Dijlah Journal

The research problem is the lack of attention of those responsible for making administrative decisions about the quality of tourism services and their dimensions and then distributing them to workers in tourism organizations, and about analyzing competitors in the market, and internal and external environmental analysis. Is there a relationship between strategic vigilance and improving tourism services in Baghdad? And is there an effect of vigilance? The strategy in improving tourism services in Baghdad? The study’s contribution to adding scientific material and enriching libraries with information on the subject of strategic vigilance and its impact on improving tourism services in Baghdad. One of the most important goals set is to identify the impact of strategic vigilance in improving tourism services in tourism organizations in Baghdad. . As for the research methodology, altahlili wawuzieat (40) astibanat ealaa almunazamat alsiyahiat fi Baghdad, we relied on the descriptive approach and multiple methods for collecting data and information that can be summarized as follows: such as books, sources, basic references, journals, scientific research, questionnaires, and personal interviews. We also show the most important conclusions, which is the existence of a good relationship to strategic vigilance, through the high percentage of competitive vigilance, which reached the highest percentage, achieving (3.827), where tourism organizations spread awareness about tourism marketing vigilance, and raise the value of tourism service in organizations and distinguish them from others. The lowest percentage reached (3.633) for the environmental vigilance dimension. Finally, the most important recommendations that addressed the research are the need to pay attention to training programs for workers in strategic vigilance for the purpose of increasing their skills and experience in order to achieve more of the best services provided by tourism organizations.

The research aims to demonstrate the impact of applying the COSO framework for internal control in the operational risk tool in Iraqi Islamic banks. To reach the goal of the study, a questionnaire was designed for this purpose and distributed to sample members at Abu Dhabi Islamic Bank. The research found that there was a statistically significant effect of applying the COSO framework internal control in the management of Operational risks. The most important recommendations that were put forward were: (It is necessary for Iraqi Islamic banks to create a department specialized in operational risk management, as these banks are exposed to many of these risks).

The research aims to identify the role of attention management and its dimensions (capacity, management, dispersion) in government organizations. Thus, the research occupies great importance because it deals with an important and modern issue, which is attention management in government organizations, in recognition of the importance of the topic and the expected results for the Iraqi Ministry of Electricity. The data obtained through field visits, in addition to the questionnaire and interviews, was analyzed, and the research sample consisted of (365). The importance of the research comes from the fact that it is an attempt to simulate the interest and administrative performance of the organization under study through the primary goal of establishing the organization. The most prominent results reached indicate that employees possess a degree of interest that can be managed in a way that achieves high levels of performance. The most important recommendations are the need to increase the attention of the management of the organization in question to the concept and types of performance because of its contribution and enhancement to improving and strengthening the organization performance.

The water crisis occupies great importance in the Middle East region, and although water is almost everywhere, whether on the surface of the earth or underground, its limitations and the disparity in its quantities, sources, and quality have led to disputes and problems regarding it, especially after water security has become a problem. It is equivalent to, if not superior to, military security.
Turkey is using its position as a source country and the means available to it to control water as a political card in its relations with riparian countries. Instead of water being a factor of cooperation that contributes to improving relations through mutual benefit, it has become a factor that leads to the decline and deterioration of relations. This applies to Iraqi-Turkish relations in light of the issue of sharing water in the Tigris and Euphrates valleys.
The water crisis occupies great importance in the Middle East region, and although water is almost everywhere, whether on the surface of the earth or underground, its limitations and the disparity in its quantities, sources, and quality have led to disputes and problems regarding it, especially after water security has become a problem. It is equivalent to, if not superior to, military security.
Turkey is using its position as a source country and the means available to it to control water as a political card in its relations with riparian countries. Instead of water being a factor of cooperation that contributes to improving relations through mutual benefit, it has become a factor that leads to the decline and deterioration of relations. This applies to Iraqi-Turkish relations in light of the issue of sharing water in the Tigris and Euphrates valleys.

Diversity is an inherent phenomenon of human society and one of the constants of modern life , which necessitates its management to take advantage of its advantages , avoid its disadvantages and take into account diversity and our ability to appreciate differences , and respect differences to ensure the integration of different groups into one environment that meets their needs and desires and takes into account their abilities and differences , and through understanding differences and similarities between people can be mobilized for the benefit of the individual , the institution and society as a whole , moreover , respect for diversity and managing it well inevitably leads to stability, and to increased productivity both at the level of individuals or institutions, is also a condition for building a national identity the universality of all sub-identities is a prerequisite for building a state whose lists and pillars are on a national basis, which includes all religions, sects and sects, so the dispersed Diaspora becomes a cohesive whole due to national identity .

The African continent is characterized by an important geographical location that has a geopolitical influence on the movement of international and regional politics and international shipping lanes, in addition to its possession of large quantities of natural resources and wealth such as oil, gas and minerals. These features that the continent enjoys were the motivation for the colonial powers to pounce on this huge amount of wealth in the past. Today, in light of the escalation of international competition, which has taken on the character of a struggle to penetrate the countries of the continent and extend influence there, especially after the outbreak of the Russian-Ukrainian war, the continent of Africa has emerged as an arena of influence struggle between the major powers, as it possesses an important geopolitical dimension in their endeavors. Countries towards achieving their goals related to domination, not only over economic resources, but also over international political decisions, and in light of this intense international competition, Russia sought to implement a strategic vision that considers Africa an essential pillar for reaching its basic goal, which is the establishment of a multipolar world, and within the framework of implementing this strategy, it sought Moscow aims to achieve a number of political, economic and military goals that increase its influence and role in the African continent.

The Mediterranean region is considered as one of the most important strategic areas through which countries seek to competition and to improve their influence and their military bases for getting control of it because of the privileges it has and being considered as aglobal marine and trade link at all levels. Based on their geographical ,locations , the interests of the countries are linked to the Mediterranean Sea, including Egypt and Turkey, that are considered by their affiliation to the Mediterranean Sea , as part of their natural resources through the discovery of energy in the eastern Mediterranean region, which made concern accompanying Competing countries for the existence of competing natural resources. In addition to that, their presence in areas of global influence that are of high importance, such as the Mediterranean region, despite the presence of some determinants that hinder the Egyptian and Turkish sides lying in demarcating maritime borders, as well as the continental economic shelf between Turkey and Greece in addition to the interference of the two parties in the Libyan conflict and their alignment for the conflicting parties. Turkey’s share was to support the Government of National Accord, represented by the government of Faez al Sarraj, and the other supports the national army led by Caliph Haftar, in addition to the international and regional external support, and it had several supporting factors and others inhibiting this competition, which reflects the competition negatively at times on the Mediterranean region and Libya in particular, and at other times positively on the level of strength, ability and performance and therefore there will be stability and positive interaction, and this is what we see through research

According to the democratic transformation in Iraq after the year 2003, the interest in political culture increased at the academic and political level, based on this hypothesis that emphasizes the importance of political culture in the success of the democratic experience in Iraq, and determining the nature of the citizen’s political action regarding political system. It is not possible to talk about development, modernization, and political effectiveness unless the citizen has a high degree of political awareness of his own ability to influence the inputs and outputs of the political system (political decisions). But there is a problem raised by this topic related to the incompatibility of the political culture of Iraqi society - at the level of the elites and the masses - with the action and requirements of change and democratic transformation?
Accordingly, this study assumed the inability of the ruling political elites in Iraq after 2003 to formulate a democratic pattern of political culture, as the culture remained traditional and subject to the control of past thinking frameworks in the awareness and behavior of most members of Iraqi society, in addition to the indifference of the ruling political class to developing democratic political awareness and knowledge. And circumventing the process of democratic transformation and emptying it of its philosophical and intellectual contents in a way that serves its narrow partisan and factional interests.
This topic has received the attention of many specialists in political and social sciences, and we refer here to the study of Dr. (Abdul Azim Jabr Hafez), who tried to find a causal relationship between political culture and the issue of building national unity in Iraq, and stressed the importance of developing a democratic political culture in order to strengthen the concept of national unity. And the comprehensive national political identity. We also refer to the study of Dr. Khalaf Saleh Ali, who developed a forward-looking approach to the future of civil political culture in Iraq, as he assumed the influence of subcultures and sectarian tendencies on the pattern of democratic culture in Iraq. These two studies are an addition What was written by the researcher (Rahim Ibrahim Al-Hamrani) entitled “The Impact of Political Culture on Building the Political System in Iraq after 2005” is the last book written about political culture in Iraq.

The active and influential forces in the United States of America differ in political decision-making in terms of strength, influence, and the nature of the relationship between institutions in formulating the political decision, depending on the nature and type of the decision. Therefore, they intervene in formulating the political decision in a way that serves the institution contributing to its formulation, whether the decision is an internal matter or not. External This occurs through the influence of informal institutions on official institutions, directly or indirectly, in the political decision-making process.

Forms of international cooperation are considered one of the basic elements in building peace and stability in the world. Despite the great challenges facing peacebuilding in Iraq, international cooperation remains a powerful and effective tool for enhancing stability and achieving peace in the country. This in-depth study attempts to explore the mechanisms of international cooperation for peacebuilding. In Iraq, and analyzing the importance of this cooperation at present, building peace requires joint efforts and coordination between countries and the global community, and international cooperation is key in this process.
In recent years, Iraq has witnessed progress towards stability thanks to peace and national reconciliation processes, but there are still many challenges facing the country, such as security threats, political divisions, and sectarian and economic tensions, and it is therefore necessary for the international community to have an effective role in supporting Iraq at all levels. .
The process of international cooperation in building peace in Iraq includes enhancing financial and technical support for national efforts for reconstruction and achieving sustainable development. This cooperation requires coordination between donor countries and relevant institutions in Iraq, including the Iraqi government, civil society institutions, and non-governmental organizations.
Other mechanisms for international cooperation include exchanging information and experiences and training Iraqi cadres in management, governance and justice skills. Cooperation must also be strengthened in the field of capacity building to achieve independence and self-sufficiency for Iraq in the areas of security, economy and development.
In short, this research reflects the importance of international cooperation to build peace in Iraq, the necessity of activating various cooperation mechanisms, and the role of donor countries and the international community in supporting Iraq at all multiple levels to enhance stability and build a better future for the country.

Cybersecurity is one of the most significant challenges facing the modern world, especially in Iraq. Cyberattacks on critical infrastructure such as power grids and financial systems have increased, leading to significant impacts on security and economic stability. Iraq faces substantial challenges in this area, including a lack of modern technology, weak technical infrastructure, and insufficient awareness and training among citizens and officials, in addition to legal, regulatory, and economic issues. Improving cybersecurity requires substantial investments in technology and training, along with developing robust legislation and enhancing international cooperation. Through these efforts, cybersecurity in Iraq can be strengthened, ensuring greater stability in the future.

Chinese foreign policy seeks to be a source of soft power, by calling for promoting common development, respecting the unity of national territo-ry, adopting peaceful solutions to disputes, and applying the rules of in-ternational law, in addition to opposing the existing international order and trying to establish a multipolar system. And support respect for the cultures of other nations. When examining the roots of Chinese culture, the cultural giving that accompanied economic development emerges, as the Chinese worked to employ its bright components in the service of the Central Empire’s external strategy. Chinese political decision-makers are aware of the increasing importance of culture, which has become a new standard through which the country’s foreign policy orientations are de-fined. Especially since if we turn to the latter half of the twentieth century, we find that culture has become at the forefront of the scene after it had been in the background of the scene in previous eras. In line with this vision, China has worked to institutionalize its cultural strategy, in an at-tempt to spread widely by weaving a cultural network across the world to promote its civilization, especially by establishing Chinese cultural centers in cooperation with universities or organizations in the receiving countries. In addition, initiatives multiplied until culture became an es-sential exercise of Chinese soft power, with the aim of facilitating for-eigners' knowledge and understanding of China and renewing China's im-age in order to create a climate conducive to its strong development and rise.

Summary of US policy towards the Middle East and its impact on regional andinternational relationsEconomic and Energy Interests: Historically, the United States has been interested in economic and energy interests in the region, especially oil and natural gas. This has led to close relationships with Gulf Arab states.Military and Political Intervention: The region has witnessed military and political interventions by the United States, whether to enhance regional security, combat terrorism, or change political regimes in some casesSupport for Allies and Partners: The United States works to support its allies in the region, such as Israel and Saudi Arabia, providing military and economic support to ensure their stability.
Dealing with Regional Challenges: Regional challenges in the region include internal conflicts, Iranian tensions, Israeli-Palestinian conflicts, the Syrian crisis, Islamic extremism, and the aftermath of the Arab Spring.The impact of US policy on regional and international relations can be diverse, sometimes contributing to stability and conflict resolution, while increasing tensions and conflicts at other times, depending on the policies and actions pursued and the response of the parties involved in the region.

Civil society organizations are among the most important informal institutions independent of state authority. Today, they are a cultural necessity and a social force without specific goals, but rather with lofty aims and principles, including fostering a culture of dialogue and peaceful coexistence, and instilling the values ​​of citizenship and human rights. Individuals are contributing to resolving issues that the state may be unable to address, or unable to fully resolve. These entities have begun to confront and enter a phase of serious work, which is evident to many, despite the fact that they have faced some challenges that may limit their effectiveness on the ground. These entities have continued to rely on certain donor countries to ensure the success of their plans and to continue their journey despite the difficulties.

Where the medical error is the basis of civil liability, and on the basis of it the judge can rule for the patient to pay compensation for the damage, and the nature of the doctor’s obligation is determined whether it is contractual or tort for the error he commits, so the error that the doctor commits and causes harm to the patient is either a mistake resulting from tort liability, which is a breach A person with a legal obligation imposed on him or an error resulting from a contractual liability, which is a breach of a contractual obligation.
On the other hand, the medical liability lawsuit consists of two parties, the patient plaintiff, and the defendant, the doctor who committed the medical error, and on the basis of that, the patient has an obligation to prove the medical error, but jurisprudence tried to reduce the burden of proof so that the judge could award him compensation for the damage Whether this compensation is consensual or judicial.

The research addresses the study of the financial crisis that the Kurdistan region of Iraq has been experiencing since 2014. This crisis stems from the non-payment of the region's dues from Federal general budget and the regional government's reliance on oil revenues for financing. In addition to the fact that oil revenues were a point of contention between the regional government and the federal government, an issue resolved regarding oil marketing according to a decision made by the Paris Arbitration Court. It's also known that oil revenues, before the issuance of the recent decision, were occasionally subject to market price fluctuations due to competitive production conditions, political and economic circumstances, notably those resulting from the global impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the world economy.


The challenges faced by the regional government in terms of the excessive number of official employees, salary payments, delays in private sector activation programs, and the concurrent circumstances when relying on the federal government in the operational budget have led to a genuine financial crisis for the Kurdistan Regional Government. This crisis pushed the government to adopt several policies, one of the most impactful being the implementation of a relative savings system (compulsory savings) from the total sum of employee salaries and allowances at varying rates, in order to ensure the continuous payment of a portion of salaries and allowances on a monthly basis.
However, the decision to implement compulsory savings has resulted in numerous negative effects on a broad range of employees economically and socially. This decision raised several issues concerning its legitimacy and nature. Furthermore, the measures taken by the regional government when implementing this decision suffer from various deficiencies, both technical and legal. Hence, the research aims to shed light on the legal nature of compulsory savings, presenting legal solutions and measures that may at least mitigate the negative impacts on employees. It also outlines the possibility of enhancing the decision within specific regulatory frameworks and requirements to reduce its legal complexities and the effects of its application.

Recent years have witnessed a great development in the field of artificial intelligence technologies, to the extent that smart applications have become one of the most important and dangerous secretions of this development, as a result of their use in various aspects of life.
There is no doubt that the current era is the era of artificial intelligence applications of various kinds and forms, as they have become an integral part of our lives and daily relationships, and one of these applications is Facebook, where all people can use this site, and there is no doubt that this site has great benefits, but at the same time you cannot And its drawbacks, especially the violation of the right to privacy of its users, because it is very easy to hack these sites and see people's files and photos, which is considered a violation or assault on the privacy of its users. From time to time, we see the exposure of the personal secrets of many of its users because of their misuse of this site, its penetration and the leakage of data used by intruders, which is a violation of the right to privacy, which is a criminal offense, so the internal legal systems seek to find special criminal legislation that protects the users of these sites in general and sets appropriate penalties for the perpetrators of Crimes committed through these networks.

In proving this defect, the plaintiff may resort to direct means, which are mostly represented by written means, and he may resort to indirect means from which he can detect the existence of the defect of deviation, which is represented by the evidence he establishes of the administration’s abuse of its authority. Therefore, our study will be limited to these means as they are the most common means in Administrative judiciary applications to prove this defect.

Since the advent of the Industrial Revolution, the industrial worker has not received priority and attention within the work environment, as the employer's priorities and most of his interest are focused on how to increase production and the profits it generates, without taking into account the suitability of working conditions for workers. Therefore, occupational risks have been raised, such as work injuries and occupational diseases resulting from workers being exposed to long hours under the pressure of an unhealthy work environment, as workers spend a third of their time in the workplace, which makes health risks in the workplace looming over workers, including the fear of chronic respiratory diseases, which are among the most common occupational diseases that negatively affect workers and their living conditions, as what workers are exposed to from dust pollution and what is in the work environment and the chronic diseases it causes prevents them from continuing to work, thus disrupting the family's livelihood. Therefore, labor unions have sought to pressure employers to provide a safe work environment, and studies have begun to focus on finding the optimal atmosphere that suits workers and increases productivity, as well as achieving profit and quality in production for the employer, i.e., suitable working conditions to avoid occupational diseases.

This research deals with the effect of grammatical structure in expressing the effectiveness of poetic meaning as we presented it in examples of Al-Bare’ Al-Baghdadi’s poetry. Our focus during that was on standing on the patterns of the verbal and nominal sentence, as our study in the first section focused on the verbal sentence and explaining its patterns and studying the significance of these patterns in what is reflected in the specificity of Al-Bare’ Al-Baghdadi’s poetic style, and showed the poet’s superiority and distinction in his ability to choose the structures that suit the nature of his poetic images. In the second section, we also dealt with the characteristics of the nominal sentence and presented during that its multiple patterns and showed the semantic difference between the nominal and verbal sentences as it appeared clearly in Al-Bare’ Al-Baghdadi’s poetry, and often the violation of the order of the grammatical structure in what agrees with the grammatical order was what led to a specific meaning that the poet aimed to highlight intentionally while explaining the context in which it appears.

The study aims to demonstrate the importance of the Arabic language in maintaining the unity and cohesion of society by performing its role as a tool linking generations, and revealing the customs and traditions of society and its cultural levels. The problem of the study was that the Arabic language is now suffering from a noticeable weakness, and this is a result of the attempts made by the forces of cultural invasion to weaken the Arab Islamic nation. Languages advance and fall behind, just like the nations themselves. In fact, the progress and delay of languages is almost parallel to the progress and delay of the nation. Within the framework of the theoretical study, the researcher addressed the concept of language, the precedence of language as its sons, and the fact that the Arabic language is a mental and psychological structure, as well as the bilingualism of the nation, and then the linguistic conflict, language and society, and taking care of the language is necessary to preserve the nation’s identity and unity, and the study concluded. On the role of the Arabic language in the unity of the nation and building the Arab-Islamic civilization. One of the most important conclusions reached by the study is that the Arabic language has great importance in unifying the nation, preserving its entity, and preserving the unity and cohesion of society by performing its role as a tool linking generations and revealing the customs and traditions of society.

As is known, poetry is strongly linked to the vocal aspect. Rather, it is distinguished from other genres by its tones and its language as a slogan. Among the most important components of a wonderful literary genre are rhythm and poetic imagery.
If we want to search for creative places in sculpture, we must focus on the phonetic structures that have great importance in a specific formation, and in my study it may be done to extract the level of sound into two parts: the distinct level of meter and rhyme, the level of sound, and sound phenomena that have a major phonetic effect within texts, such as repetition and others.

The research discusses a series of concepts put forward by Zygmunt Bauman, in which he criticizes the concepts of modernity, which he says are fluid concepts and that these concepts cannot be facts, which is a real problem for modern man. These concepts are: fluid politics, fear of the unknown, isolation, reduction, annihilation, war and destruction. All forms of the concepts of Renaissance, Enlightenment, and modernity.

Cyberbullying is a form of bullying that occurs online or via mobile devices. It can include spreading rumours, harassment, or threats, or posting embarrassing information, photos, or videos about someone. Cyberbullying can be extremely devastating to its victims, and can lead to Serious psychological and emotional problems.
Cyberbullying negatively affects students and university affiliation and can cause increased levels of anxiety and depression among targeted students, deterioration of social and emotional relationships, and decline in academic performance. They may feel isolated and excluded, and thus their university affiliation and integration into the university community may be affected.
To confront this problem, awareness of the harms of cyberbullying must be enhanced and a safe and supportive environment must be provided for students, on the one hand. On the other hand, awareness and education programs must be provided about cyberbullying, as well as the development of policies and laws to combat bullying in the university environment. Students must also be encouraged to report cases of bullying and provide psychological and emotional support to victims.

The aquatic environment is one of the most wonderful, most beautiful, and most diverse environments ever. The seas and oceans are filled with a huge amount of living organisms, whether animals or plants. Coral reefs are one of the most beautiful and amazing creations of God. They are the creators of endless beauty under the surface of the water, in the seas, rivers, or oceans. One of the creatures. Marine life that dazzles the eyes, as it grows in the form of a rock, or grows in the form of a soft, fragile form, and many other organisms that live in the water come to it, such as fish, plants, and algae. Coral reefs are distinguished by their varying sizes and different colors The study addressed that Iraq has fertile marine potential with natural resources and living organisms, and natural characteristics (sedimentary, marine, etc.) suitable for establishing coral reef reserves, which can be invested in developing the marine environment and developing it economically, as it is an important source of fish wealth and a large source of income. Tourism is also one of the important sources for manufacturing new medicines and various nutritional supplements, and it has an important role in improving the economic level in this sector and raising the standard of living of the Iraqi individual.

The study dealt with the Euphrates River, which is the main source of water in the city district and on which agriculture and drinking water depend. It was found that the decrease in the water level in the river had a significant impact on agricultural areas, as the decrease led to a decrease in those areas and the accompanying increase in salinity in the area. The course of the Euphrates River, in addition to the construction of the dam separating the city district and the Chibayish district, led to the decline of the river’s water in the marshes separating the two districts and not reaching the city district in the summer. However, in the winter, when the river levels rise and the water increases, it crosses that dam in certain months. Only the rest of the river's recharge depends entirely on the Tigris River coming from the Qurna district, so this has an impact on the amount of agricultural production in the study area.

The research aims to determine the levels and concentrations of heavy
metals in the benthic sediments of the two irrigation canals of Mahran and
Khouz River, which were excavated in the southern part of the sedimentary
plain within the district of Abi al-Khasib. The current study included the geographical analysis of ]ive minerals (manganese - nickel - zinc - copper - cadmium), and three stations were chosen for each channel. The ]irst
station was near Shatt al-Arab, the second in the middle, and the third at
the end of the canal. From the sediment analysis, it was found that the
highest percentage of heavy metal concentrations was in the third station,
then the second. Arabs with a speed of the water current, where there is an inverse relationship between the speed of the current and the
accumulation of heavy metals in the benthic sediments. The concentration
rates of heavy metals varied in the benthic sediments, where cadmium
metal recorded the lowest levels, then copper, zinc, nickel and manganese,
which formed the highest levels. Agricultural activities, irrigation and
tapping operations are considered The use of pesticides, fertilizers and untreated sewage water is a source of contamination of the canal with
these minerals. The concentrations of the studied minerals were high for
the winter season compared to the summer season animal drinking and
.]ish living

This research aims to study the daily trips of the city’s residents in order to know the volume of traffic on the street network, as well as the problems that residents face as a result of the traffic density resulting from multiple people’s trips. A questionnaire form was adopted that includes a set of questions, through which the Characteristics of those making the trips in terms of their gender, age, and occupational composition. Data were also collected related to the characteristics of the family included in the study, such as the number of family members, the number of employees, monthly income, and family ownership of the vehicle, in addition to studying the characteristics of the trips, such as the purpose of the trip, the means of transportation used, and the time taken. The start and end times of the trip.

Transformation is above all the essence of every theatrical art, as it is based on the stylistic variables transmitted to the discourse and ways to deliver it to the recipient, and stylistics is based on a number of artistic, literary and technical transformations. Therefore, the title of the research (stylistic transformations between text and presentation in the plays of \\"Khazal Al-Majidi\\") investigated this comprehensiveness, and sought to answer the following question: What are the stylistic transformations that can be monitored between text and presentation in the plays of Khazal Al-Majidi?.

The research dealt with the topic ( Selfhood and Egoism in Surrealist Painting ) , in which the research problem was determined by answering the following question: ( How did the human self and Egoism appear in the works of Surrealist painters ) ?
As for the second chapter, it included a theoretical framework that contained three sections : the first included the concept of the self in philosophical thought , while the second section included nuclei and moral interaction , and the third section was concerned with the intersection of the self and nuclei in surrealist painting , while the third chapter was concerned with research procedures . The fourth chapter contains the results and conclusions .

According to some different directorial trends in the current era, multimedia is considered a rich and important material for producing connotations with unconventional meanings. Its starting point is the technological elements and the technical capabilities associated with this advanced element, which is represented by the many difficulties that can be overcome through the use of multimedia as a result of the technological developments that have invaded life in all its aspects. Social, medical, artistic and other developments at various other levels, and from here the researcher set out to shed light on the theatrical performances that used these technological elements to give their performances more artistic aesthetic techniques that differ from traditional performances, and from here the researcher resorted to establishing the title of her research on the directing and artistic characteristics of the media. Multiplicity in the Iraqi theatrical performance, the play of the small chalk circle as an example . The research included three chapters:
The first chapter: The methodological framework, which contained the research problem and its question, where the research problem question came as follows (Has the technical characteristic of multimedia been activated and its interactive mechanisms launched in Iraqi theatrical performances?) The researcher then addressed the goal and importance of the research, and set limits for the research, which It was limited to presenting the play (The Small Chalk Circle), which was presented in Baghdad by the National Acting Troupe, and the researcher concluded her chapter by identifying and defining the terms mentioned.
Chapter Two: Theoretical Framework: It contained two sections:
1- A- Historical references
B - The visual system for the level of development of multimedia in theatre.
2- The second topic: The effects of multimedia and their effectiveness in directing directions .
As for the third chapter, the researcher discussed the procedures and community of her research, such as the tool and method, and then came the sample of the Iraqi play by the Iraqi director Iqbal Naeem. After that, the research included the fourth chapter, which contained the results and conclusions of the research, suggestions, and a list of sources and references.

The current research aims to identify balanced identity and aesthetic taste, identify the correlation between the two variables among university students, and identify the differences in the correlation between the two research variables according to gender (males - females). To achieve the objectives of the research, a sample of (200) male and female students from the University of Basra was selected. The researcher built two research scales (balanced identity and aesthetic taste), then the researcher extracted the standard characteristics of the two scales, Using the statistical methods available in the statistical package (SPSS), the research reached the following results:
1. University students have a balanced identity.
2. University students have aesthetic taste.
3. There is a positive correlation between balanced identity and aesthetic taste among the research sample.
4. There are no differences in the correlation between balanced identity and aesthetic taste according to the gender variable (males, females)
In light of these results, the researcher presented some recommendations and proposals in the fourth chapter.

The important discourse in the studies of the main researchers occupies the atmosphere of the stage in communication between their parties with the exchange of communication, and the discourse is always a carrier of symbols from which everything refers to a world of images. In this, rhetoric is coupled with the image. Because its horizons are unlimited, the idea is conveyed more easily and understandably than spoken language It has become evidence or objective equations. These clues or parallel discourses stimulate thinking and imagination, such as texts explaining the depth of the idea and its implicit consistency, which are released in the foci of the theatrical performance, taking several forms. Each component carries an idea that is included in the unity of the presentation and indicates it, and at the same time possesses its own separate discourse. Based on this, the researcher intended to study the title of the research entitled “The Image of Parallel Discourse in the Iraqi Theatrical Performance” through the chapters and paths of the research and as indicated in the content.

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- As forThe second requirement:So, just discuss the necessary conditionsFSee her in the hardworking until he isHelloFor the boysAnd diligence.
- The second topicRight and wrong opinions and their evidence.
- AndIt has two requirements: The first requirement is to state the opinion of those who said itthatHardworkingIf he works diligently on speculative issues, then he is correct in the event that he is correct or incorrect, and whoever says that from the scholars of fundamentals and what they used as evidence.
The viewBSecondly: in stating the opinion of those who said ita thatHardworkingHe is right and wrong, and whoever said it, and what they used as evidence.
- The third section contains two requirements:
First requirement:Discuss the corrected evidence, on which they relied.
The second requirement:discussion clues WrongAnd what they based their opinion on.
The third requirement: Issues related to correction and error.
- Conclusion.
- Sources

In our nation, great flags, renowned for the encyclopedia in their science and their testament spread in the horizons of what they presented to their religion and their nation, becoming flares, advocates of good and coffers of science until God inherits the earth and those on it. One of these imams is Imam Says, who died in 1396E, after which he left a great inheritance of valuable books, including the subject of my research of values (verdicts). Taking into account the meaning and methodology of the expressions of Ayeh (178), from the Holy Koran and describing the issues of qisas from the perpetrator and his types by deriving three questions of jurisprudence from the verse: (Mawla killed Abdullah, father killed his son, Muslim killed Kafr Zimi) 0 Tracking the method of extrapolation, investigation and conclusion to find out the way in which he authored it and indicate the likely differences of doctrine in any of the jurisprudence of God benefiting humanity.

Disinformation and psychological warfare have an important and influential role in public opinion trends and trends, and shaping its attitudes and behaviors through news and information provided by various means of communication and social networking sites. An individual cannot form a specific situation or adopt a specific idea except through the information and data provided to him intentionally or unintentionally. to account the circumstances, culture, cultural environment and intellectual values of each society. People build their environment in a way that ensures respect for the identity and privacy of this community. It is necessary to communicate, interact with it and benefit from its science and knowledge after the world has become thanks to the modern scientific and technical revolution. Distances between countries have become like a global village in which interests, knowledge and considerations are intertwined between different countries and peoples of the world. Disinformation and public opinion have become a breakthrough for all civilizations and cannot be ignored. People deal with and publish these events at all levels. A distinction must be made between opinion, positive behavior and negative behavior, thus differentiating between acceptable behavioral phenomena and others that are rejected because of cultural, ethical and religious considerations that can be based on.

This study was conducted in the Al-Abbasi district of Hawija District / Kirkuk Governorate, the spring season for the 2023 season. The aim of this study was to determine the efficiency of five treatments, and the nutritional supplement was represented by the shiitake mushroom (Lentinus edodes (Shiitake), amino acids, Bacllus. Amyloliquefaciens bacteria, humic acid, and the growth promoter gibberellin. To combat the yellow mosaic virus (Potyvirus zucchini yellow mosaic virus) on squash on three genotypes of the tree crop, and to reduce the effect of the virus on the characteristics of the rate and severity of infection, leaf area, chlorophyll percentage, plant height, and plant yield. Results of immunological diagnosis using the immuno-ELISA technique for the ZYMV virus. Positive interaction with Kits ELISA. It contains the antiserum that detects the virus, as the diagnostic results showed the presence of the ZYMV virus in tree plants collected from the fields of the areas of Al-Abbasi district, Kirkuk governorate, and Al-Alam district, Salah al-Din governorate, which showed symptoms of mosaicism, deformation, and stunting, as the shiitake fungus (Lentinus edodes (Shiitake) was superior in reducing Infection with the virus and for all traits was followed by treatment with the amino acid, by stimulating resistance to the virus, which increased crop production. The two treatments differed in all indicators of resistance and growth on plants infected with the ZYMV virus. In terms of varieties, the Wissam variety outperformed the other varieties in all the traits studied and showed resistance to infection. With the virus.

There is no doubt that the industrial sector is considered one of the most important economic sectors in strengthening the material foundations of any economy. It is the basic pillar in the development and growth of the domestic product of various economies of the world. The importance of the industrial sector is increasing in particular in Iraq, given that the oil sector and its extractive and transformational activities represent the most important activities and activities. This sector and that supporting the industrial sector and upgrading the level of existing industries must be among the basic goals of any comprehensive development policy.
Although the economic sector occupies an important position in economic activities in all countries, as it plays a special role in the process of economic development and in developing other sectors of the economy, in Iraq its role is still weak and insignificant in the Iraqi economy. Rather, it can be said that it is the industrial sector in Iraq, despite its importance. It suffers from a deteriorating reality that has become an obstacle to the Iraqi economy due to structural imbalances as a result of wrong economic policies that led to the failure of developing any successful strategies in the near and distant past to achieve any industrial development.
Iraq depends on oil as a non-renewable energy resource, representing 95% of the size of its budget, and the industrial sector represents in the size of the budget no more than 1% of the total GDP, which requires that there be a national development strategy in this important and main sector for any national economy. Striving to achieve a real economy.
In this research, we will address the issue of industrial development in Iraq, by explaining the reality of the industrial sector in Iraq, and its future in light of excessive reliance on non-renewable energy resources, in two demands in the following detail:
The first section: The reality of the industrial sector in Iraq.
The second section: industrial development strategies in Iraq.

The exploitation of outer space plays a vital role in enhancing the power and status of nations. Developing effective strategies in this field contributes to achieving multiple goals, including military, economic, and technological influence through research and development. Nations invest in outer space to develop advanced technologies that contribute to strengthening military power and expanding available opportunities. These efforts may include the development of satellites, deep space technology, launch systems, space robots, and more.
The military use of space is based on the deployment of military satellites and remote monitoring and control systems. These technologies enhance military power and expand the scope of influence and monitoring. The use of space for communications and surveillance provides a high-speed communications network and satellite imagery for monitoring and analysis. These capabilities contribute to enhancing a nation's military intelligence capabilities.

The research seeks to clarify the role of the quality of health services in improving patient satisfaction through a prospective study of the opinions of a sample of employees at the Royal National Hospital in Baghdad. To achieve the goal of the research, the descriptive analytical method was adopted, through designing and building a scale that has the ability to measure the main dimensions of the research, which are, (65) questionnaires were distributed through a purposive sample of the number of doctors working in the hospital, and in order to analyze the data, a set of statistical methods were used such as the arithmetic mean, standard deviation, coefficient of variation, Pearson correlation coefficient, and simple linear regression equation using the SPSS program. The research reached the following conclusions: There is a significant correlation between the quality of health services and patient satisfaction at the hospital level, and a number of proposals were presented, the most important of which are the constant effort to respond to patients’ needs and empathy with them, and reliability and tangibility in service provision because of its role in improving patient satisfaction.

In concrete construction, steel has been used as a fundamental component of concrete reinforcement.
Due to the high cost of steel, many researchers and manufacturers have turned to replace steel with other material better engineering properties and low costs. The study discusses metal reinforcement with fiber-reinforced plastic bar (FRP). In some developed countries began using fiber-reinforced plastic bar. However the effectiveness of such replacement comparative analysis between steel reinforcement and fiber-reinforced plastic bar (FRP). The comparison is accomplished by a list of constructions in which indicate the using of FRP is more effective than steel reinforcement.

The new Covid-19 pandemic has affected all economic sectors around the world and caused losses exceeding thousands of billions of dollars, according to a report by the Asian Development Bank. The rapid spread of this pandemic has contributed to the cessation of companies and individuals from fulfilling their contractual obligations. This cessation included the majority of the commercial and construction sectors and the industrial, transportation, import and export sectors. To other sectors, the reason for this is the inability of debtors to fulfill their contractual obligations and the failure to implement contracts, which resulted in creditors filing lawsuits to demand compensation for failure to implement the obligation or to demand the imposition of late fines. Some countries, such as China, have considered the spread of this epidemic as a force majeure that requires the debtor’s contractual liability not to be fulfilled, and have given certificates and documents supporting this to the companies working for them.
The spread of this virus and the accompanying imposition of the curfew led to the cessation of the implementation of many contracts in Iraq, Iraqi legal jurisprudence differed on whether this pandemic is considered a force majeure that makes it impossible to implement the obligation and requires termination of the contract, or whether it is considered an emergency circumstance that requires lifting the burden on the debtor and restoring balance to the contract. What deepened this dispute was the issuance of a statement by the Crisis Management Cell formed pursuant to Official Letter No. 55 of 2020 in which it affirmed that the virus is considered a force majeure that requires the implementation of the obligation to be postponed until after the end of the pandemic, and it did not address termination of the contract as it is the result arranged by the law regarding the presence of force majeure.
The study aims to address the theory of force majeure and research the extent of its application to the pandemic. Is this pandemic considered one of the applications of force majeure stipulated in the Iraqi Civil Law, the effect of which is the termination of the contract, as well as researching the court committee’s decision issued on March 22, 2020, which stipulated: Considering this pandemic a force majeure that leads to stopping the implementation of the obligation during the period of the spread of the epidemic and the accompanying ban measures and resuming the implementation of the obligation after the end of the epidemic, which sparked controversy about the scope of application of this decision in terms of its application to public law contracts or private law contracts, especially since the pandemic was considered a force majeure, but It has effects other than annulment.
The research concluded with a number of results, the most important of which is that this pandemic is considered a temporary force majeure that does not require canceling the contract or terminating the obligation, but rather halting its implementation until it disappears, by analogy to some legal applications such as those contained in Articles (112) and (171) of the Iraqi Trade Law, as well as the text of Article (26). From the Iraqi Implementation Law, we made some recommendations, the most important of which is that the legislator reconsider the wording of Article (425) to amend it in accordance with the results we reached.

The current study aims to determine the impact of the green knowledge economy on the development of entrepreneurial projects. The research problem was to answer the question of the extent to which the knowledge economy contributes to the positive impact on entrepreneurial projects in the Library Foundation for Entrepreneurship. The importance of the research also lies in highlighting the extent of the contribution of the knowledge economy. Green technology in entrepreneurial projects. A descriptive and analytical research approach was used, and the questionnaire was adopted as the main tool for collecting data and information, and it was distributed to (71) businesswomen who participated in the program. To measure the results of engagement and influence. The research found that there is a correlation and influence between the research variables. The research recommends the necessity of turning to the green knowledge economy in Al-Mahatta Foundation for Entrepreneurship and working to improve entrepreneurial projects because of their impact on enhancing the competitive advantage of Al-Mahatta Foundation for Entrepreneurship. The subject of the research is one of the important topics that aims to develop the Iraqi economy.