Engineering and Technology Journal

One of the modern and important techniques in electrical distribution
systems is to solve the networks problem of service availability, high loss and low
voltage stability by accommodating small scaled de-centralized generating units in
these networks, which is known as distributed generation (DG). The Genetic
Algorithm (GA) technique is dedicated in this work to find the optimal DG
locations, and then optimally allocate units in order to maximize the penetration
level, minimize loss, and improve voltage stability.

The present research is focused on experimental results and theoretical
analysis of sheet hydronning of high purity copper with circular and square
shapes under the biaxial stresses. It has been found that the displacement in the
circular shape specimens is more than of the square shape specimens at the same
area of deformation. However, at the same time. The plastic deformation
equivalent at the specimens for the circular shape is more than of the square
shape specimens at the same strain equivalent. The thinning of the sheets at the
pole for the circular shape specimens is less than that of the square shape
specimens. This will lead to improve the performance of the circular shape
product.

In the present work, the possibility of using laser to analyze and find the
concentration of total cholesterol (TC) in serum. Semiconductor laser diode of
5mW maximum power, 532nm wavelength and 4nm bandwidth is used to
accomplish assay measurements. The spectral plot showed that the maximum
absorbance of cholesterol is at the range (470-540nm) and the peak of spectral
absorbance centers at 500nm.The laser system measurements include the study of
absorbance as a function of both laser power and sample thickness, as well as the
transmittance as a function of Laser power. To ascertain our calculations, the
results have been compared with the results of spectrophotometer. The RSD
values between them are about (1.7-9.8).

The present work investigates the settlement behaviour of weak soils which
cover the middle and southern part of Iraq. Physical and chemical properties were
studied for weak soil brought up from Baladroz city, Dyalah Governorate. To
decrease the excessive settlement of soft soil under study, reed materials which are
widespread at Iraq marshes and geogrid materials were selected as reinforcement
materials. For this purpose, steel container with dimensions (500 ×250 ×20 mm)
and square footing (80 × 80 mm) were used.To prepare the soil with same
properties of soft soils, the quantity of water was calculated using the liquidity
index formula with LI equal to (0.42) corresponding to undrained shear strength of
(10 kPa). This value of liquidity index was chosen according to the previous
studies which showed that the liquidity index of such soil is ranging between (0.2
– 0.5).
The results of soil model under the applied stress (5, 10, 15, 20, and 25
kPa) marked that the maximum settlement reduction (S/B) is get when the reed
mat or geogrid mat is used directly under the footing and this value decreases with
increase of the distance between the surface layer and position of the
reinforcement.
Also, the settlement improvement (St/Sunt) can be clearly seemed for all
cases of improvement compared with settlement of untreated soil
It is worth noting, that to achieve the durability of the reed in the soil,
asphalt coating must be used to prevent the reed decay.

Digital watermarking has been developed to protect digital images from
illegal manipulation. Discrete wavelet Transform (DWT) and Discrete Cosine
Transform (DCT) are techniques used for digital watermarking. A combination of
DWT and DCT techniques are used in this paper to meet imperceptibility,
robustness and security requirements.
Peak Signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR) and Bit Correct Ratio (BCR)
measurements are used to study the effect of parameters: gain factor, threshold
value, sub band, and image size on the watermark image. Many images are used to
embed the watermark image and the effects of parameters on the extracted
watermark image are studied. Then the optimal parameter values has been
specified.

The screening of new product ideas is perhaps the most critical activity in
innovation process and development of new products, the process is associated with
uncertainty and complexity.
Probabilities of technical & commercial success which represents uncertainty
associated with R & D projects are used in evaluating project index models and some
expected benefit/cost ratios. These probabilities were usually subjective expectations
of R & D teams. This paper based on a hypothesis that the success of new products
in the market is due to the acceptable values of probabilities of technical &
commercial success in screening stage.
The purpose of this paper is concerned with introducing a modified method for
evaluating probabilities of technical & commercial success of new product ideas,
using average weighted scoring method instead of inaccurate subjective expectations,
after developing a set of suitable criteria for evaluation of each probability as an effort
for getting unique estimations of probabilities of success, then using them in screening
of new product ideas, and also can be used in project index models and other expected
benefit/cost ratios. The utility of the approach in screening of new product ideas in an
industrial organization was illustrated in a hypothetical example

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of adding different amounts
(2, 4, 6% of Cu) on properties and microstructure of low carbon steel .Also study
the effect of the same amounts of Cu with half amount of Ni(1,2,3%Ni) are added
on properties of low carbon steels. All these alloys(Fe-Cu,Fe-Cu-Ni) appear an
increase of hardness and strength with increase of the amount of Cu or Cu-Ni. The
microstructure obtained after heat treated(quenched and aging) of Fe-Cu and Fe-
Cu-Ni alloys has been studied by optical microscopy, investigated by X-ray
diffraction and hardness measurement. The microstructures obtained after
quenching depending on composition and cooling rate, the massive ferrite and
massive martensite appears on most of structures in above alloys. The
microstructure after aging of above alloys shown some of precipitates appear as
dash plates, rod and spheres in ferrite or martensite structure and this precipitates
appear as X-ray diffraction were identified the copper rich phase €.

A ligand of testosteronthiosemicarbazone was prepared, the chemical
characteristics of this ligand are: yellow powder, soluble in alcohol and its melting
point is 100 – 102 °C.
The sensitivity of some species of pathogenic bacteria including Escherichia
coli, Proteus vulgaris, Klebsiella pneumonia, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus
aureus, and Streptococcus feacalis to different concentrations of prepared
testosteronthiosemicarbazone (0.05 g/ml, 0.1 g/ml, 0.25 g/ml, 0.5 g/ml, and 1
g/ml) was tested to find out the role of testosteronthiosemicarbazone as an
antibacterial agent.
The experimental results of bacterial sensitivity to different concentrations of
testosteronthiosemicarbazone, showed a significant sensitivity of all tested
bacteria to this ligand at concentration starting from 0.5 g/ml, to 1 g/ml except
Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Streptococcus feacalis which they exhibited their
significant sensitivity to the ligand at concentration starting from 0.25 g/ml, and 1
g/ml respectively

The aim of this research is to study the fatigue behavior of aluminum alloy
AA7020-O joining by diffusion welding with simple self pressurizing fixture in
muffle furnace. This alloy was bonded by using different variables; pressure,
temperature and time. The maximum shear strength of diffusion bonded was 76
MPa at pressure 15 MPa, 500 ºC and 20 min. The moderate shear strength was due
to the presence of small amount of Mg (1%) which acts as deoxidizer element and
allows the atoms to cross the interface. New intermetallic compounds;
All3Mg3Zn3, Al18Mg3Cr2 were formed during diffusion and Al3Zr was
disappeared. Diffusivity (D), average depth of diffusion and activation energy (Q)
was calculated from the depletion area and they were 3.1 × 10 -9 cm2 / sec, 19.3μm
and 2062 KJ/Kg respectively. From the S/N curve of fatigue test, the life of the
bonded specimens were less about 60 to 70% comparing with unbounded
specimens. The fatigue strength for AA7020-O is equal to 77 MPa at 107 cycles,
while the fatigue strength reduces to 29 MPa at 107 cycles for diffusion specimens.
So, diffusion interface can be considered as a notch and the crack initiation stage
has been achieved and the failure of the diffusion specimens started from the
propagation stage.

In this research, we analyze the effects of vibrations and the atmospheric on
turbulence for a broadband laser satellite down link (BLSDL). The use of optical
radiation as a carrier between satellites and in satellite-to-ground links enables
transmission using very narrow beam divergence angles. Due to the narrow beam
divergence angle and the large distance between the satellite and the ground
station or any object the pointing is a complicated process. Further complication
results from vibration of the pointing system caused by fundamental mezchanisms
: tracking noise created by the electro-optic tracker and vibrations caused by
internal satellite mechanical mechanisms. Additionally an in homogeneity in the
temperature and pressure of the atmosphere leads to variations of the refractive
index along the transmission path. These variations of refractive index as well as
introducing other external noise, pointing vibrations, can cause fluctuations in the
intensity and the phase of the received signal leading to an increase in link error
probability. In this research, we develop a bit error probability (BEP) model that
takes into account both pointing vibrations and turbulence-induced high amplitude
fluctuations (i.e., signal intensity fading) in a regime in which the receiver
aperture antenna (Do) is smaller than the turbulence coherence diameter (do), the
results indicate that the satellite broad band laser down link with the receiver can
achieve a BEP of 10-9 and data rate of lGbps with normalized pointing vibration of
and turbulence with
After reducing these limitation of laser satellites and compensates
relatively most atmospheric error probabilities due to atmospheric turbaulences
(BEPS) or variation of refractive index by using for ward feeding under fine
tracking which designed to decrease the residual jitter influencies or by using
directional laser beam or introducing feeding forward compensation method and
adaptive techniques to reduce the effect of system vibrations [12].

This research shows a comprehensive study on the effect of solid loading
and non-Newtonian liquid on the hydrodynamic parameter of gas holdup as well
as the critical values of gas holdup and gas velocity of transition zone from
homogenous to heterogeneous region in both baffled and unbaffled babble
column.
The experiments were carried out using column of 15cm inside diameter and 2m
height with aspect ratio (L/D=4.5) using perforated plate gas sparger 54 holes with
size equal to 1mm diameter and with free area of holes to cross sectional area of
column 0.24.
The three phase system consists of air-non Newtonian liquid of polyacrilamined
(PAA) –solid of alumina particles. The measured values of gas holdup and
transition points of gas holdup and gas velocity were compared with different
values of PAA concentration (0, 0.01, 0.05 and 0.1)wt% and four values of solid
loading (0, 3, 5 and 11)wt% in baffled and unbaffled column.
The results show that the transition values of gas holdup and gas velocity
decreased with increasing of PAA concentration under constant values of
Newtonian liquid while they dis approved with non-Newtonian liquid.
The solid loading shows an unstable influence of decreasing and increasing of the
critical values in all PAA concentration and in both baffled and unbaffled column.
First, these values decreased when solid loading in the range (0-3)wt% then they
increased with increasing of solid loading from 3wt% to 11wt%.

This paper presents the design procedure and implementation results of a
proposed software defined radio (SDR) using Altera Cyclone II family board. The
implementation uses Matlab/SimulinkTM, Embedded MatlabTM blocks, and Cyclone II
development and educational board. The design is first implemented in
Matlab/SimulinkTM environment. It is then converted to VHDL level using Simulink
HDL coder. The design is synthesized and fitted with Quartus II 9.0 Web Edition®
software, and downloaded to Altera Cyclone II board. The results show that it is easy
to develop and understand the implementation of SDR using programmable logic
tools. The paper also presents an efficient design flow of the procedure followed to
obtain VHDL netlists that can be downloaded to FPGA boards.

Effect of vibration on the car's bumper was studied in this paper.
Composite materials are used in manufacturing the car's bumper. The methods that
used in this investigation are Rayleigh's formula for lumped masses in addition to
super position method and the mixture rule. By using these techniques it can be
found the natural frequencies, mode shapes and deflection for the car's bumper.
Different matrix material (resin), fibers and volume fraction are used in this
investigation. MATLAB program are built in this study. The results of this
program are compared with the results of the ANSYS 11 program. The
comparisons show good agreement

Automatic control of automotive engines provides benefits in the engines
performance like emission reduction, fuel economy and drivability. To ensure better
achievement of these requirements the engine is equipped with an electronic control
unit (ECU) that is a microprocessor based system. This control unit continually
monitors the engine state using several sensors and selects better control actions to
achieve what is demanded from an engine under different defined operating modes.
One of the most important modes in automotive engines is the idle speed mode. Due
to high dropping in the rotational speed in the presence of load torque and disturbance,
which may lead to engine stalling, the ECU has to keep the engine speed at the
reference idling speed.
In this paper, The problem of maintaining the engine idle speed at a reference
value with minimum overshoot, minimum undershoot, minimum settling time and
minimum steady state error with the presence of load is studied. A Self Tuning
adaptive Fuzzy Logic Controller (ST-FLC) is designed to solve this problem.
Comparisons between fuzzy controller and adaptive fuzzy controller are made.
Simulation results of this adaptive fuzzy controller show good improvement over the
PID fuzzy controller in the idle speed response.
All simulations are carried out using MATLAB software. Simulink is used in
the simulation, which comprises system model, controllers design and
implementation.

The paper is devoted to solve nth order linear delay integro-differential
equations of convolution type (DIDE's-CT) using Galerkin's method with B-spline
functions. A new algorithm with the aid of Matlab language is derived to treat
three types (retarded, neutral and mixed) of nth order linear DIDE's-CT using
Galerkin's method with the aid of B-spline functions and Bool rule for calculating
the required integrals for the proposed method where the procedure can be used
comparatively greater computational efficiency. Comparison between approximate
and exact results has been given in test examples for solving three types of linear
DIDE's-CT of different orders for conciliated the accuracy of the approximate
results. Finally, the results are arranged in tabulated form and suitable graphing is
given for every example

The main objective of this paper is to investigate the power system stability
enhancement via coordinated control of PSS and static synchronous compensator
(STATCOM) based controllers. Also, investigate the effectiveness and dynamic interaction
of STATCOM controllers in damping system oscillation. Proposed optimal pole shifting
technique to design damping controller of excitation system (PSS) and STATCOM based
controller. The method is based on modern control theory for multi-input and multi-output
system. Several control schemes are proposed. The effectiveness of the proposed control
schemes in improving the power system is verified through eigenvalues and time domain
simulations under nominal loading conditions. The analysis of cases under study show that,
the STATCOM – based controller has good effect on improving system damping and the
coordinated control of PSS and STATCOM – based controller provide the best means for
stabilizing power system, more damping with less control effort than individual control

Welding is one of important industrial processes, Therefore many techniques
are development to get an efficient and low cost welding for different kind of
materials. This research is compared between two technique procedures of
welding , (Arc welding ) & (Tig welding )for a specimen from low carbon steel,
The mechanical tests like tensile and hardness are measured and taking a
microstructure pictures ,We found that for the max strength in (Arc welding) is
greater than unwelded specimen by (22.5%) , and for (Tig welding) it is smaller
by (7.5%),The high value of hardness in (Arc welding) is (200 HV) and high
value in (Tig welding) is (255 HV) .

In this research, composite materials of hypereutectic aluminum – silicon as a
matrix reinforced with different volume fractions (2%, 4%, 6%, 8%) of Yttria
particles with grain size between (50 - 75 μm) are prepared. The composites are
prepared by vortex technique in which the particles were added to the melt then
mixing it by mechanical stirrer then the mixture is poured in a metallic cylindrical
molds. After that, the microstructure, Vickers hardness and wear rate were
conducted. The results showed the existence of the reinforcement particles in
different amounts in the microstructure and an increase in the hardness for the
prepared composites when compared with the unreinforced alloy. The results also
showed a better particles distribution and higher hardness with increasing yttria
volume fraction. The wear rate of the composites is reduced when compared with
the unreinforced alloy due to the hardness increase. More reduction in wear rate
was noticed with increasing the Yttria volume fraction, and the better added
percent was (8%Y2O3).

The research includes a study for the variables of the process of centrifugal
atomization for the purpose of producing pure tin metal powder and the effect of
these variables in the properties of the resulting powder. These variables are:
1. The speed of rotation in the rotating part.
2. The medium of cooling

The effect of the initial pressure upon the laminar flame speed, for a
Propane-air mixture, has been detected practically, for a wide range of
equivalence ratio. Measurement system is designed in order to measure the
laminar flame speed using a constant volume method with thermocouples
technique. The laminar burning velocity is measured, by using the density
ratio method. The comparison of the present work results with a previous
ones show good agreement between them, which indicates that the
measurements and the calculations employed in the present work are
successful and precise.