Sport culture

The study aimed at:
• Identify the effect of short performance endurance exercises on the fatigue index of experimental group players.
• Identify the effect of short performance endurance exercises on the fatigue index by post-test between the experimental and control group players.
The experimental approach was used for its suitability and the nature of the research, and the experiment was carried out on a sample of the youth players of Al-Sharqat Sports Club in football, numbering (30) players and the ages of (17-19) years, and the research included the design of a training curriculum in the style of exercises that withstand short performance, and the researcher used the following statistical means :(arithmetic mean, standard deviation, test (T) for associated samples, test (T) for non-independent samples, percentage).
The researcher reached several of the following conclusions:
• Short performance endurance exercises have significantly improved the fatigue index of the experimental group.
• The curriculum prepared by the trainer did not develop the fatigue index of the control group.
• The experimental group achieved better development than the control group that used the trainer's prepared curriculum in the fatigue index.

Tennis is an activity practiced today by many people because of its great demand from a wide segment of society due to its beauty, the strength of its skills, and the pleasure of practicing it, including university students. The research dealt with a group of exercises that are concerned with developing the trunk and hip muscles, which have a large and important role in executing ground strokes in tennis. The research sample consisted of: Three players represent the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences/Tikrit University tennis team for the 2023-2024 academic season. The study aimed to:
- Identifying the significance of the differences between the pre- and post-tests in some aspects of force
- Identifying the significance of the differences between the pre-test and post-test in tennis ground strokes
The study achieved the fulfillment of the set hypotheses, as the development occurring in some aspects of strength (power characterized by speed, force extension) of the torso muscles resulted in a development in the skill of groundstrokes in tennis.

The research aims to:
- Identify the effect of the learning cycle strategy (7E’S) in learning a number of basic basketball skills for students.
- Detect the significance of the differences between the results of the pre- and post-tests for the experimental and control research groups in learning a number of basic basketball skills for students.
- Detect the significance of the differences between the results of the post-tests for the experimental and control research groups in learning a number of basic basketball skills for students.
To verify the research objectives, the researchers hypothesized the following:
- The existence of significant differences between the pre- and post-tests for the experimental and control groups in learning a number of basic basketball skills for students.
- There are significant differences between the results of the two post-tests of the experimental and control research groups in learning a number of basic basketball skills for students.

The study aimed at the following:
- Preparing special exercises according to the phosphagen system for some physical variables for young football players.
- Identify the effect of special exercises according to the phosphagen system on some physical variables of young football players.
The researchers used the experimental approach and the design of the two groups (control and experimental) with pre- and post-tests, the research community was determined by the players of the Baghdad youth football education teams, while the research sample is the first Karkh youth football education team, numbering (30) players and ages (16-18) years for the season (2023-2024) and (20) players were randomly divided by (lottery) into two groups equal in number, and a number of tests related to the variables under research were used to obtain the data and the data was processed by the statistical bag (SPSS) from In order to reach the results that serve the objectives of the research.
The researchers reached a number of conclusions, namely:
‒ Special exercises achieved a positive effect on the development of physical abilities of the experimental group players when comparing the results of the pre- and post-tests.
‒ Special exercises according to the phosphagen system positively affect the physical variables and develop faster than the traditional regimen.

The research aims at the following:
- Designing a special tool to learn the technical performance to cross the barrier
Preparing special exercises using the tool designed to develop barrier crossing
- Identifying the effect of exercises using the designed tool on achievement
The researcher assumed the following:
- There are statistically significant differences between the results of the pre and posttests between the experimental and control groups in the level of technical performance to pass the barrier using the exercises of the designed tool.
- There are statistically significant differences between the results of the pre and posttests between the experimental and control groups and the level of achievement of the 110m hurdles run.
The researcher uses the experimental approach in a comparative manner with two groups, the experimental and the control, with two pre and posttests for its suitability and the nature of the current research.
The research community consisted of students of the second stage / morning study in the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences / University of Tikrit for the academic year 2022/2023, and they were (129) male and female students distributed into four divisions (A, B, C, and D), and one division was excluded. (A) of the students, their number is (17) students, while the research sample consisted of (B, C, and D) divisions, as the (B, D) divisions were chosen by lottery, and they were distributed into two groups Division (B), and their number was (32). Students representing the experimental group, and (36) students representing the experimental group, and (36) students representing the control group, and (2) students from Division (B) were excluded due to injury and another student due to failure, and (6) students from Division (D) ( 3) Students for their participation in the exploratory experiment, a student because of injury, and two students because of their non-compliance with the pre and posttests.

The study aimed to:
- Building a scale of obstacles to the selection of teams in collective games in secondary schools in Salah al-Din Governorate.
- Identify the level of obstacles to the selection of players for collective games teams in secondary schools in Salah al-Din Governorate.
The researcher used the descriptive approach by survey method, the research community consisted of (384) physical education teachers in (16) secondary schools in Salah al-Din Governorate for the academic year (2023-2024 AD), and the researcher built a scale of obstacles to the selection of players of collective teams in secondary schools in Salah al-Din Governorate, and processed the data obtained by the statistical bag (SPSS).

The study aimed at:
- Identifying the effect of rubber bands and ropes associated with physical exercises on some components of physical fitness for emerging handball players.
To achieve the objectives of the study, the researcher assumed the following:
- There are statistically significant differences between the pre- and post-tests of the experimental research group in some components of physical fitness for emerging handball players.
The researcher used the one-group experimental method with two pre- and post-tests, due to its suitability and the nature of the problem to be solved.
The study aimed at:
- Identifying the effect of rubber bands and ropes associated with physical exercises on some components of physical fitness for emerging handball players.
To achieve the objectives of the study, the researcher assumed the following:
- There are statistically significant differences between the pre- and post-tests of the experimental research group in some components of physical fitness for emerging handball players.
The researcher used the one-group experimental method with two pre- and post-tests, due to its suitability and the nature of the problem to be solved.

The research aims to:
1. Know the effect of the two mental training methods according to Laban dimensions in learning a number of basic skills in indoor soccer.
The researchers used the experimental method, and the research sample was selected from the primary schools in Kirkuk Governorate for fifth grade students. Noor Al-Ilm School was selected intentionally, and the researcher divided the research sample into two groups randomly, the first experimental group - applied mental training in the indirect method and their number was (20) students representing the fifth (A) section, and the second experimental group - applied mental training in the direct method and their number was (20) students representing the fifth (B) section. The main research experiment took (8) weeks with two educational units per week for each group.
The researchers concluded:
1. The two mental training methods according to Laban\'s classification contributed in a positive and effective way to learning basic skills in indoor soccer.
The researchers recommend the following:
1. Applying the two mental training methods according to Laban\'s classification to have an effective impact on improving the performance of basic skills in indoor soccer for primary school students.
The research aims to:
1. Know the effect of the two mental training methods according to Laban dimensions in learning a number of basic skills in indoor soccer.
The researchers used the experimental method, and the research sample was selected from the primary schools in Kirkuk Governorate for fifth grade students. Noor Al-Ilm School was selected intentionally, and the researcher divided the research sample into two groups randomly, the first experimental group - applied mental training in the indirect method and their number was (20) students representing the fifth (A) section, and the second experimental group - applied mental training in the direct method and their number was (20) students representing the fifth (B) section. The main research experiment took (8) weeks with two educational units per week for each group.
The researchers concluded:
1. The two mental training methods according to Laban\'s classification contributed in a positive and effective way to learning basic skills in indoor soccer.
The researchers recommend the following:
1. Applying the two mental training methods according to Laban\'s classification to have an effective impact on improving the performance of basic skills in indoor soccer for primary school students.

The study aimed at:
- Knowing the extent of the relationship between sensory-motor perception and the accuracy of the serving skill among female school volleyball team players.
- In the city of Tikrit. The researcher used the descriptive method using the survey method. He defined the research community as female school football team players.
The plane in the city of Tikrit and there are (7) school teams, numbering (94) players. The research sample was deliberately chosen from the players of the two-school championship final teams because they represent the best school teams, which are (the Al-Mustansiriya High School team for girls) and (the Kunooz Al-Maarifa National High School team for girls and adults). Their number is (24) female players, and the researcher used tests for the research variables to collect data and then processed it statistically using a number of statistical methods, Statistical portfolio method (26. SPSS).
The researcher reached a number of conclusions are the following:
- Sensory-motor perception has an effective effect on the accuracy of performing the volleyball serving skill.
- Increasing the level of sensory-motor perception of female players increases the accuracy of performing the volleyball serving skill.
The study aimed at:
- Knowing the extent of the relationship between sensory-motor perception and the accuracy of the serving skill among female school volleyball team players.
- In the city of Tikrit. The researcher used the descriptive method using the survey method. He defined the research community as female school football team players.
The plane in the city of Tikrit and there are (7) school teams, numbering (94) players. The research sample was deliberately chosen from the players of the two-school championship final teams because they represent the best school teams, which are (the Al-Mustansiriya High School team for girls) and (the Kunooz Al-Maarifa National High School team for girls and adults). Their number is (24) female players, and the researcher used tests for the research variables to collect data and then processed it statistically using a number of statistical methods, Statistical portfolio method (26. SPSS).
The researcher reached a number of conclusions are the following:
- Sensory-motor perception has an effective effect on the accuracy of performing the volleyball serving skill.
- Increasing the level of sensory-motor perception of female players increases the accuracy of performing the volleyball serving skill.

The research aims to:
- Identify the effect of the 4E, S learning cycle strategy in learning a number of basic football skills for students.
The researchers assume the following:
- There are statistically significant differences between the results of the cardiac and post-tests for the experimental and control groups in learning a number of basic football skills for students.
- There are statistically significant differences between the results of the post-tests for the experimental and control groups in learning a number of basic football skills for students in favor of the experimental group.
The researchers used the experimental method because it is suitable for the nature of the research and its problem.
The research community was deliberately identified from the first-year students in the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences - Tikrit University for the academic year (2023-2024), amounting to (336) male and female students distributed over seven academic departments. The research sample was randomly identified and selected. The experimental group was represented by department (Z), which relied on the 4E, S learning cycle strategy, with a number of (41) students. The control group was represented by department (E), with a number of (43) students. In light of the results of the current research, the researchers record the following conclusions:
- The educational units prepared according to the 4E; S learning cycle strategy have a positive effect on learning some football skills for students.
Among the most important recommendations recommended by the researcher are the following: -
- Emphasizing the use of modern strategies in the learning, teaching and teaching process, including the 4E, S learning cycle strategy in learning the skills of scoring, rolling and putting out football for students.
The research aims to:
- Identify the effect of the 4E, S learning cycle strategy in learning a number of basic football skills for students.
The researchers assume the following:
- There are statistically significant differences between the results of the cardiac and post-tests for the experimental and control groups in learning a number of basic football skills for students.
- There are statistically significant differences between the results of the post-tests for the experimental and control groups in learning a number of basic football skills for students in favor of the experimental group.
The researchers used the experimental method because it is suitable for the nature of the research and its problem.
The research community was deliberately identified from the first-year students in the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences - Tikrit University for the academic year (2023-2024), amounting to (336) male and female students distributed over seven academic departments. The research sample was randomly identified and selected. The experimental group was represented by department (Z), which relied on the 4E, S learning cycle strategy, with a number of (41) students. The control group was represented by department (E), with a number of (43) students. In light of the results of the current research, the researchers record the following conclusions:
- The educational units prepared according to the 4E; S learning cycle strategy have a positive effect on learning some football skills for students.
Among the most important recommendations recommended by the researcher are the following: -
- Emphasizing the use of modern strategies in the learning, teaching and teaching process, including the 4E, S learning cycle strategy in learning the skills of scoring, rolling and putting out football for students.

The research problem is crystallized by psychological empowerment, which is one of the strong and basic pillars upon which the job performance of physical education teachers is built. Therefore, educational institutions have given their attention and care to that segment for the purpose of raising their abilities and skills by focusing on developing psychological empowerment, while the goal of the research is to identify psychological empowerment and job performance. To know the relationship between them, the functional approach with its survey method and the correlational relationship was adopted in this study, The research sample was chosen intentionally and represents physical education teachers, numbering (30) schools. The measures used in this study are the psychological empowerment measure and the job performance measure. The necessary statistical methods were used to achieve the research procedures and through them to reach the conclusions, At the conclusion of the research, it was found that there is a significant correlation between the psychological empowerment measure and the job performance measure among middle school physical education teachers, and the study came out with a number of recommendations

The research aims to:
Know the effect of training maximum strength and speed on fast strength represented by explosive strength and strength characterized by speed among young handball players.
The researchers assumed: There are significant differences between the pre- and post-tests of the research variables represented by maximum strength, speed, explosive strength and strength characterized by speed.
The researchers used the experimental method with a single-group design with a pre-test and post-test. The researchers used the statistical program (SPSS) to process the data and the law of the training effect size.
The researchers concluded the following: Developing maximum strength and speed had a significant impact on developing explosive strength and speed for the research sample members, in addition to developing a complex physical trait indirectly by targeting the original components, which helps in developing it more quickly, and this is what the research results proved.
The researchers recommended the following: It is preferable to use this method during the general preparation period and then provide specialized training during the special preparation period to raise the level of explosive strength and speed in specialized activities whose performance depends on these two physical characteristics.

The study aimed at:
1. Preparing rehabilitation exercises for the shoulder joint affected by freezing for women aged (40-50) years.
2. Knowing the effect of rehabilitation exercises and the use of shock waves in improving the muscular strength of the shoulder joint affected by freezing for women aged (40-50) years.
The researcher used the experimental approach for the two equivalent groups (experimental and control) with pre- and post-tests and the research community included women with shoulder freeze for ages 40-50 years who review (Kirkuk Centre for the Rehabilitation of the Disabled) and the number of (10) injured were randomly divided into two groups (5) injured for the control group, has been implementing the rehabilitation curriculum for both groups, and collect data and process them statistically and obtain and discuss results.
The researcher reached several conclusions are:
1. For the prepared rehabilitation exercises and the use of shock waves, contributed to improving the muscular strength of the experimental group.
2. When comparing the two groups in the research variables, the rehabilitation approach prepared by the researcher and the use of the shock wave device had a positive impact on strength tests when compared to the control group.

This study aimed to design a program to evaluate the skill of preparation with volleyball using artificial intelligence among students of the Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Sciences - University of Tikrit, and to evaluate the skill of preparation with volleyball among students of the Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Sciences - University of Tikrit using artificial intelligence, and the researchers employed the descriptive approach in a survey method, and the study population was determined from the students of the Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Sciences at the University of Tikrit for the academic year 2023-2024, who numbered (602) students, while the study sample amounted to (199) students from The Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Sciences represent the third and second phase, and the researchers used the statistical program (SPSS) for the purpose of processing data statistically, and the researchers concluded that it is possible to evaluate the skill of preparation with volleyball using artificial intelligence anywhere via computer or mobile phone and for the performance of a previous video recorder or direct imaging to evaluate performance, and give the results to assess the skill of preparation with volleyball using artificial intelligence directly and on an Excel file, so that data can be processed more accurately and quickly.

The importance of the research is evident in raising the level of muscle strength for players by using the optimal method, whether phosphorous training or intermittent training, especially high-intensity training, as it helps raise the skill level associated with the type of muscle strength used, and thus we contribute to raising the level of performance in football. The research problem was: Muscle strength training requires high intensity in order to achieve the required strength, and this can only be done through correct and appropriate training for the specificity of the game, which is football, and it also affects the offensive skill aspect, and the success of the performance is reflected in achieving victory in the match, and this is the goal of training and the use of its methods. The most important objectives of the research: Identifying the effect of high-intensity training (phosphorous) and (intermittent) on some types of muscle strength and offensive skills in youth football. The researcher used the experimental method with two equivalent experimental groups. The research sample was young people. After applying the two training courses, the most important conclusions were reached: High-intensity training (phosphorous) and (intermittent) have an effect on developing some types of muscle strength and offensive skills in football. The most important recommendations: Adopting high-intensity training (phosphorous) and (intermittent) because of their effect on developing some types of muscle strength and offensive skills in football.

The basic idea of training depends on the abilities, preparations, and the amount of time that the player needs in training, and since players differ in their abilities and preparations, especially in the field of training when performing new skills, the importance lies in the extent of the impact of using VIPR training, and the need of tennis players for physical abilities. The research problem is reflected in the answer to the following question:
“How effective are suggested exercises using ViPR training in improving some physical abilities and motor skill performance among tennis players?”
As for the third chapter, the researcher used the experimental method on a sample of Heritage Academy players, as their number reached (8) players, represented by one experimental group.
The researcher concluded that there was an improvement in the level of skill performance of tennis players because of using the exercises suggested in the VIPR training

تعد فعالية رمي القرص من الألعاب الفردية التي حققت انتشاراً واسعاً في أرجاء العالم لما لها من مزايا تربوية وبدنية وفكرية , وتشهد هذه الفعالية تطورا مستمرا في مستوى أداء لاعبيها ونتائجها , مما يزيد من خصوصية متطلباتها البدنية والفنية والخططية التي يستوجب مراعاتها عند أعداد المناهج التدريبية الخاصة بها , ولما كان هدف المدرب هو بذل الجهود من اجل الوصول بلاعبي رمي القرص إلى مستوى الانجاز العالي , لذا يجب عليه مراعاة العمل بزيادة الاتجاه إلى التخصصية في التدريب من خلال التركيز على التمرينات الخاصة التي من خلالها يستطيع تطوير القدرات البدنية الخاصة فضلاً عن مستوى الأداء الفني لرمي القرص , أي التركيز على متطلبات الأداء التخصصي في نوع الفعالية الرياضية وكانت اهم الاستنتاجات
1- للمنهج التدريبي تأثير ايجابي في تحسين الانجاز لدى رامي القرص لعينة البحث.
2- للمنهج التدريبي تأثير في تطوير القوة الانفجارية للأطراف العليا السريعة لعينة البحث
3- ان للمنهج التدريبي أثر مهم في تأخير عينة الاجهاد بشكل مبكر من اجل تحقيق الانجاز في رمي القرص لعينة البحث

The importance of the research lies in studying the effect of using modern teaching methods in the educational units for the physical education lesson using the play and competitive methods in learning some basic skills, including the skills of (passing, rolling) in football for second-year middle school students to address the research problem.
As for the objectives of the research, they were represented in identifying the extent of the effect of using the play and competitive methods in improving the learning of the skills of passing and rolling in football, and the extent of the effect of using the prepared skill exercises in the educational units in learning the skills of passing and rolling in football for second-year middle school students.
The researcher used the experimental method for one group to suit the variables and problem of the research studied. The study community consisted of second-grade middle school students in some schools affiliated with the Maysan Education Directorate for the academic year 2023-2024, Al-Maymouna sector. Skill exercises were designed according to the play and competition styles applied in the educational units in the physical education lesson that are compatible with the students' abilities in football.
The educational units were applied for the purpose of obtaining the required data, collecting them and analyzing them for the purpose of reaching the results through which the most important conclusions and recommendations were developed that the researcher recommends using for the purpose of achieving the educational objectives of the research in the required manner.

The problem of the research was the variation in functional and physical readiness of students of the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences and the way they deal with sudden physical tests, especially tests of practical lesson courses, including the weightlifting test. Students are always exposed to physical tests in which the body is not ideally prepared, and the tests Sudden events or those that occur when the body is not psychologically or physically prepared for them often cause a state of excitement, instability, and optimal functional readiness, and thus the possibility of a decrease in the level of performance and physical achievement below the level required for the Students.

Modern trends in sports training indicate a focus on play exercises and giving them great importance, especially basketball, due to the short time period for preparation, basketball coaches may resort to implementing rapid intensive planning as the optimal solution, which makes it difficult for the coach to subject players to training in the general and special preparation stages. Therefore, one of the solutions that the coach may find appropriate is to focus on play exercises that include many physical and skillful movements and planning, especially play exercises that the researcher sees as a single player, basketball coaches, that there is a weakness in the offensive tactical aspect, and this is what many clubs suffer from at the level of the Iraqi League and the Iraqi national team, due to the lack of allocating sufficient time for offensive tactical preparation in training units, as the play exercises method depends on the movement of all players during implementation, and is used against all types of defense, in addition to developing tactical thinking, which is a scientific attempt through which he hopes to find a solution to invest training time to raise the level of tactical thinking and advance the level of the game towards The best.

Artificial intelligence also offers the possibility of designing individualized educational programs according to the needs of each learner. In motor education, exercises using artificial intelligence provide opportunities to offer educational exercises to students regarding their performance in the Arabian jump. These exercises can be supported by using applications through such programs, highlighting the importance of research into using AI in teaching the Arabian jump to middle school female students. The problem of the research emerges from the researcher’s work as a teacher of this skill, where it was found that there is a weakness in the execution of the Arabian jump among middle school students. This weakness could be due to various reasons, including inadequate educational exercises or physical abilities., designed a form to assess the performance of the Arabian jump skill for middle school students, and conducted a pre-test. For the experimental group, exercises based on motion models using artificial intelligence (AI) were implemented, followed by post-tests. The researcher concluded the effectiveness of motion model exercises using AI in learning the Arabian jump for middle school female students, and recommended adopting the proposed exercises using AI in teaching the Arabian jump to this group

The research aims to the following:
- Identifying some technical aspects of the biomechanical and physical variables of the serving skill of the Tikrit University volleyball team players.
- Knowing the relationship between serving skill and physical measurements and the extent to which these variables affect players’ performance.
- Identifying the motor models through three-dimensional motor analysis of the volleyball players in the Tikrit University team and their relationship to the performance of the serving skill.

The research aims to prepare a training curriculum for S.A.Q for handball players, and to identify the differences between the pre- and post-tests in the physical, functional and skill variables of handball players aged (19-23) years. The community and the research sample were deliberately determined from the players of the Koya Sports Club team for the year (2024-2025), numbering (19) players, and (15) players were chosen, thus the sample percentage reached (78.94%) of the total community, and the number of weekly training units was (3 units) for a period of (8 weeks) with (24) training units. The researchers concluded a noticeable improvement in the functional research variables of pulse rate and percentage of oxygen saturation. The results showed statistically significant differences between the pre- and post-tests in favor of the post-measurement and an improvement in the physical variables Offensive handball skills include explosive power of the legs, speed-specific power of the arms, speed of motor response, and variables of offensive handball skills (continuous tapping, handling, close-range shooting accuracy, long-range shooting accuracy)
.

The objectives of the research are to reveal:
- The effect of using training distances shorter than the race distance on a number of physical and functional variables and achievement in the 100-meter sprint.
- The effect of using mixed training distances for the race distance on a number of physical and functional variables and achievement in the 100-meter sprint.
- Significance of statistical differences between the two experimental groups in a number of physical and functional variables and achievement in running (100 m).

The training process helps the coach in development. The research problem is that most of our coaches used different methods to train and develop this ability, many of which yielded limited positive results for using one or more methods within these concepts, which determined the impact of the development rate on endurance. From the simple field experience of the researchers in the game, they decided to try to find special and directed exercises to develop endurance and the accuracy of the skill of tapping and passing over the head for female basketball players. The research aims to identify the effect of plank exercises in developing endurance and the accuracy of the performance of the tapping skill among female basketball players. The researchers used the experimental method to solve the research problem. The research community consisted of first-stage female students in the Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences / College of Education for Girls / University of Kufa for the academic year (2023-2024), where their number reached (48) and the sample was selected randomly and their number reached (12) students to conduct the research tests and the exploratory experiment sample (8) students. The researchers concluded that the prepared plank exercises led to the development and improvement of some endurance and accuracy of the skill of overhead handling and dribbling with the basketball for the research sample.