Journal of Tikrit University for Humanities

The research examines the impact of various climatic elements on human comfort, focusing on achieving thermal balance and optimal comfort for the human body through air cooling systems utilizing chillers. It also involves calculating the amount of water drainage required for this purpose. This study was conducted in residential homes situated within the municipal boundaries of the Al-Alam District in Salah al-Din Governorate. The objective was to determine the monthly water drainage necessary for maintaining comfort and to assess the role of climatic elements in influencing this drainage.
The practical applied study focused on refrigerants throughout each month of the year 2022. The research aimed to understand the monthly variations in water drainage influenced by climatic factors, specifically temperature, relative humidity, and wind. It determined the extent to which these elements affect the volume of water drainage and established a statistical model that allows for the prediction of monthly water drainage quantities. This model enables the estimation of water drainage based on statistical analysis, without the need for field measurements of the monthly water discharge from the coolers. Consequently, the study provided insights into the monthly and annual water requirements for cooling purposes in the designated area.

The study aims to identify the impact of urban sprawl on agricultural lands in the town of Tafouh, explaining its causes and the major role played by natural and human factors in this.
These factors resulted in an increase in the population and expansion of the town over time, and the spread of urban development throughout the town after it had been concentrated in the center of the town until the year 2000 AD. This encroachment is still ongoing as the town lost approximately 1,476 acres of its agricultural lands during the study period from 2000-2022. This study followed the descriptive approach in studying and diagnosing the current urban reality in the town and the analytical approach in analyzing and evaluating the change in land uses and the factors affecting them and the impact of urban sprawl on agricultural lands in the town based on information and data, both quantitative and qualitative, from their various sources. The study reached a set of results and recommendations through which the main causes of urban sprawl in the town were identified and recommendations were made to limit this sprawl.

The importance of studying urban challenges lies in their significant impact on urban sustainability, urban planning, and economic growth in major cities in Iraq, in addition to their direct effects on the social life of citizens. This research aims to study the main factors influencing and causing these challenges, and to identify the most prominent urban problems facing major cities in Iraq, such as unplanned urban expansion, housing crisis, inadequate basic services, and environmental pollution. The research also seeks to provide solutions and strategies to mitigate the effects of these challenges and ensure a balance between population and urban growth. The study showed that Iraq has undergone a significant transformation from an agricultural society to an urban one, leading to a substantial increase in urbanization rates, particularly in Baghdad and Basra. With rapid population growth, major housing problems have arisen, characterized by increased demand for housing units and weak infrastructure, resulting in the proliferation of informal settlements. The study also indicated that the urban system in Iraq suffers from a lack of balance, as the capital, Baghdad, dominates other cities in terms of urban growth, highlighting challenges in achieving balanced development across different regions. To address these issues, planning authorities must adopt comprehensive and sustainable urban planning strategies to ensure a balance between population and urban growth, and increase investment in infrastructure projects to improve the quality of life in less urbanized areas. Decentralized development policies should also be implemented to aim for a fair distribution of resources and services between Baghdad and other regions.

The transportation networks and road systems are essential components of urban infrastructure, acting as the lifelines of a city by facilitating movement and activity. Roads also play a crucial role in shaping the morphological structure and identity of urban areas. However, cities encounter numerous traffic challenges that impede vehicle movement due to various factors, including public services such as education, healthcare, and recreation, which contribute to increased traffic flow. This study aims to analyze the key factors affecting traffic movement and propose solutions to reduce congestion. It examines the geographic characteristics of the city and their impact on road network development. Descriptive, analytical, and applied methodologies were employed, utilizing Geographic Information Systems (GIS) to produce maps and practical solutions. Quantitative indicators such as alpha, beta, and gamma were used to assess network connectivity, density, and performance. The study revealed that deteriorating transportation services are primarily caused by population growth (12,957 residents) and the increasing use of private vehicles, which exceed the city’s original design capacity. Additionally, travel times and congestion at city entrances have increased. The study recommends that urban planning authorities develop forward-looking road network designs to accommodate population growth and traffic expansion, thereby mitigating these challenges.

This research illuminates the spatial distribution of cities in Syria, examining the patterns of concentration and dispersion across the country. It also explores the factors that influence and are influenced by this distribution pattern. To illustrate the distribution of cities in Syria, several indicators are employed, including the Chi-square test, the nearest neighbour index, the median point, and the Robinson equation for measuring city spacing. It is observed that there is a strong correlation between the size of cities and the degree of separation among them. As the size categories of cities increase, their numbers decrease, the distance between them widens, and their areas of influence expand. Consequently, this study serves as a foundational reference for establishing development and social programs and plans at the national level. The study revealed that the distribution of Syrian cities is highly concentrated in specific areas, such as Damascus and Aleppo. In contrast, another distribution pattern is observed in regions like Jazira, the Euphrates, and central Syria, where cities are more widely dispersed. Consequently, it is essential to develop and invest in various natural, economic, and human resources. This includes, for instance, fostering and localizing diverse industries—both manufacturing and petroleum—along the development axis of the northeastern region. Additionally, attention should be directed toward the growth of small and medium-sized cities, along with the provision and facilitation of various investments and subsidies for these areas.

The research investigates the impact of climate change on Iraq's water resources, specifically focusing on the Euphrates River. It analyzes projected changes in precipitation, temperature, and surface runoff using climate data and an analytical approach. The study outlines future scenarios for the Euphrates Basin, emphasizing the effects of climate change on water sustainability. Rainfall is expected to decrease by up to 13% after 2021, possibly exceeding 40% by the end of the century, especially in Turkey, the main runoff source. Flows in the Euphrates River may decrease by 23.5% by 2100, with surface runoff dropping by 30% after 2040. Average winter temperatures are projected to rise by 1-5°C between 2021 and 2081. These changes pose a threat to water resources in Iraq, as the country already loses about 14.7% of its reserves annually due to drought, with 85% of water used for agriculture, compared to 70% in developed countries. The research aims to offer strategic recommendations for climate adaptation, focusing on improved water management, sustainable agricultural practices, and enhanced environmental awareness to ensure future water and food security.

The study aims to address the concept of residential mobility in the city of Basra between its (55) residential neighbourhoods, whether between or within residential neighbourhoods, and to identify the causes and trends of movement at the level of residential regions. It became clear through the study that most population movements happened in the period (2014-2022) with a percentage of (48%) of the total number of movers in the city, and the distance (435-2775) m had the highest percentage of moving families, reaching (23.5%), followed by the distance (2776-5552) m with a percentage of (20%), and at the regional level Residential. The weak region had the highest percentage of moving families, amounting to (33.6%), followed by the intermediate transitional region, with a percentage of (25.9%). The study showed that those moving from the weak region to neighbourhoods in other regions had the highest percentage, amounting to (42.1%) of the total number of people moving from their regions to other regions.

Drought represents one of the main challenges facing Iraq, as it greatly affects water and agricultural resources. The impact of drought is increasing due to climate change, which increases the need to accurately understand its geographical distribution. In this research, the Global Aridity Index was used to evaluate and identify drought regions in Iraq, providing a comprehensive view of the geographical distribution of this phenomenon.
The research, whose temporal and spatial limits represent the period 1980-2020, and the country is Iraq, which is located in the western part of the continent of Asia, between latitudes 29°-37° north and longitudes 38°-49° east. On the analysis of multi-source climatic and geological data using the Global Aridity Index (GAI). Data was collected from weather stations, satellite data, and other available sources for the time period between 1980 and 2020. Using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) techniques to analyze data and draw maps showing the spatial distribution of drought regions in various regions of Iraq, and it was found through the study that Iraq suffers from great disparities in drought levels across its geographical regions, and the country can be divided into four main regions where the drought is severe:

This study aims to show the importance of the strategic location of the municipality of Al-Qubba, given the study area’s lack of scientific studies that show the significance of its location and resources that give it great importance. Through examining its components, it will be found that it lacks sufficient human power compared to the municipalities that border it in its territory represented by Al-Jabal Al-Akhdar. Its geographical location makes it of pivotal importance that can be exploited from an economic, tourism and military perspective. In this study, the Geographic Information Systems program (GIS) was used, in addition to the Digital Elevation Model, known scientifically by the abbreviation (DEM), and the researcher also used the statistical analysis program (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences) to perform some calculations and statistics.

This research focuses on modeling the flow characteristics of river basins in Kirkuk using the Curve Number (CN) method developed by the Soil Conservation Service (SCS). This method relies on a series of mathematical equations that utilize inputs such as land cover, land use patterns, soil hydrology, vegetation types, and rainfall amounts. The process of correlating rainfall amounts with surface runoff is based on the methodology established by the Natural Resources Conservation Service in 1980. The Curve Number (CN) represents the flow curve, with values ranging from zero to 100, indicating the water response of various land cover components within the drainage basins. Values closer to zero indicate that surfaces are more permeable to water. The CN value is influenced by three key factors: pre-soil moisture conditions, land cover, and soil hydrological group.

The research dealt with the most important indicators that show the evaluation of the efficiency of educational services in Abu Fleis region, through which it shed light on the reality of the geographical distribution of the existing educational institutions, with a focus on the cadastral standard, and the ease of access based on educational planning standards. There is a misdistribution of those schools due to random distribution with failure In reaching the standards adopted in the ease of access and the space required for those educational institutions in the (Abu Flees) area, and then the research reached a set of conclusions.

The topic of climate change is one of the topics that have occupied the attention of many researchers, scientists, and climatologists in particular, because it is one of the topics related to human life on the surface of the earth, as well as its impact on all activities practiced and aspects of life, whether health, agricultural, industrial, etc. The research consisted of three sections. The first section included the theoretical framework. The second section included the geographical analysis of the elements of climate. The third section discussed the dynamics of climate change and future predictions of maximum and minimum temperatures and rainfall, in addition to conclusions, recommendations and sources.
The research summarizes the presence of clear indicators of climate change in temperature and rainfall in the study area. The maximum temperature increased by a difference of (4°C) and the minimum temperature by (4.7°C), that meaning the temperature is heading towards an increase and a large fluctuation in its path. The amount of rainfall also decreased by a difference of (241.8 mm) and is heading towards a decrease. The correlation between rainfall appeared to be negative (-0.4) with the maximum temperature, and also negative (-0.2) for the minimum, that is an inverse relationship, and the result is that the more rainfall, the lower the temperature. By following the time series of temperatures and rainfall. The study concludes that the next climate cycle will witness climate change, disturbances in the movement of the atmosphere, and the occurrence of some phenomena: such as severe hot and cold waves, flash floods, new types of clouds, thunderstorms, as well as years of drought with rainy years; therefore, it is necessary to use means and technologies that can reduce climate change and its dangers.

Artificial intelligence currently represents one of the most important things brought about by the Fourth Industrial Revolution, the effects of which were reflected at all levels. Despite its advantages, there are many challenges that are imposed on countries regardless of their progress or backwardness, rich or poor, especially in light of the intense competition between countries over its development and ownership on the one hand, and the failure to reach international legal regulations. Therefore, the research aims to identify the geopolitical determinants imposed by artificial intelligence on countries, and it has been found that they represent real determinants that can put the state in a state of embarrassment, starting with the contribution of artificial intelligence that erodes its sovereignty, and creates a state of rift between it and society in light of the growing widespread demand for the use of means of communication. These determinants pass to create a state of class disparity within society, not to mention, the displacement of large numbers of employees and workers, which affects the entire economic situation of the state, and these determinants end with the military, which has a great impact on the status and position of the state in many ways, including the pursuit of possessing states. Artificial intelligence heralds the return of the arms race between countries, and this will be at the expense of development, in addition to the great fear of possession by sub-official actors, especially terrorist organizations, which makes the state truly at stake. In the face of this huge number of geopolitical challenges, there is an urgent need to establish laws at the national and international levels that regulate the process of developing, regulating and adopting artificial intelligence.

Industrial economic advancement is significantly influenced by service industries, which provide essential services that benefit other sectors. These industries are often regarded as a cornerstone in the development process due to their positive impact. Industry, in general, is one of the most important activities that humans have engaged in since ancient times. Consequently, small industries play a crucial role in meeting the needs of the local population, despite the diversity of their products. Their substantial contribution to the local economy underscores their importance in the economic landscape.
The blacksmithing profession is regarded as one of the vital service industries in the Kufa due to its significant contributions to the economic sectors. The importance of this industry is evident in the changes it brings to the economic and social landscape. The role of small industries in the Kufa is equally important as that of large and medium-sized industrial sectors, as they play a crucial role in production and in meeting the local consumer needs. It is noteworthy that the geographical distribution of this industry varies from one region to another, being concentrated in areas with higher population density, which correlates with and influences the direct demand for the products of this industry.

This research aims to model the cartographic factors affecting the demand for agricultural products in Baghdad Governorate through the use of data analysis techniques. The research seeks to identify geographical, social and economic factors that directly and indirectly affect consumer behaviour towards local agricultural products. Data collected from multiple sources, including agricultural production data, population data, and satellite imagery These data were processed using specialized geographic analysis programs to identify the spatial patterns of the influencing factors, and to develop a statistical model that links these factors to the demand for agricultural products. Cartographic modeling is a powerful tool for analyzing geospatial data and modeling complex spatial phenomena, as it is used to link spatial data with other characteristics, allowing a better understanding of spatial relationships and spatial distributions of phenomena. There are wide applications of cartographic modeling in fields as diverse as urban planning, disaster management, and environmental geography. The importance of the study was the need to identify areas of demand (consumption) in the province of Baghdad with a large population weight, as well as in order to plan for production, marketing and supply of agricultural products and adapt to future changes in agricultural land and distance from supply centres. Arc map10.8.1 has been based on many models provided by the GIS environment One of the tools that have been relied on is the tool for calculating point and linear density kernel density line density. The density of the areas of high and low demand was calculated based on a number of criteria, namely population numbers (consumption), prices, supply centers (Alawi selling vegetables and fruits), land uses, transportation routes. One of the tools that have been relied on to calculate cartographic modeling is also the tool of cluster and quilter analysis, which indicates whether the apparent similarity (spatial aggregation of high and low values) or variation (extreme place value) is more pronounced than one would expect in the randomization and for each of the above variables. Aggregation tools and outliers are powerful tools that help analyze agricultural data and understand the factors affecting the demand for agricultural products, contributing to better decision-making and improving efficiency in the agricultural sector. The study found that cartographic modeling methods contribute to drawing a picture of geographical analysis to study the factors affecting the demand for agricultural products in Baghdad Governorate and identify areas with high and low demand can identify areas that witness high demand for certain agricultural products, which helps in better production and marketing planning. Detection of spatial relationships between influencing factors and demand shows strong spatial relationships between different factors, such as the relationship between high income and demand for organic products, can be detected.

Clouds are one of the most important natural phenomena that have a great influence on climate, weather and the balance of the Earth's energy. Clouds are a key to regulating the Earth's temperatures. The effect of cloud cover on temperatures is of a different dimension. The normal temperatures for monitoring (00) GMT and monitoring (1200) GMT from a fixed side and through mathematical indicators that determine the strength of the relationship and its classification, and the current study was interested in an attempt to understand a very important ritual phenomenon that did not take its right to climate studies that were in Iraq, which is the study of influential clouds. In Iraq, where the percentage of days that are recorded recurrently for low clouds in selected stations in Iraq varies compared to the days in which the cloudiness of the sky prevails and is free of clouds. In general, the percentage of days without clouds is higher, and Iraq witnesses a recording of repetition of all types of low clouds in different topographical regions, except They differ in their frequency ratios between night and day observations; Observing (00) GMT, the highest frequency of occurrence of type (SC5) reached about 56.5٪, and the seasons of the year vary in the nature of the cloud cover in them, at a time when the frequency of clouds increases in the winter season, recording the highest total sum of the frequency of clouds types reached 44.2 - 36.6٪ During the day and night.

The current study addressed a part of the Euphrates River in western Iraq within Haditha area. The study aims to employ cartographic modeling in analyzing the geographical dimensions of river bends. Geographic research has witnessed significant development in recent years thanks to technological progress and the use of modern digital tools that contribute to building cartographic models that are perceived through the use of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) techniques, which have become one of the main pillars of geographical and environmental studies. River courses and their features, including their river bends, are one of the most important features that play a major role in shaping river topography and directly affect the surrounding environment.
The study aims to build spatial representation models (Representation Analysis Models) to simulate the spatial reality of the bends of the Euphrates River in Haditha, western Iraq, using Geographic Information Systems techniques, and displaying the results of this simulation in the form of various digital maps, by achieving a set of scientific and applied objectives that focus on analyzing the morphometric dimensions of river bends in Haditha using cartographic modeling.

Regular agricultural is one of the methods of sustainable development of natural resources that raises the economic and social level and leads society towards a more efficient life for investment and in the long term. In this research, the researcher reached the natural characteristics of the region by highlighting the geographical location. The study area is located between the lines of longitude ("0,'12,42°) (53", 81, ﮿44) east and latitude (50,22,37°) (17,10,﮿36) north with an area of (10956) Km2. It consists of seven districts, the canter of which is the city of Dohuk. It was found that the region has diverse climatic characteristics and that growing season is throughout the year due to the diversity of temperatures and increase in rainfall rates. It was found that winter cereal crops ranked first in terms. The soil is characterized by organic matter in a percentage ranging between ( 0, 92 - 4 , 98 %) at a rate 2.95 % in the study area . Exploiting land for agricultural is one of the methods used to sustain natural resources in the study area and increase revenues from agricultural production and it is used as a raw material in several industries.

Water is an integral part of national security in Iraq and is one of the least elements that mitigate the state and economic and economic stability, and plays an important role in creating and bearing responsibility whether within the state or with the countries that enjoy it in the rivers in order to obtain water, and Iraq suffers from its water crisis, especially the south, since the beginning of its emergence witnessed by the world in general and Iraq in particular and the water policies of neighboring countries (Turkey and Iran), the lack of political will and planning to consume its water resources and rationalize them internally, has become a threat to water that threatens Iraq and threatens its national security, the environmental and political economic system and aspects of life and living in it.

Urban economic studies of cities hold significant importance within the field of human geography. Interest in this area has grown due to rising population levels and the increasing diversity of economic activities conducted by urban centers.
Therefore, the city's need for a study that elucidates the interaction between basic and non-basic sectors, along with the resulting urban economic multiplier, serves as the interpretive framework for urban growth in cities. This paper aims to identify the economic base of a city by using its municipal boundaries as a framework, defining it with official statistical data, and applying mathematical equations to facilitate the application of this study in the practical fields of urban planning.
To understand the economic foundation of the city of Balad, a descriptive and analytical approach was employed, supported by various statistical methods. This approach facilitated the analysis of the city's economic basis using a hypothetical framework. The study concluded that the economic foundation of the city has a ratio of 1.04, indicating that each basic job opportunity generates one non-basic job opportunity. Furthermore, the value of the economic basis multiplier, also known as the employment multiplier, was found to be approximately 2.1. This means that for every job created in the basic sector, two individuals in the population are employed in both the basic and non-basic sectors. This calculation is based on the premise that each job in the basic sector corresponds to a job in the non-basic activities. The study recommends the development of a strategic plan for the city that leverages its geographical advantages to strengthen and diversify its economic foundation, ultimately fostering positive growth and development within the urban environment.

The research focused on the role of digital elevation models (DEM) in estimating topographic variations affecting the suitability of agricultural land. To create an effective geographical database, a comprehensive spatial analysis of spatial information layers must first be carried out, focusing on their accurate representation on maps based on remote sensing data. This approach will enable the production of maps that will help to competently assess and regulate the use of agricultural land. These maps will be formulated by identifying, evaluating and classifying agricultural land in accordance with the characteristics of the environment in the study area. The results showed that the land suitability rating, specifically the unit of the agglomeration plain, was within the high suitability category with an area of 51.7 square kilometers. In contrast, the lowest proportionality was found in the unit of mountain ranges (ridges), covering 25.1 square kilometers of the total area of the study area of 181.3 square kilometers. These results illustrate the significant differences in the suitability of agricultural land based on the terrain and the local environment.

The study aims to identify the factors and processes that continuously alter the surface appearance of the land and their impact on the utilization of residential and agricultural areas. It employs equations to quantify the extent of changes occurring in the study area, acknowledging that these changes can have both positive and negative effects. The research addresses the negative consequences and challenges arising from physical weathering and wind erosion, particularly in the study area, which is characterized as a dry region susceptible to active wind erosion and physical weathering. This leads to the central research problem: the instability of the surface and the soil being eroded by the wind. We propose several solutions utilizing modern equations, satellite imagery, geographic information systems (GIS), and remote sensing to mitigate the negative impacts of physical weathering and wind erosion while reducing erosion processes. The research encompasses two main components: the first focuses on the study of physical weathering, its activity, and its effects, while the second examines wind erosion and employs equations to determine erosion levels in the study area.

E-governance is a tool that shortens distances and crosses borders without any significant barriers by using modern technology to activate the supervisory role on the work of the administration, improve its performance, and contribute to building transparency between it and citizens and exploiting it in developing the administrative activity of the institution and improving its financial status and preserving the interests of the various parties dealing with it. E-governance has received the attention of researchers in its relationship with political geography and demonstrating the extent of mutual influence between them. Therefore, it is an important event in the development of modern technology in state departments, and one of the soft power tools that have enhanced the importance of cohesive construction and transparency in work.The topic addresses answering the problem represented by what are the geographical factors affecting governance applications in Iraq? To reach the desired results, the researchers assumed that human geographic foundations have a significant impact on the use of governance in state management in all its aspects and the extent of their impact on political, economic and social relations.The importance of the research lies in the fact that it studies the applications of e-governance and its relationship to political geography, which enabled the state to provide its services with high efficiency, facilitating citizens' access to state departments from within their homes. The importance of the research is not limited to this aspect only, but rather extends to the fact that the research shows the impact of human geographic foundations on e-governance applications in Iraq.Since cyberspace has become the spatial stage in which the components of artificial intelligence interact, e-governance has a prominent role in Iraqi institutions, requiring in-depth applied studies to analyze its role in state management and its technological strength.The researchers followed three approaches to reach the desired results, namely the power analysis approach, the functional approach, and the regional approach.
As for the limits of the research, they are represented by:
A- Spatially: represented by the Iraqi geographical borders.
B- Temporally: represented by the year (2024)

The research aims to shed light on the sanitary landfill sites in the city of Mosul and to choose the most suitable sites for establishing recycling factories in view of their important and prominent role in the growth of the economies of most countries, as they are a basic element of economic activity at the present time, as the quantities of solid waste have become enormous and are increasing in direct proportion to the increase in population, and due to the great danger arising from this waste which affects human health and distorts the urban appearance of the city, the research reached the selection of a number of sites according to specific criteria in light of which the most suitable places for sanitary landfill sites in the city of Mosul were determined, and a map was created according to a number of criteria related to transportation methods and distance from the population, to avoid environmental damage that may result from landfills.

The study aims to illuminate the significant issues arising from climate change, particularly the phenomenon of climate migration driven by drought. This situation has disproportionately affected rural residents, leading to increased migration toward urban areas in Babil Governorate, especially in its southern regions. The most impacted areas are located in the northern parts of the governorate. The research specifically examined rainfall amounts, maximum temperatures, and evaporation rates associated with drought conditions.Therefore, the study focused on several villages in the southern part of the governorate, which are situated along the streams that branch off from the Shatt al-Hilla. Field visits were conducted to interview residents regarding the number of families migrating due to drought in each area of the southern governorate, as well as to identify the regions to which the population had relocated. This visit was documented with on-site photographs of the villages and streams.The most significant finding of the study is the substantial number of families migrating from the affected villages to urban areas. The highest rate of displacement was recorded at 15.8% in the village of Al-Khudariyya, located in the Al-Shumali district, and 14.6% in the village of Abu Sadaf in the Al-Qasim district.The study also emphasized the importance of addressing the needs of rural residents in these areas by ensuring they have access to water, particularly for irrigating palm orchards. It advocated for the adoption of modern irrigation technologies to minimize water waste associated with traditional irrigation methods.