Journal of The Iraqi University

Abstract
The aim of this research is to shed light on the role of the Holy Quran and the Sunnah of the Prophet in fortifying the Islamic creed against intellectual deviations. In the face of the intellectual challenges that Muslims encounter in the modern era, the importance of returning to the original religious texts emerges to ensure a correct and balanced understanding of the Islamic creed. Among the objectives of the research are to clarify the role of the Holy Quran in fortifying the Islamic creed against intellectual deviations, to analyze how the Sunnah of the Prophet can be used as a tool to correct misconceptions and enhance the correct understanding of the creed, and to provide examples of contemporary intellectual challenges and how to address them through religious texts. The significance of this research lies in providing a deep understanding of the role of the Quran and the Sunnah in maintaining the purity of the Islamic creed. In the context of cultural, social, and technological changes, it becomes necessary to emphasize religious texts as a fundamental reference to confront intellectual deviations and guide Muslims towards the correct understanding. The research adopted the descriptive analytical method, analyzing Quranic verses and Hadiths related to fortifying the creed and correcting misconceptions. The research problem revolves around how to effectively use the Quran and the Sunnah to fortify the Islamic creed against intellectual deviations promoted by some modern intellectual currents, which may lead to confusion of correct religious concepts.

Abstract
This study is based on an important rhetorical art from the sciences of the wonderful, which is based on the answer to the addressee without what he expects of wisdom. This study was based on tracking and collecting the materials of this study from the books of rhetoric, language and interpretation and presenting them in one part. The application of this creative art has influenced the honorable prophetic hadith to complete this beneficial contract with it, as well as for its great methodological and educational revelations. The name of this rhetorical art was consistent with the study sample.The title was the wise method in the honorable hadith of the Prophet

Research summary
The research dealt with the study of caution in meaning and its synonymous words, a study of its origin and development among interpreters, with an explanation of the words used in it.Its nature required that it include an introduction and two sections. In the first section, I dealt with the meaning of caution, its terms, and its evidence. It came in two sections:The first requirement: caution in language and terminology, and the words used in it.The second requirement: Evidence of caution in the Holy Qur’an, the Sunnah of the Prophet, and the words of the Arabs.The second section: I devoted it to studying the origins of caution and its development among commentators.Then I concluded it with a conclusion, mentioning the sources and references

Abstract
After I completed this research, praise be to Allah, I will summarize the most important results that I have reached, including:
1- The majority of jurists have concluded that the default ruling in divorce is permissibility, and it may deviate from that in certain circumstances. Others have concluded that the default ruling is prohibition, and it may deviate from prohibition in certain circumstances. Nevertheless, the jurists ultimately agree that it is subject to legal rulings, whether it is permissible, recommended, obligatory, disliked, or prohibited, depending on the circumstances and conditions that accompany it.
2- Arbitrariness is defined as: "the use of a person's right in an illegitimate manner."
3- Islamic law has placed the matter of divorce in the hands of the husband, but it has not been lenient in imposing it without justification. Many jurists have deemed it prohibited because it causes harm to the divorced individual and his wife, and it eliminates the benefit they receive without any need for it, thus making it prohibited like squandering wealth, and in accordance with the saying of the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him): "There should be neither harming nor reciprocating harm." Furthermore, it constitutes arbitrariness in the use of one's right.
4- If a husband divorces his wife without need or a justifiable reason, then the divorce occurs with the husband incurring sin.
5- Scholars have agreed that if a terminally ill person divorces his wife during his illness and dies from that illness, then the divorce is effective, whether it is revocable or irrevocable. This is because the validity and effectiveness of the divorce do not depend on the husband's well-being. They also agreed that a divorced woman inherits from her husband if he divorced her revocably and died during the illness from which he divorced her, but they differed in her inheritance if he divorced her during his terminal illness and died from it. They also differed in acknowledging his divorce if he did so before his illness: some said she inherits, while others denied her inheritance.This, and whatever success there is, is from Allah, and whatever shortcomings there are, are from myself and from Satan. For perfection belongs only to Allah, and infallibility only to the prophets, may peace and blessings be upon them.And our final prayer is that all praise is due to Allah, Lord of the worlds. May Allah's blessings be upon our master Muhammad and upon his family and all of his companions.

Abstract:
The current research aims to find a cognitive model for the economic jurisprudential approach extracted from the womb of Islamic culture according to the new cognitive thesis، and to develop modern ijtihad tools، to re-read Islamic jurisprudence in a manner consistent with each temporal and spatial stage.And to form the intellectual and cognitive balance of the approach by choosing a specific way to organize life based on ideas and concepts of an ethical or scientific nature.The research used the inductive، analytical and comparative approach that helped in the process of criticizing contemporary scientific systems and discovering the legal methodological model in Islamic sciences.The research reached several conclusions، the most important of which are: Al-Sadr relied on the rational approach in studying philosophical ideas and principles، and this approach is based on the rules of logic. One of the approaches that Al-Sadr relied on in his intellectual theses is the cognitive jurisprudential approach، which is the method of studying phenomena in both the natural sciences and the human sciences. The economic jurisprudential approach is considered the modern Islamic scientific approach. Al-Sadr addressed the absence or weakness of the approach in seminary studies at the level of internal Islamic criticism، explaining the gaps and the steps that should be taken in consideration of intellectual development and the needs of the era. As for the critical approach and its legitimacy، it lies in the positivity or negativity of this approach on reality and life for the individual and society، taking into account the legal and human image. Al-Sadr also considered the inductive evidence and its logical foundations a primary and necessary reference in the process of producing knowledge or inferring its credibility and objectivity، especially in the process of extracting the economic jurisprudential approach according to Al-Sadr's new cognitive thesis. Al-Sadr's cognitive approach begins with reality and the subject of research and ends with the Qur'anic text and the pure Sunnah، with regard to that subject، and the unification between human experience with its various dimensions and details and what the text says، then the integration of reality with the text allows the Muslim thinker to establish new Islamic visions، or refine a human theory that is consistent with the legal images.

Research summary
Praise be to Allah, the Lord of the worlds, and peace and blessings be upon the messenger of mercy to the worlds, and upon Allah, his companions, and their followers with charity until the day of judgment .
Approximation is the collection of two judgments for a matter to find out what is good from them and then the preponderance of one of the judgments over the other to be considered legitimate due to the interest often, and approximation and preponderance we find in many Sciences, in rhetoric, grammar, principles of jurisprudence and in the rules of jurisprudence, and we find many applications in the branches of jurisprudence, especially in weighting and balancing between interests and corruptions are the elements of superiority for fundamentalists, and I followed this by mentioning the Fiqh rules that include superiority , Then she concluded the research with applications of verses of rulings for approximation and overcoming.

Abstract
The difference between the impact of the vice on the attendance of marriage ceremony and its impact on the attendance of the burial according to Imam Ahmad –an originating study-, and it includes the clarification of two identical jurisprudential issues in their apparent existence but different in their rulings, they are: attending the marriage ceremony and attending the burial with the existence of vices in both of them; done by mentioning the opinions of the jurists with their proofs. There are attributes and similarities between the two issues which can make some jurists combine between their rulings by way of adjudging one of them by the other through analogy, and there are impactful attributes that constitute the points of difference between both which could have led some jurists to differentiate between the two issues on their ruling, as in case of Imam Ahmad.The research gave attention to clarifying the opinion of Imam Ahmad bin Hanbal, and the mention of his narrations that were reported from him on attending marriage ceremony and attending the burial, and the statement of the reason for the differentiation by Imam Ahmad, then a ruling on the difference in terms of ascribing it to Imam Ahmad on one hand, and in terms of its strength or weakness, closeness or distance, on the other hand.The research concluded on certain findings that could be summarized as follows: That Imam Ahmad differentiated between the rulings of the two similar issues, by opining that “it is not permissible to attend a marriage ceremony that includes vices, while it is permissible to attend a burial that includes vices, according to one of the two narrations from him”, and he did not expressly mention the reason for differentiating between them, he rather alluded to it with a wording that is closer to a jurisprudential propounding, which is what Shaykhul Islam Ibn Taymiyyah understood from the context and derived and clarified, and this was reported as an answer to a question posed to him by Ibn Al-Qayyim. The researcher is of the opinion that the closest attribute that could have led to the differentiation is closer in status, strength and authority to the attribute of similarity, and none of them is preponderant over the other.Keywords: Marriage ceremony, burial, jurisprudential difference from Imam Ahmad, originating by rejecting the difference, reporting and originating.

Abstract
The research aims to direct attention a narrative study was Followed in this research by examining the story of umm Hashm is Lamp in the shrine of Ms. Zainb of Yahya Haqqi. By following the rules of scientific research, represented as follows: this is done by studying the elements of the story, which contributed to the coherence of the text, which is (character, place, Time and event) highlighting their role. In the coherence and victory and consistency in the novel.Search Key: Building character , time and place from the novel Qanadeel umm Hashm the event.

Abstract:
Al-Jawhari's dictionary of Sahih is a crucible of abundant and inexhaustible knowledge. It includes linguistic narratives of scholars whose works have been lost, or narratives of linguists or narrators that were not recorded by anyone other than Al-Jawhari in his dictionary. Therefore, this feature granted the dictionary and its author a prestigious scientific position among dictionaries. Most of the ancient linguists and dictionary makers relied on Sibawayh's book as the Quran of grammar and the grammatical chain of transmission to which they resorted. Al-Jawhari did the same, as he took from Sibawayh to support his linguistic expressions. However, upon examination and scrutiny, I found that Al-Jawhari refers to Sibawayh's sayings and cites them as evidence that were not mentioned in Sibawayh's book. This is what prompted us to create the idea of this research. Did he transmit those opinions by hearing from those who transmitted them and did not mention them in the book? Or are they sayings that were omitted from the book in the transfer of copies and the clarification of drafts? The research will stop at these sayings through analysis and documentation to stand on the truth of the matter and the correctness of attributing them to Sibawayh as Al-Jawhari referred to them in his dictionary.

Abstract:
This research examines the concept of "the Other" as one of the most important human terms that has received extensive study and prevalence in the field of modern Arab criticism. It draws its roots and study methodologies from Western criticism and philosophies that have studied other nations and groups as different entities, potentially contrasting and antagonistic to the culture, both in Western and Arab contexts، It cannot be asserted definitively whether it stands as a distinct and unified duality with the concept of "self," being both inherent and opposing at the same time. These dualities began with Freudian critical thinking and have permeated the chronicles of Arab literary history. Arab poetry made rhetoric its discourse and a platform upon which it relied. It's remarkable that we differentiate and assert that the ancient Arab poet was not consciously aware of it but used it for refutation and negation, thus employing themes from ancient Arab literature, such as satire, praise, and love poetry, as disguises for it.

Abstract
There have been many studies in order to understand poetic texts and the desire to encompass and master all the grammatical, morphological and semantic phenomena of poetry. My choice of a poetic text whose author lived in the second half of the fourth century AH, a difficult time in which the Abbasid Caliphate fell apart, and many poets and writers emerged who had a long hand in our Arabic literature. The poet Tihami was one of the distinguished poets and had a linguistic wealth that deserves linguistic study, to stand on the meanings of his poetry and the characteristics of his poetic discourse. In this research, I dealt with the meaning of derivation and the differences in the opinions of Kufi and Basri scholars about the origin of derivatives, and I mentioned the types of derivatives mentioned by the poet Tihami (d. 416 AH) in his collection, from the active participle and the passive participle, the exaggerated form and the adjective.

This research raises the phenomenon of value transformation in Abu Bakr Muhammad bin Ammar Al-Andalusi’s poetry, the poet who adopts a cause and defends it with all his statement, strength of poetry and authority of tongue. Then he soon abandons that cause, and his admiration turns into contempt, and his praise into satire. And his defense of it is a fierce war. He has not yet forgotten those sweet hopes that crowded his soul when he became tired of living in his town (Shalab), so he left it with hopes in his soul, calmness and determination in his heart, and poetry in his blood. He left his town, the cradle of his birth, and the playground of his childhood. And the enrichment of his youth.He showed his poetry to kings, to benefit their money with the poetry he provided to them. He showed and praised, but he exaggerated in his praise, and he lied to the truth, so he went to extremes in lying, and deadened his conscience. To make the unjust among them just, and the crazy wise, and he erased from his memory all the evil he knew about these kings, and he developed with his poetry all the good he knew about them, then he added to it, created good for them, and turned their ugliness into virtues, and praised. How cheap is the price of conscience in the realm of kings! He thinks, Am I going to get what I gave? Was this money equal to his outburst, spin, lying, and fabrication? It was not Ibn Ammar who did this himself, but rather his time (the era of Twa’ef) that pushed the truthful until he became a liar, the sincere until he betrayed, and the moderate until he deviated. The literary mood imposed on the poet (often) implicit directions, in order to gain more and get closer.

Abstract:
Contradiction is a method employed by poets. This becomes clear by reading the poetry of Al-Sharif Al-Radi, from the ancient era, and the poetry of Muhammad Saeed Al-Haboubi, from the modern era. This employment came out of awareness and awareness of the effectiveness that the contrast provides, enriching the text with an exciting significance and aesthetics, and the contrast has taken forms. Several: semantic opposition in the sensory image, and semantic opposition in the mental image, as it requires the recipient to delve deeply when reading these poetic texts, and to capture those connotations generated by the opposition, which is subject to the artistic and cultural transformations of every era and stage. The opposition represents a flexible expressive legacy, and reflects experiences. Poets.

Abstract
This study aims to reveal the nature of the feminist narrator through stories, news, anecdotes, and diving into the world of feminist narrative narration, as he has been subjected to a lot of critical questioning because of the identity he presents on the one hand, and undermining and exposing societal patterns on the other hand. Therefore, the study revealed the creative space that women enjoyed and their entry into secret areas in the light of disclosure and confession, as this freedom allowed the narrator to delve into their daily stories with their marriage and their exit from the scope of restrictions Which religion, society, and morals impose on men. Women have been aware of the reasons for thinking and feeling that surround them, since they knew a way to express them, until the beginnings of their literature began to appear on the horizons of the world. They are in the emptiness of thought and the meagerness of knowledge, in the primitiveness and ignorance of nations, and they were shaking. The cradle sings songs and repeats them with intense emotion, overwhelmed with tenderness for her little one, and they contain many prayers for him and hope placed on him. Women in these periods would argue on the sidelines of events and news, complete words and proverbs that their wits would improvise out of the blue, or they would narrate and exchange them, in which there would be profound admonition and harsh lessons.

Abstract
This research is a study of the slogans adopted by the parties participating in the 2018 elections. It is a semiotic study that examines the message that the one who created the slogan wanted to reach his audience, and the significance that the recipient receives from it. There is a close connection between semiotic studies and society, and politics. Elections are among the most important matters that have a profound connection to people’s lives and must be employed in order to serve them, so that they would have a goal that can be achieved on the ground. Parties seek power in order to achieve the hopes of voters and plan to do so, starting from setting The party’s logo, and people who understand their needs and know ways to reach those who can realize them from the parties, from the image of the logo that the party or bloc takes as a guiding approach. The logo is an important part of the parties’ promises to their voters, and it is the first thing that catches the voter’s eye and the last thing he remembers. Hence, it had the advantage to be used as a focus of study, especially since Iraqi society has witnessed an intellectual transformation that the parties and blocs participating in the elections tried to highlight in the logo.

Abstract
In this research, I limited myself to the impact of psychological calamities on the poetic discourse of the poetry of the first Abbasid era, and it turned out that the most important findings of the research are summarized as follows:The poets relied on his psychological suffering and what he endured before moving to the addressee, which is specific to poetry and his attitudes, and adds to its meanings of feelings and sensations, which makes them sharp and exciting to enthrall the addressee.The pauses of the poets are distributed between private, political and general references, including various social ones. They are tasked with identifying the situations, pain, shocks and injustice they suffer from the reality of life and political turmoil on the one hand, and what is related to the individual’s life in terms of suffering and corruption of social relations on the other hand.Metaphor and simile demonstrated the efforts of poets in investing the energy of language. As for metonymy, despite the high artistry possessed by this graphic art, I see that poets of psychological calamities did not use it frequently compared to the methods of simile and metaphor. Also, counterpoint, with the latent tension that language creates in it, moves words until opposites meet opposites on the phonetic and content levels. The research also found a color of musical arrangement in the repetition of letters and words to help them convey their poetic experience and portray their emotions.

Abstract: The verbal homonym in the Iraqi constitution
The Arabic language is loaded in many linguistic phenomena, including (synonymy, homonymy, and antonyms), which are aesthetic phenomena in the language and a source of linguistic richness for all languages. The study takes the texts of the Iraqi constitution as a research material for studying one of these phenomena, which is the phenomenon of (verbal homonym). The research found a set of words and vocabulary that acquired new meanings in their passage through the ages, and as a result of factors of linguistic development, and the individual's need to express new concepts that may be related to old meanings from near or far, from those words, for example (judiciary, spoils, embassy) and other words. It is worth noting that the phenomenon of verbal homonyms in the Arabic language, despite their importance in the growth and richness of the Arabic language, has been supported by scholars who have said that they exist, and has been rejected by scholars who have given interpretations that take them out of the circle of homonyms. The study finds it necessary to pay attention to legal texts and subject them to linguistic and linguistic studies, because legal language is a scientific language that must be characterized by accuracy, and the words of legal texts must carry specific meanings so that the legal text is not vague and open to interpretation.

Abstract
The use of artificial intelligence technologies in criminal investigation represents an important development in the field of fighting crime and achieving justice. These technologies contribute to better analysis of data and evidence, and provide tools for investigators to detect crimes and identify perpetrators more efficiently. Employing artificial intelligence enhances the ability of security services and investigation teams to combat crimes, and increases the chances of achieving justice. But these technologies must be used ethically and legally, taking into account individuals' rights and privacy. Communities and legal agencies are harnessing the full potential of these technologies to ensure community safety and justice.

Summary
The legitimate right of defence, an inherent right recognized by the mundane laws of mankind since the age of humanity, is based on the defender's sense of survival. If the legal defence is established, the person is exempted from full criminal and civil liability. and that the legislator has not limited the cases in which the assault on the property may be defended, The perpetrator is responsible for doing so in accordance with general rules, and the defender is beyond the status of the legitimate defence if a policeman fails to act. (in particular proportionality) and then deserves to be sentenced to a reduced penalty and to be fully responsible for the civil offence. (compensation), since the Supreme Court has the power to oversee the trial court in terms of supervising or interpreting the application of the law.

Summary
The Middle East serves as a critical stage in the intensifying geopolitical competition between the United States and China, with both powers vying to expand their influence and interests in this vital region. Partnering to Address Shared Challenges Recognizing the importance of collaboration with Middle Eastern partners, the United States seeks to tackle shared global challenges, including emerging diseases, food and energy security, and climate change. President Biden emphasizes the region's pivotal role in achieving long-term security and prosperity.

Abstract
The main goal of this research is to clarify the meaning of spousal maintenance, which represents the financial impact of the marriage contract, which is a continuous obligation that falls on the husband throughout the duration of the marital bond and even after it. The research problem was crystallized in answering the following question: “What are the provisions for alimony for the wife in the Iraqi Personal Status Law?” The research reached several results, the most important of which is that the continuation of the marital relationship after the ruling of the loss of the husband creates a right for the wife, which is summed up by the continuation of her right to maintenance as she is confined to him, and this is the subject of agreement between Islamic jurisprudence and positive law. The wife is entitled to alimony from her husband, whether he is present or absent, and whether she is rich or poor, since alimony is one of the most important rights stipulated in the husband’s contract. If he has money, she may take from him for the purpose of spending on herself, and if he does not have money, the judge will allow her to borrow and reclaim it. When he comes.Keywords: alimony for the wife, Iraqi personal status law

The summary
In this research, we dealt with a study of the Iraqi Trade Law No. (30) of 1984, amended, and the fixed foundations it dealt with, which is considered a standard for business business. It has made both the private and public sectors complement each other in certain economic aspects, which is consistent with the requirements of economic and social development, which represents a guarantee for the provision of goods and services to members of society and the practice of business in Iraq and the possibility of its texts entering within the concept of economic and social development.This is due to the changes in the nature of the economic and social life that the world lives today in general and Iraq in particular, which required the adoption of new foundations and rules and various commercial activities that fall under this law, which provides a wider opportunity for individuals in the practice of business and the quality and nature of the service provided to citizens, especially after the entry of modern technology, which has shortened many procedures in order to ensure the legitimate rights of traders, and which gives them a wider scope in the practice of their business, especially with direct government support for the merchant, which leads to the provision of services and goods of international specifications and at a cost that is almost acceptable and available to all, and thus serve the economic process and contributes to Keeping abreast of new developments at all levels

Effect of different types of irrigation water On chemical and physical properties For soils of different textures
Researcher M. M Hadi Manhal Rasheed / General Directorate of Education - DiyalaThe study was conducted in the Baladruz region of Diyala Governorate during the 2023-2024 agricultural season. The Sanadin experiment was applied in three agricultural soils of different textures To study the effect of irrigation water quality (River water W1 0.75 dS.m-1, drilling water W2 1.92 dS.m-1, and well water W3 3.15 dS.m-1) In some chemical and physical properties of soils The role of soil texture in changing these properties The results showed the effect of irrigation treatments on the chemical and physical properties studied There was an increase in the average values of pH in all irrigation treatments compared to the average values before irrigation Among the highest values in soils irrigated with river water
It was 7.88, 7.80, and 7.65 in soils S1, S2, and S3, respectively , Compared to their values in soils irrigated with drainage water and soils irrigated with well water. The average values of EC decreased after irrigation with water treatments Compared to their average values before irrigation It was lower in soils irrigated with river water Compared to its low values in drainage water and well water The average values of the river water parameters were 0.96, 4.69, and 11.76 decisiemens. M-1 In soils S1, S2, and S3, respectively The results showed that the soil content was affected by positive and negative ions With regard to irrigation water treatments, their average values decreased compared to their values before irrigation for all soils. As for positive ions, they took the following order of decreasing value: Ca > Mg > Na > K In soils S1 and S2 While the order of decrease in soil was S3 Mg > Ca > Na > K The average values in the treatments irrigated with river water were lower . The average values of negative ions decreased in all treatments The order of decrease was as follows: Cl > SO4 > HCO3 The lowest values are averages irrigated with river water. The results showed that the studied physical characteristics were influenced by irrigation water treatments irrigated with well water were higher compared to those irrigated with river water and drainage water While the percentage of porosity decreased in all treatments compared to their average values before irrigation The treatments irrigated with well water recorded the lowest average values of pore percentage, followed by the treatments irrigated with tap water, while the treatments irrigated with river water had the least decrease . All the chemical and physical properties studied were affected by the soil texture The soil with the sandy texture of the mixture S1 was more affected by the change in the chemical characteristics studied Compared to the two soils with a mixed clay texture, S2, and those with a silty clay texture, S3 While the soil with silty clay texture S3 was more affected by changes in physical properties Compared to the two soils with clay-textured mixture S2 and sandy-textured mixture S1 Except for porosity, the soil with a mixed sandy texture was more affected Compared to mixed clay and silty clay soils.Keywords: river water, tap water, well water, tissue, chemical and physical properties

Abstract
The study aims to know what the customer’s creditworthiness standards are and the role they play in reducing the bank’s default due to the importance of applying these standards as they are the balance of evaluation for the customer before making the decision to grant credit. In order to achieve the goals that the study sought, a questionnaire form dedicated to this purpose was prepared and several questions were prepared. To achieve the purpose, after the questions were presented to a group of arbitrators to demonstrate the sobriety and scientificity of those questions, as the statistical analysis of the answers of the target group showed that applying all creditworthiness standards is important for all banks in order to ward off liquidity risks, which naturally leads to bank default, bankruptcy, and liquidation, so this was divided. The research is divided into three sections. The first section includes the research methodology, including the problem, importance, objectives, and hypotheses of the research, and then previous studies. The second section includes the theoretical side of the research variables. The third section includes the practical side of the research and statistical analysis of the questionnaire questions, and then proving the hypotheses to reach a set of conclusions and recommendations.

Abstract
Abdullah Gul began his career in Turkish politics when he was elected as a deputy for the Alrafah Party in the Turkish Grand National Assembly in 1991. He has played an influential role in Turkish politics since then. In 2000, he took an important step within the National Vision Movement to which he belongs, as he opposed some of the orientations of its leader Necmettin Erbakan, and competed with Recai Kutan, the leader of the Virtue Party supported by Erbakan, for the party’s leadership. During this period, he became one of the prominent figures in the renewal (reformist) wing within the Virtue Party. He also participated significantly with his comrades Recep Tayyip Erdoğan and Bulent Arınç in establishing the Justice and Development Party, which has had a great influence on Turkish politics over the past two decades. In addition, Abdullah Gul assumed the position of Prime Minister, then Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Foreign Affairs until 2007, when he was elected the eleventh President of the Turkish Republic on August 28 of that year. He remained in office until the end of his legal term, and the presidency was handed over on August 28, 2014 to the twelfth President of the Turkish Republic, Recep Tayyip Erdoğan.

Abstract:
The environment is an important element influencing literature. Poetic culture may differ from one poet to another. This is due to the nature of the environment in which he lived. The poet who lives in the desert has different poetic language and vocabulary from the poet who lives in urban areas. Given the importance of this topic, I resorted to studying the Abbasid environment, which was distinguished by its poetic language and vocabulary. There is a mixture of different nations and cultures such as Persians, Indians, and Turks, and we will explain the negative and positive impact of this mixing on Abbasid society.

Abstract
It seems that Japanese interests, after World War II, set their sights on the oil of the Middle East countries in general and the Gulf countries in particular. They began to find their way towards the Arab Gulf countries since the 1950s, when the Japanese-Arab Oil Company succeeded in obtaining an oil concession and exploring for oil wells, especially in The two regions belonging to Saudi Arabia and Kuwait, and it is worth saying that we must point out the role played by Taro Yamashita. In establishing the company, he carried out missions authorized by the Japanese government to strengthen economic and cultural ties between Japan and the Gulf states, the most important of which are Saudi Arabia and Kuwait, and to push them to agree to build broad economic and trade relations that spanned two centuries, and this is evident through the exports heading from the Gulf states to Japan.

Summary:
The current study aimed to identify how power was transferred between the Sultans of the Banu Al-Ahmar in the Kingdom of Granada, with a statement of historical events, and to know the methods of rule among the Banu Al-Ahmar. In my study, I relied on the historical approach as well as some other auxiliary approaches such as analytical and descriptive, and the study reached several results, including: The most important of which is that there were no fixed laws or specific principles regarding the inheritance of the Nasrid throne, as the prevailing system in the state was the absolute monarchy. In addition, there were no fixed laws or rules followed regarding the age of succession to the throne in the state of the Bani Al-Ahmar, such that we find their sultans at They took power at different ages.

Research into financial policy in the first Abbasid era represents an important and the link between Islamic economic thought in the era of the Rightly Guided Caliphate and subsequent era , which is the era of the Abbasid Caliphate , and the accompanying civilizing role of the caliphs of the first generation of the Abbasids , and the ideas and practices they brought from which humanity still draws , Until the present time , the study if financial policy in this time period is considered one of the important aspects in the history of Islamic economic thought because of the serious attempts they made to highlight the reform efforts in the Abbasid state and the effective role played by its successors in organizing revenues and public expenses Financial policy , Abbasid era , its effects

Abstract:
The important location of Palestine, where it is bordered on the west by the Mediterranean and the East Dead Sea, made it the focus of western ambitions, so the United States of America had an important and influential role in Middle East policies, as it was near the areas of the availability of points and important primary materials, and it was the one that supported the declaration of the establishment of the state (the Zionist entity It recognized it a few minutes after this announcement, violating the international practice of recognizing the new states, and revealing the collusion that existed between them and the Jewish organizations. The United States also used its political and economic influence to protect (the Zionist entity) when it forced the Security Council as a permanent member of it to issue a resolution to stop the fighting on May 29, 1948, and another resolution to that effect on July 15, 1948. Throughout the ages, there has been continued support by the United States of America for the Zionist entity for political, economic, social and religious purposes. The same applies to the colony of Liberia, because the United States of America has visited the African continent due to the raw materials it owns (iron and rubber). As well as the location of Liberia, which is located in West Africa and overlooks the Atlantic Ocean in the southwest of the country, and highlighting the real economic, social and religious reasons for that role, the study followed the descriptive historical analytical method.And I have reached several results, the most important of which are: the similarity of the Jewish question in Europe with the African issue in America, in both cases there was a population surplus, so he worked and became a burden on a society that refuses to absorb it, so the only solution was to export the problem abroad under the name of "return" by creating a colonial settlement entity Former gentlemen take care of him, for this objectionable object and ally themselves with his new entity, which will become a tool in the hands of the new interests of these gentlemen in his new place. That taking colonialism as tools under the pretext of return is fundamentally different from return itself, because the real return respects the owners of the house who were fixed on the land at the time when he had left, and even if he was just a foreign refugee and not a return, the doors would be more open to him than trying to storm them forcibly By forceThe study recommends the following: Palestinians and Liberians should define their goals and demands clearly and specifically, and based on political coordination, and plans based on prior studies. This applies to the Arab position on the Palestinian issue, and the indigenous African tribes from the return of slaves from the United States of America. The United States of America must adopt a balance-based policy toward the parties to the Arab-Israeli conflict, the indigenous Liberian tribes and the returning slaves, leading to a just and lasting solution to the cause of the Palestinian people, and be acceptable to the Palestinian, Arab, Islamic, and global, and the Liberian people, and acceptable to all parties in the Republic of Liberia

Abstract
The reason for choosing this research is to shed light on the major challenges facing Anbar Governorate as a result of the recurring conflicts it has gone through, which have deeply affected the social, economic and political life of its residents. Given the importance of the geographical region for the future and stability of Iraq, Anbar is considered a focal point for cultural and social diversity. Therefore, understanding and analyzing conflicts and developing effective strategies to transform them to build peace can have a positive impact not only at the local level but also at the national level. With the aim of identifying the causes of the conflict in the governorate and its social, economic and political impact on the local population. We adopted the analytical approach to analyze conflict resolution and peacebuilding strategies.

Abstract
The Palestinian issue was and still is the focus of conflict in the Middle East, and an important cause of tension in the region, and it continues to this day, and God knows how long it will remain so. Just as the Palestinian issue was the issue of a struggling people struggling to regain their legitimate right to get rid of the Israeli occupation and build their state. The independent Palestinian Authority, with its capital, Al-Quds Al-Sharif.The Palestinian Ministry of Education assumed responsibility for education. The first step for decision-makers in the ministry was to develop an emergency plan to stop the rapid deterioration in the Palestinian educational process. The education sector is considered one of the largest service sectors adopted and managed by the institutions of the Palestinian National Authority, which is represented by the Ministry of Education. The Ministry of Palestinian Education bears responsibility for the management and financing of government schools and also supervises schools run by private sector institutions.The Israeli occupation authorities left a very strong impact on the Palestinian education system. Since it handed over the powers of Palestinian education to the Ministry of Education and began its duties in the year 1994 AD, there is no doubt that it took over an educational system full of problems and difficulties. Hence, the Ministry of Education took upon itself the responsibility of Palestinian education for various Its types, whether formal education and non-formal education from kindergarten to higher education. The Ministry of Education carried out a survey, diagnosis and evaluation of Palestinian education, in order to develop a plan to revitalize the Palestinian educational process, revive it and revive it again effectively and actively.The Israeli occupation authorities adopted the Jordanian curricula for teaching in schools in the West Bank and the Egyptian curricula in schools in the Gaza Strip, especially in the schools of the Arab city of Jerusalem, where the Israeli occupation authorities repeatedly tried to impose the Israeli curricula on schools affiliated with the Ministry of Education and the municipality.The Department of Public Education in the Palestinian Ministry of Education carries out the task of implementing the educational policy related to the following stages of education and kindergarten for adults. It also proposes and develops its projects in terms of establishing and managing education, from a certain point of view, in a way that links it to the needs of Palestinian society, including participation and development research needs in it. The level of educational equality and advancement to keep pace with progress and development in the world.During the time of the Israeli occupation, the Palestinian educational system suffered greatly with regard to the qualifications of workers in the educational system in the West Bank and Gaza Strip, as the occupation authorities were deliberately not providing and supplying the Palestinian educational system with teachers with sufficient international academic qualifications, and were always trying to appoint teachers with qualifications. Low educational level, and this is one of the most prominent problems that Palestinian education suffered during the Israeli occupation.

Abstract
This study aims to investigate the topic (The Kurdish movement during the era of Abdul Karim Qasim 1958-1963 through the Arab press) as the Kurdish issue receives considerable attention in the Arab press, especially the Egyptian one. The September movement or revolution, as mentioned by many sources, carried out by the Kurds of Iraq under the leadership of Mr. Mulla Mustafa Barzani, is one of the Kurdish-Iraqi issues that Egyptian newspapers addressed with interest since its outbreak in 1961 until its cessation in 1975 after what is known as the Algiers Agreement on March 6 of the same year. This study, which was divided into several paragraphs and a conclusion, will shed light on the causes, limits and philosophy of the September Movement from the point of view of the Arab press, especially the Egyptian press, and the negotiations that took place between the leaders of the Kurdish movement and the Iraqi government. We are encouraged to do so by what we have observed in the Egyptian press’s coverage of the events of the September Movement from its outbreak until its cessation, the diversity of its methods and the variation in its formulation, as it was linked to the positions and political relations between the Egyptian and Iraqi regimes, which did not stand still. As for the conclusion, it included the most important conclusions that the study reached

Abstract:
The research seeks to identify the picture of the political situation in Iraqi affairs presented through a group of Iraqi and Arab satellite channels, which were identified according to a previous exploratory study, as well as a statement of the most prominent programs and their forms, which give the public information about the situation in Iraq when covering those satellite channels and their levels, especially Government News. Relying on the theory of cultural implantation and using the survey method; A survey sheet was distributed among a random, stratified, spatial (cluster) sample of (320) respondents in the central city of Baghdad. The results indicated the clear interest of the respondents in following up on Iraqi affairs through Iraqi satellite channels, followed by the Arab satellite channels, in addition to the Al-Baghdadiya satellite channel ranked first among the respondents’ interests regarding following Iraqi events, then Al-Sharqiya channel came in second place, and Al-Arabiya Al-Hadath channel came third. The results also proved the validity of Some statistical assumptions for specific paragraphs.

Information literacy has become a crucial skill in the 21st century, with digital media positioning itself as a powerful tool to enhance this culture. It is not merely a channel for transmitting information but also an interactive environment that facilitates the exchange of ideas and deepens understanding.
The research problem lies in addressing the following primary question: What role does digital media play in promoting political information literacy among students at the University of Tikrit?
The researcher adopted a survey methodology and utilized a questionnaire as a tool to gather the required information. As for the research findings, several key results were reached, the most prominent of which are:
1. A high level of reliance among University of Tikrit students in Iraq on digital media to expand their political knowledge and develop their information literacy skills, as perceived by the study sample. The mean value was 4.073 with a standard deviation of 0.785, which answers the study’s first question.
2. A high level of political information literacy among University of Tikrit students in Iraq, as perceived by the study sample. The mean value was 4.076 with a standard deviation of 0.721, which answers the study’s second question.

Abstract:
Title of the study: The role of social networking sites in the spread of the phenomenon of electronic bullying - a field study of Tikrit University students.
Problem of the study: The problem is limited to the role played by social networking sites in increasing the phenomenon of bullying on these sites from the point of view of students at Tikrit University.
Study community and sample: The research community consisted of students of the Department of Media for morning studies - College of Arts at Tikrit University, and their total number was 426 and the research sample was (58) individuals.
Study method and tool: The researcher used the descriptive analytical method through the survey approach using the questionnaire as a tool for collecting data Main results:
1- The study proved that the increase in ongoing bullying cases is due to the widespread use of social networking sites.
2- Ignorance and lack of awareness were the main reason for the spread of the bullying phenomenon.
3- The most prominent manifestations of bullying are defamation, slander and theft of information.
4- Facebook users are the most exposed group to bullying cases compared to other sites.
Keywords: Bullying, cyberbullying, social networking sites.

Abstract:
This research is summarized in highlighting the phenomenon of electronic extortion, which is a recent phenomenon that targeted all societies, especially after the spread of the Internet and various social media. Women were the most exposed to this phenomenon, and the study used the survey method and questionnaire tool as a main tool in obtaining information for the study. The study concluded that the main source of individuals' access to information on the subject of electronic extortion was the source of satellite channels. The most important reasons for women's becoming victims of electronic extortion are the feeling of the emotional space that the blackmailer exploits against women in order to achieve emotional control over them.

Abstract
The years of conflict in Iraq have led to an educational system that is unable to provide basic skills to students, in addition to the large gap between what Iraq needs in terms of numbers of schools and what is actually there.Therefore, we carried out this study, which bears the following title - / The effect of using strategies to empower teaching staff in achieving educational goals / with the aim of clarifying what the empowerment strategy is and to what extent it can be applied in the educational sector in a way that guarantees raising the level of working educational staff, and sheds light on the structure of the educational goals that it sets.Working educational departments that seek to achieve both on the temporal level or at the level of behavioral contents, with a diagnosis of the most prominent mechanisms adopted by educational departments in dealing with instructions and laws and the extent to which these departments place a margin of freedom and initiative for the working cadres in order to activate creativity at the individual level, in addition to provide a structure of recommendations and proposals that educational departments can adopt to serve as a roadmap for achieving the envisaged educational goals.Teaching staff who hold administrative positions (general manager / assistant general manager / heads of departments) were selected in the directorates, bringing the sample size to (150), which was drawn randomly from the original research community, at a rate of 50% of the community.This research adopted the descriptive analytical approach because it represents the most appropriate option to know and identify the various research aspects. The researched community of the nature of the mentioned variables. At the end of the research, the results were put, as well as the proposals and recommendations that were put forward according to these results.

Abstract
Education is one of the main needs of all human societies. The concept of quality is one of the basic features of the present era, due to its widespread use and increasing demand for it in many aspects of contemporary life. The world today embraces the principle of total quality; and the whole world is involved in one global market in which all countries compete, and they have no choice but to achieve total quality, which requires the education system to succeed in maximizing the ability of the human being participating in the development process.The main research problem arises in knowing the role of total quality management in teaching Islamic education to the fifth grade science from the point of view of male and female teachers, as the term total quality is still one of the most important and famous terms used today in the world of management, and many view the term total quality as new and no more than a few decades old.The importance of the research is highlighted by the lack of contemporary educational thought for in-depth studies and research stemming from Islamic educational thought, especially since the general trend in our Islamic world focuses mainly on the principles, foundations and applications of Western education, while directing the attention of researchers to conduct more studies and research in this field.Working to improve contemporary educational and teaching systems by adopting the concept of total qualityThe rapid change in the world requires educational systems to qualify learners to confront or keep pace with these changes.

Summary:
The glue provisions of Sharia law and man-made laws are a barrier that prevents the deviation of the false people who distort words from their proper places. This distortion has methods and forms, including what was studied in this research, which addressed the issue of fraud (deceiving) people by taking their money and depriving them of their rights unlawfully. This fraud has taken multiple forms, some of which are traditional, such as deception, procrastination, deception, and deceit. Sharia law has made clear its rulings by prohibiting and man-made laws, including Iraqi law in its articles criminalizing it. Some of them are new, and this also has multiple forms, including impersonation, fraudulent bankruptcy, and network marketing. The noble Sharia law and the Iraqi laws have made clear in their rulings their criminality. Keywords: fraud - dishonesty - fraudulent bankruptcy – impersonation

Abstract
The current research aims to determine the effectiveness of the carousel strategy in promoting reflective thinking among second-grade middle school female students in the subject of history To verify the research objective, the following hypothesis was formulated:There are no statistically significant differences at the significance level of (005) between the means of the experimental group students who studied history using the carousel strategy and the control group students who studied history using the traditional method in reflective thinkingThe sample was intentionally selected, consisting of 37 female students for the experimental group and 37 female students for the control group To achieve the research objective, the researcher prepared a contemplative thinking test suitable for the age group of second-grade middle school students The test consists of 14 visual items, with two image options for each question After applying the experiment to both groups, the researcher found statistically significant differences in the means of the experimental group and the control group at a significance level of 005, in favor of the experimental group Based on the research results, the researcher will later present a set of recommendations and suggestions

Summary of the Rwsearch in English
The aim of the research is to identify (the effect of the hot chair strategy on the academic achievement of fourth-grade students in the subject of Islamic education and developing their systemic thinking). The experimental design with two equal groups was adopted, in order to suit the nature of the research. The sample consisted of (41) female students and they were distributed in two groups. One of them took place within the strategy of the hot seat and the development of systemic thinking, and it consisted of (20) female students in the Islamic education subject, and the second section taught traditional education, consisting of (21) female students in the same subject, which included a random sample. The researcher relied on testing the results of the variables in this research to develop their systemic thinking within several paragraphs, consisting of (24) models in their final form of the type of multiple tests, and their validity, stability and distinction were verified. The researcher carried out statistical analyzes of several paragraphs, and began analyzing and implementing the experiment on 1/7/2024, and the experiment period ended on 4/25/2024.The results showed that the experimental group that studied within the hot seat strategy was superior to the control group in testing the development of their systemic thinking. It showed The results of the research were that there were statistically significant differences at (0.05) in the development of systemic thinking in favor of the group that was studying an education characterized by the hot seat strategy, as well as the development of systemic thinking for the group traditionally in the subject of Islamic education, despite the difference in the nature of the subject studied Keywords (hot seat strategy - systemic thinking - fourth grade students’ scientific achievement.

ABSTRACT
This study aims to identify the impact of the strategy of the back back in the acquisition of mathematical concepts among primary school students in mathematics, and to achieve the goal of the research researcher developed the null hypothesis, which states (there is no statistically significant difference at the level of significance (0.05) between the average scores of students of the experimental group who will study mathematics according to the strategy (back back) and the degrees of students of the control group who will study the same material according to the usual method in the test of acquisition of mathematical concepts), adopted The researcher applied the experimental method, and the study was applied to a sample of (67) students from the fifth grade of primary school at (Asim bin Amr Al-Tamimi) distributed over two groups (experimental and control) a test was prepared for the acquisition of mathematical, and The researcher came out with a conclusion that (the impact of the independent variable in the acquisition of mathematical concepts for fifth grade primary students was very large and in favor of the experimental group who studied according to the back-to-back strategy),

A summary
There is no doubt that the poetry of the revolution was the result of the efforts of a large group of the nation’s poets. Reviewing memories of those years brings to mind many personalities who were working continuously and actively in the present field. There is always a two-way relationship between social developments and literature. Literary texts are affected by the context of their era and mutually influence the events of that era. Accordingly, it can be said that just as social movements and developments are always formed on the basis of literary developments, they influence the culture and literature of their era. Given the necessity of studying and evaluating the linguistic characteristics of the poetry of revolutionary poets, in this research, after defining and learning about the poetry of the Islamic Revolution, we studied the linguistic characteristics of the poetry of this period

Abstract
Students’ need to use different activities to increase their achievement in order to communicate appropriately in different situations. Pragmatic Language Activities are different activities that can be used to improve students’ achievement and improve their ability to use language in successful way. The current study aims at finding the role of Pragmatic Language Activities in improving Preparatory School Students’ achievement. It aims at finding if there are significant differences between experimental group achievement who taught by implementing pragmatic language activities and control group achievement who taught by adopting conventional method in achievement post- test; finding out if there are significant differences at recognition and production levels for experimental group in achievement post- test. The current study hypothesized that there are significant differences between the mean scores of the experimental group's achievements and that of the control group in the post-test; there are significant differences between the mean score of students’ achievement at both recognition and production levels in the post- test. Eighty students have been chosen randomly from fourth preparatory class from AL- Alam Preparatory School for Girls in AL- Alam city in Salah-Aldeen Governorate at first semester of school year 2023/ 2024. An achievement test is constructed to be a tool for data collection in this study. The obtained results show that by using pragmatic language activities, preparatory schools students’ achievement can be improved and their ability to communicate and produce in different contexts can also be improved. Finally, this study ends up by presenting some conclusions, recommendations, and suggestions for further researches.

Abstract
: Starting from the presumption that the nineteenth-century British novel is a style of narrative that has as two of its basic components the fictionality and the construction of a narrator that narrates the tale that is narrated, our contribution explores the growth of Victorian women’s novel as the production of several women authors aware of their feminine qualities and who are involved with analysing the female universe in their literary exhibition, offering the reader an illustration of the difference that emphasises the cultural construction of women in the nineteenth century. To the central metaphor of the woman as “the angel in the house” as described by Virginia Woolf, we oppose the “new woman” and the movement towards women’s liberation, and a new model of femininity which resulted in a narrative of the contrast (the female masculinity), which permits for an overview of noteworthy representatives of the genre: Mary Wollstonecraft, Emily Brontë, Elizabeth Bennet, Ellen Wood, Mary Elizabeth Braddon. These are embodiments of a confrontation of the ethical principle and predominant behaviour in force throughout the nineteenth century in England, historical proof of the uniqueness and personal capability of a collective marginalized by the predominant status and relegated to the margins of history.
Keywords: Victorian women, femininity, gender, feminism, masculinity, novel

Abstract
The current study investigates the phenomenon of force image schema in literary discourse. The literary work selected to be the sample of the current study is “stormchaser”; It is a short story. It is hoped that the force image schemas are embodied in the sample. The study designes and builds its own model of analysis of the literary work. The model is comprised of few models. The findings of the study reveal that force image schema in addition to other schemas are crucial parts of the literary discourse.

Abstract
This study aims to analyze the speech acts used in Abu Ubaidah’s statements on Gaza events. Drawing on Seale's (1969) theory of speech acts, the study carefully investigates how speech acts in these statements provided effective and significant messages, intentions, and meanings. To this end, a few statements delivered by Abu Ubaidah on Gaza events were selected, supported by some previous studies. The study finds that Referring to the preliminary fact, this paper is certainly not aimed at resisting and responding to the distressing stories in Gaza. Being aware of the limitations of this paper, the major goal of this study is, however, to expose the mental and social mechanisms of the participants when they conveyed the actual enunciation openly to others. This study, based on a socio-linguistic approach, attempts to investigate the pragmatic values of Abu Ubaidah's statements. To account for the above ideologies, this study is dedicated to uncovering the mental and social mechanisms of Abu Ubaidah’s by employing a speech act analysis.The Arab-Israeli conflict, now spread in Gaza Strip, has become the main theme that receives much public attentionKeywords Speech acts, Illocutionary force, Pragmatics, Political discourse.