except for the magnetic field parameter.

This paper suggests a combination of continuous distributions based on Truncated Gompertz-G (TGO -gd[0,1]) and Truncated Gompertz-Weibull (TGO-wd) distributions. Some of the main properties of the suggested combination such as the distribution function (cdf), the probability function (pdf), survival function (Sf), hazard function (Hrf), quintile function (Qf), moment generating function (mgf), skewness ,, kurtosis , entropy, and maximum likelihood estimator (MLE) for the proposed combination of TGO-wd[0,1] have been presented. An experimental estimation is also studied to determine the efficiency of the proposed distributions. The MLE method is used to estimate the parameters of the distributions which represents an important part of obtaining standard information that is used to know the efficiency of the proposed distribution after application. According to the proposed distribution through one real data set, the capabilities of the proposed family show greater flexibility compared to other models.

The aim of this paper to presented a class of interesting fuzzy integral nonlinear equations involving nonlinear fuzzy function of other multi fuzzy nonlinear functions that presented in fist time, the formula under study is an interesting type of a fuzzy nonlinear Volterra integral equation which defined on fuzzy numbers that has lower and upper functions. The Housdorf fuzzy metric space on fuzzy numbers and a fuzzy metric space on a fuzzy continuous functions and the space of all uniform modulus of absolutely fuzzy continuous functions have been given in details. Also the observer results investigated on parameter cases of fuzzy problem formulation, some necessary and sufficient conditions of boundedness and locally Lipschitz for different fuzzy functions and differential of them and also using Leibnitz rule for presented fuzzy problem formulation. The locally existence and uniqueness solutions in the space of all uniform modulus of absolutely fuzzy continuous functions which is generalized of fuzzy number space and established on contraction condition which proved by using the properties of fuzzy metric space this certain space. Also used concept of fuzzy Riemann integral and normed function to prove interesting results and illustrated in some examples to clear the proposal fuzzy integral nonlinear equations has a solution in certain fuzzy space that in firstly explained with different metrics spaces and normed properties and satisfied all the hypothesis for the component of the equation and obtain the estimations of the suggested conditions on certain fuzzy metrics as a stuffiest condition for grantee the assuming equations has a fuzzy solution with their lower and upper parameters.

The aim of this study is to present the concept of closed coessential submodule and closed coclosed submodule, the consideration of certain properties. Allow ???? be a ring with identity and define ???? as a left ???? module on the left, with ???? and ???? acting as its submodules, in that sense ,????≤????≤???? then ???? is called closed
coessential submodule in ???? of ???? (???? ≤????.???????? ???? ) , if ???????? ≪c ???????? .
On the other hand, a submodule ???? of ???? is known as closed coclosed submodule, if ???? is closed coessential submodule of ???? in ????. Finally, in this article we introduce some properties of these types of submodules under some conditions which are in analogy with the known properties for coessential and coclosed submodules properties. And we discuss the relation between them with the examples and remarks are needed in our work.

Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) have emerged as crucial components of 5G Internet of Things (IoT) networks, expanding coverage and capacity in various applications. While prior research has extensively examined the impact of power control factor adjustments on UAV uplink transmission, limited attention has been devoted to UAV downlink transmission, which is vital for seamless connectivity and quality of service. In this study, we address this research gap by investigating the effects of reduced power control factors on UAV downlink transmission. We use MATLAB simulations to model how user equipment (UE) is randomly placed in a UAV network. We then check the coverage probability and spectral efficiency for UAV altitudes between 200 and 500 m, taking into account different power control factors in the downlink transmission. Our findings show that a certain threshold of 0.05 for the power control factor keeps coverage probabilities at different heights, making sure that served UEs have enough signal strength. Surprisingly, there is no significant change in spectral efficiency when compared to the baseline results. This means that lowering the power control factor does not hurt spectral efficiency in UAV downlink transmission. These results help us figure out how to make UAV communication work better in 5G IoT networks. They also help us make smart choices about how to change the power to make up for lost downlink signals while keeping the quality of service high. Moreover, our study lays the groundwork for future research in UAV deployment and communication optimization within advanced wireless networks.

The exchange of data between customers and organizations has become a major target for hackers who seek to illegally access this data, compromising the three main components of security information: confidentiality, integrity, and availability (CIA). Structured query language injection (SQLI) is one of the most common forms of cyberattack. However, most of the previous research has only looked at SQLI attacks that target web-based applications. There hasn't been much time to sort the kind of SQLI payload that the client sent into the vast amounts of data needed to create machine learning models. Additionally, there hasn't been a study that looks at the risks of machine learning models making mistakes and how they affect the three information security principles.
To address this gap, this research aims to create a model that serves as an intermediate protective interface that is a link between the customer's layers and the database server to improve security during communication from SQLI attacks. Additionally, it shortens the time required to identify the client's request type. Finally, study the impact of false predictions of machine learning algorithms on CIA. The proposed method is to train a model using a logistics regression technique (LR) with the Spark ML library that works to process big data containing SQL payloads (harmful and benign).
Comparing our proposed model with previous studies, the results obtained show that the proposed model achieved outstanding results, with an accuracy ratio of 98.10%, a precision ratio of 98.13%, a call ratio of 98.10%, and an F1 index of 98.10%. The results also showed that the time needed to detect and prevent such attacks was only 00.09 seconds.

The QS World University Rankings have become the most widely used basis for comparing universities across the world. Selecting a university is a difficult decision, and this may be particularly true for international students. The rankings of universities have been designed to help students make more informed choices. Informed decision institutions face challenges in analyzing huge data volumes and ensuring generalizability. This study presents a hybrid deep learning model (CNN-LSTM) that addresses these issues, minimizing data requirements and ensuring compatibility. The proposed hybrid deep learning model was compared with five other machine learning models. It demonstrated the highest efficiency, with a mean squared error of 0.0144 and an accuracy of 98.5%.

Evolutionary algorithms are better than heuristic algorithms at finding protein complexes in protein-protein interaction networks (PPINs). Many of these algorithms depend on their standard frameworks, which are based on topology. Further, many of these algorithms have been exclusively examined on networks with only reliable interaction data. The main objective of this paper is to extend the design of the canonical and topological-based evolutionary algorithms suggested in the literature to cope with noisy PPINs. The design of the evolutionary algorithm is extended based on the functional domain of the proteins rather than on the topological domain of the PPIN. The gene ontology annotation in each molecular function, biological process, and cellular component is used to get the functional domain. The reliability of the proposed algorithm is examined against the algorithms proposed in the literature. To this end, a yeast protein-protein interaction dataset is used in the assessment of the final quality of the algorithms. To make fake negative controls of PPIs that are wrongly informed and are linked to the high-throughput interaction data, different noisy PPINs are created. The noisy PPINs are synthesized with a different and increasing percentage of misinformed PPIs. The results confirm the effectiveness of the extended evolutionary algorithm design to utilize the biological knowledge of the gene ontology. Feeding EA design with GO annotation data improves reliability and produces more accurate detection results than the counterpart algorithms.

Landslide susceptibility maps are essential for planning and dealing with natural disasters in mountainous areas. Soran City, Iraq, was selected to use pairwise comparison models to produce the landslide area's susceptibility map. Three data sources were used to create a landslide inventory map: a satellite image, a field investigation, and previous studies. The satellite image utilized in this investigation is LANDSAT-8, downloaded from the USGS website, consisting of 11 bands with 16-days and 30 m temporal and spatial resolutions, respectively. Consequently, 72 landslides were identified and mapped, with 53 (70%) chosen randomly to create the landslide susceptibility model and the remaining 19 (30%) used to validate the models. Eight landslide conditioning factors were studied to build pairwise comparison models to produce a landslide susceptibility map. These factors encompass slope aspect, slope degree, land use, elevation, curvature, NDVI, road distance, and distance to stream. Consequently, the area under the curve (AUC) analysis showed that the measure of the level of disorder in the model with an AUC value of 0.7 has the maximum prediction accuracy at 73.3 %. The susceptibility maps generated by Pairwise comparison models produce an accurate prediction of the susceptibility of the Kamarbandi Soran-Papshtia road segment to landslides, which can be used as a tool for planning land use and reducing disasters.