Al-Qadisiyah Journal for Engineering Sciences

Urban pedestrian environments rank among the most frequent public spaces, playing a vital role in enhancing
urban liveability. In Dhaka, the rapid growth seen over recent decades has resulted in the city’s streetscape
increasingly losing its lively, mixed-use essence, shifting mainly towards being just traffic routes. This research
underscores the pressing need to evaluate the quality of Dhaka’s pedestrian environment and streetscape to protect
its distinctive character before further decline occurs. A mixed method approach is adopted here, such as syntactic
analysis, questionnaire surveys, and physical observations, especially focusing on two selected roads in Dhaka.
Techniques like Space Syntax and SPSS statistical analysis are employed to quantify spatial data and evaluate
user perceptions accordingly regarding current streetscape features with a direct observation for validating the
results. Through this integrated approach, the relationship between spatial configuration and spatial quality is
closely examined. The findings reveal that combining these methodologies offers a novel and effective avenue
for obtaining thorough and trustworthy results when measuring the quality of urban public spaces. Moreover,
it shows that interactions between the physical environment and user perceptions significantly influence urban
streetscape quality, presenting crucial insights for reimagining Dhaka as a more pedestrian-friendly city

Continuous deep beams (CDBs) expose usually to repeated and cyclic load by loading and unloading states and the
wave of an earthquake. Adding scraped tires rubber to the concrete mix (which is researcher interesting nowadays)
improves its dynamic properties besides the sustainability purposes. Six CDBs were cast and tested experimentally
under static and repeated loads. It can be concluded that the CDBs loss about 39% and 30.1% of their ultimate
capacity after 10% volumetric replacement of sand and gravel respectively. Also, the ultimate strength of the
beams decreases when compared with the static loads by 14%, 8% and 9% for conventional beam, gravel and
sand replacement beams respectively. The cyclical results confirm that each load (positive and negative) make its
own strut, till it’s crossed together and the beams losses about 35 to 45% of their capacity due to the cycles. As a
conclusion, it could be noting that the static loading results match with the strut tie method calculations.

Fiber systems for transmitting millimeter wave (MMW) signals have recently become increasingly popular
for upcoming wireless communication applications, including 5G and beyond networks. This study into the
developments in the combination of wireless and optical networks, this paper utilizes this combination and
reduces the symbol error rate (SER). The proposed system employs a 4x4 Multi-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO)
wireless signal; MIMO can be utilized to improve coverage and increase capacity through spatial multiplexing.
MIMO systems are an essential component of today’s wireless networks, and they have been widely utilized in
recent times to achieve great spectrum and energy efficiency. In this paper, the 4X4 MIMO is used to support
the transmission link and increase throughput. Then, the subcarrier is modulated with a millimeter-wave using a
Match Zender Modulator (MZM). The signal is transmitted through a (45-50-75) kilometer optical fiber, thus
enhancing the capacity and frequency and increasing errors. The proposed system mitigates this error by utilizing
multiple compensator that offset the SER. The VPIphotonics software program and Python are used.

The impact of higher temperatures on the qualities of normal-strength mortar containing Iraqi bentonite powder
(BP) as a partial substation of cement was examined in the present research. The bentonite concrete was made
by replacing cement with bentonite in weight ratio of 5 and 10%. A strength test (compressive strength) was
performed, and the durability performance (mass loss) and absorption were performed and discussed. The results
showed that samples containing bentonite outperformed the control mix regarding heat endurance. The flowability
of the mixture decreased by 15% and 25% for 5% and 10%BP, respectively. Bentonite-containing concrete had
a lower compressive strength than the control mix at ambient temperature and at 300C°by 22.8% and 38.9,
respectively for 5%BP and 10.5% and 24.8%, respectively for 10%BP. But at 600C°, the compressive strength of
mixes containing BP is higher than that of the control mix by 33% and 49.5% for 5% and 10%BP, and it had good
resistance to water absorption at all temperature levels. A somewhat significant color change was noted for mortar
compositions with higher BP ratios. A color change was observed from gray to pink for samples containing BP.

For the protection of historic city identity and providing a sustainable benefit to its buildings, the strategy of
conserving heritage buildings in old cities through their reuse is complex and crucial. It requires modifying
the building while changing its function. The most appropriate mechanism for reuse is the most widely used
mechanism for preserving and enhancing the values of heritage buildings. To extend the physical and functional
life of heritage buildings and avoid the damage that may be caused as a result of wrong decisions, this study assists
decision-makers in making the best decision more accurately, quickly, and effectively to reuse heritage buildings.
Due to the lack of knowledge of the criteria and indicators that affect the most appropriate reuse process on a
large scale and the extent to which they affect the process of selecting the most appropriate use, this paper aims to
extract such criteria and indicators and prove their effectiveness in the process of selecting the most appropriate
reuse of heritage buildings in old cities. The procedure of the study includes three phases: the 1st phase analyzes
previous related studies and international charters, then extracts the most important criteria and indicators; the 2nd
phase deals with expert interviews to provide a criteria assessment according to significance; and the 3rd phase
applies these criteria and indicators to historic buildings in Mosul’s old city to evaluate the possibility of their
use. A decision-making methodology (AHP) is applied using Microsoft Excel. The methodology was applied to
Ziadah House and Suleiman Al-Sayegh House, which are among the most important historic buildings in the old
city of Mosul. In the results, the application to arrange the optimal alternatives showed that the Ziadah house got
the highest value, while the Al-Sayegh house got the lowest value. We can conclude from this that Ziyadah House
is the most appropriate option to perform the function of restoration and maintenance of antiquities

Ibuprofen is classified as a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medication (NSAID). This medication is employed for
the treatment of several ailments, encompassing mild to moderate pain such as toothache, migraine, and period
pain. Additionally, it is used to alleviate high-temperature fevers resembling influenza, reduce inflammation in
tissues, and manage conditions like rheumatoid arthritis, back pain, and gout, among others. Despite the relative
simplicity of ibuprofen’s structure, it possesses significant structural complexity to enable a broader variety of
acquisition methods. Numerous techniques for acquiring it with possible industrial utility have been discovered
since the inception of its initial commercial use. The majority of commercially viable industrial processes utilized
for the synthesis of ibuprofen are derived from isobutyl-benzene (IBB). Commercial isobutyl benzene (IBB) is
synthesized through the reaction between propene and toluene. The conversion of isobutyl benzene ranges from
(18.05%) to (19.8%) at various values of reaction temperature and from the results we can see that the reaction
time has a signifi-cant effect on the isobutyl benzene conversion

Incorporating crumbed rubber into asphalt binder or asphalt concrete mixes has become increasingly common in
recent years. Researchers have looked into how well this additive can improve both the modified bitumen and the
modified asphalt mix. With the growing usage of rubber crumb modifiers in asphalt mixtures, the significance of
certain asphalt qualities has been recognized. This has opened up more opportunities for a thorough examination
of their rheological and physical properties. The asphalt-rubber binder’s performance was often impacted by the
amount of crumb rubber and the blending circumstances. In this study, a new method, the Steam Aging Technique
(SAT), was utilized to study the attributes of the rubber-enhanced bitumen, which was aged throughout Bitumen’s
service. The primary goal of this research was to investigate the influence of traditional aging methods compared
to the steam aging method, and the possibility of using the latter as an alternative test to traditional methods.
Overall, physical test results showed notable increases in softening point and rotational viscosity and a decrease
in penetration value for vapor-aged bitumen contrasted to non-aged bitumen. This research used a dynamic shear
rheometer (DSR) and a temperature sweep test (TS) method to study rutting under control strain mode. The
effectiveness of the use of steam aging has been observed and the possibility of using it as an alternative to the
conventional aging methods available was investigated. It was found that there was a great convergence in the
results extracted from the steam aging device with an addition rate of 5, 10, and 15% and an aging time of 45
minutes with the results extracted from the rotary kiln device, except for the 20% addition rate, which gave a
difference in values

The Rubber-carbon black composite material-based product is the main matrix used in domestic and industrial
applications in the last decades. This study proposes replacing the reinforcing carbon with matrix-neutral rubber
with epoxy resins to reduce the carbon footprint and lower the environmental impact while enhancing the product’s
mechanical properties. Five additive percentages of carbon–epoxy, starting from 100-50% Carbon-black and
0-50% Epoxy, were studied using a hybrid experimental-numerical approach. Experimentally, the extension
fatigue, flexural fatigue, and elongation modulus testing were completed using the universal testing machines
with a low loading rate (quasi-static process). Numerical, the finite element analysis by the commercial software
ABAQUS-SAE within the built-in hyperelastic constitutive model was utilized to visualize the full-field stresses.
The experimental nominal stress-strain data was used as input for the numerical model, and Ogden’s formula
was applied to simulate the mechanical response of the specimens. The stress field and stress concentration of
different experimental tests are given. The effect of increasing the additive epoxy on the rubber-carbon mechanical
response and the fatigue life under repeated loads were identified and discussed. Furthermore, the results show
that a small amount of epoxy can be used as a reinforcing material for a rubber compound and it improves the
mechanical properties. This along with more results are shown in the result section.

This study aims to evaluate the effects of breakage of construction and demolition waste materials
(C&DWMs) on aggregate gradation, aggregate characteristics, moisture damage, and resilient modulus
using Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA). Asphalt mixtures containing 0%, 25%, 50%, and 75% C&DWM
wastes were investigated. The characteristics of C&DWMs were investigated through the surface
inspection, the particle size distribution, the water absorption, and the density tests. The indirect
tensile strength test, the tensile strength ratio test, and the indirect tensile stiffness modulus test were
performed. Moreover, the analysis of variance (ANOVA) and damage analysis were also performed.
The results showed that the amount of optimum asphalt content increases as the dosage of C&DWMs
increases. The change in gradation has led to a variation in the properties of coarse, fine, and combined
aggregates. The breakage of C&DWMs during mixing and compaction processes contributes to the
redistribution of aggregate particles after mixing and compaction processes. The breakage has led to
better resilient modulus and lower water stability exhibited by C&DWMs mixes than control mixes.
The damage analysis and ANOVA testing indicate that asphalt mixtures with no more than 50%
C&DWMs have a performance like that of the control mix. In this regard, the pavement section with
0%, 25%, and 50% of C&DWMs achieved a design life of around 19 years. Although the results were
encouraging, the C&DWMs asphalt mixtures require more investigation in future studies. This would
elevate the use of C&DWMs in the pavement industry and promote more sustainable asphalt mixtures.

Most water stations use concrete tanks to store water, and the tanks may be above or below ground level. In
designing tanks, many engineering requirements are taken into account to ensure the structural safety of the tank
and the absence of water leakage. The research aims to study the response of different shapes of concrete tanks
(square, rectangular, circular, and hexagonal), that based on clay soil and subjected to an earthquake wave (type
El Centro), by studying some engineering variables related to tanks and soil. ABAQUS program was used to
analyze the tanks, and used different analysis cases like Dynamic Explicit, geotechnical and soil analysis. The
study concluded that there are advantages and disadvantages for each of the studied shapes. It is preferable to use
circular tanks because they have a high resistance to shear forces, bending moments, stresses, lateral strength, and
have small soil consolidation compare with the other tanks, but the bad characteristic is that cracks are high. Also,
It is also preferable to avoid using a rectangular tank due to its poor response to seismic loads

The purpose of this study is to use cutting-edge nano modification technology to provide a crucial foundation for
utilizing new-generation cementitious materials with extremely high strength and extremely extended service life.
This research addresses the effects of nano Al2O3 particles replacement on the UHPC. In this research, nano
Al2O3 particles mixes were used as additive ranges from 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, and 3 percent from cement weight
in UHPC. Concrete was prepared to perform slump cone, strength, modulus of elasticity, water permeability, and
SEM analysis. The results indicated that the nano Al2O3 particles enhanced the flowability and increased the heat
of hydration with the increase of their contents. It shows that nano Al2O3 particles can significantly accelerate the
setting and hardening process of UHPC. The optimal dosages to enhance mechanical and durability properties
were 2% nano Al2O3 particles. The compressive strengths of specimen increased by 26.86% compared to the
control mix., it also reduced the 37.04% depth of water penetration under pressure, respectively in comparison to
control concrete. The results exhibit that the nano Al2O3 particle is an excellent filler material, reducing porosity
regions and accelerating cement hydration via the pozzolanic effect. The SEM analysis demonstrated that adding
nano Al2O3 particles may also effectively enhance the interfacial transition zone.Click here and insert your
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Highways are one of the most crucial infrastructure elements for any city. It is of high importance to keep them
maintained to the high performance. This might need to establish a road maintenance department for the continued
inspection and decision making. Spatial technologies, such as GIS, are particularly useful for integrating roadway
data and enhancing their use and presentation for highway management and operation through the use of spatial
relationships and maps. This paper presents a GIS-based system that serves as a platform for all aspects of the
pavement condition assessment and maintenance. The resulting map system can enhance the maintenance process
significantly by visualising the whole network with the state condition of each section. This paper examines the
condition of road sections for a selected area in Al-Qassim, a city to the south of Babylon governorate. These
road sections have varying condition states resulting from many factors such as weathering, insufficient drainage,
ageing, traffic load, and lack of routine maintenance. The overall condition index (OCI) is used to assess the state
of each section on a scale of 1 to 10. Most of the studied sections are falling below 5. Two strategies are presented
for maintaining and inspecting the network that highway agencies and road engineers could adopt to save money
and extend pavement life in a functional manner. Additionally, the study highlights the importance of recording
all road information, including construction details, distress type and severity, and maintenance and rehabilitation
processes, to inform future actions.

Researchers and the energy industry are currently focusing their efforts on optimizing the effectiveness of verticalaxis wind turbines (VAWT) to cut down on the reliance on energy supply from fossil fuels which releases
gases that are toxic to the environment. As such, several methods have been applied, including increasing the
velocity and modification of both the trailing and leading edges of the aerofoil. In the present investigation,
numerical studies of the flow on the wind turbine blades with a NACA0015 airfoil section equipped with and
without tubercles on the trailing edge were conducted using ANSYS Fluent. A computational domain of 2000 mm
by 35000 mm was employed with the K-W SST turbulence model. This two-dimensional computational fluid
dynamics (CFD) analysis was performed with Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria wind data that was received from the
Nigeria Meteorological Agency (NIMET). The modified blade with a wavelength of 90 mm and an amplitude
of 4 mm is seen to have a better thrust than the unmodified blade. It produced a thrust of 118 N for a tip-speed
ratio (TSR) of 4.0 compared to 109 N of the unmodified blade at the same TSR and that of the modified blade
(1) which attains 107 N. Also, its coefficient of performance is 5% and 6% higher than that of the straight and
modified blades (1) respectively, These results suggest that an increase in the tubercle’s wavelength and amplitude
increased the maximum thrust.

Researchers and the energy industry are currently focusing their efforts on optimizing the effectiveness of verticalaxis wind turbines (VAWT) to cut down on the reliance on energy supply from fossil fuels which releases
gases that are toxic to the environment. As such, several methods have been applied, including increasing the
velocity and modification of both the trailing and leading edges of the aerofoil. In the present investigation,
numerical studies of the flow on the wind turbine blades with a NACA0015 airfoil section equipped with and
without tubercles on the trailing edge were conducted using ANSYS Fluent. A computational domain of 2000 mm
by 35000 mm was employed with the K-W SST turbulence model. This two-dimensional computational fluid
dynamics (CFD) analysis was performed with Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria wind data that was received from the
Nigeria Meteorological Agency (NIMET). The modified blade with a wavelength of 90 mm and an amplitude
of 4 mm is seen to have a better thrust than the unmodified blade. It produced a thrust of 118 N for a tip-speed
ratio (TSR) of 4.0 compared to 109 N of the unmodified blade at the same TSR and that of the modified blade
(1) which attains 107 N. Also, its coefficient of performance is 5% and 6% higher than that of the straight and
modified blades (1) respectively, These results suggest that an increase in the tubercle’s wavelength and amplitude
increased the maximum thrust.