Dijlah Journal

The study aimed to know the role that the practice of e-commerce for educational institutions plays in stu￾dent satisfaction. To achieve the objectives of the study, the descriptive analytical approach was adopted. A
questionnaire consisting of (23) paragraphs was developed, and a random sample was drawn so that the study
sample consisted of (104) students representing the category benefiting from the services provided. The de￾scriptive analytical approach was relied upon, and the results were analyzed using the (SPSS) program and
descriptive statistics tools. It was concluded that Dijlah College currently has a great interest in the e-com￾merce strategy for educational institutions to inform the public of the educational services it provides and
the facilities that support the educational process and its possession of appropriate infrastructure for e-com￾merce for educational institutions and its ability to deal with all e-commerce applications for educational
institutions and the level of student satisfaction with the electronic services provided. The most prominent
دراسات ادارية واقتصادية مجلة كلية دجلة الجامعة
2024 أيلـول )3( العدد )7( املجلد 10
recommendations were the adoption of the Deanship of Dijlah College of new ideas, methods and strategies
that help it achieve a competitive advantage and think about services that meet the desires of students and
satisfy them, in addition to opening new departments and the necessity for the Deanship of the College to
know the dimensions of the e-commerce strategy for educational institutions because of its great impact on
.the level of their performance and competitiveness in the long term

The research addresses one of the unconventional policies used by the central banks of countries to manage monetary policy, which is the policy of negative and zero interest rates. The rapid transformations in the banking environment and developments in the global economy produce factors affecting economic policies, and the application of the negative interest policy on banks aims to increase liquidity. . The research aims to demonstrate the impact of negative and zero interest rates on inflation in the European Central Bank during the period (2018 - May 2024) through analysis of interest rates (as an independent variable) and inflation (as a dependent variable) in the European Central Bank, as well as to address their behavior during the research period. One of the most prominent conclusions reached by the research was that the European Central Bank used a negative interest rate policy with the aim of preventing the region from falling into a spiral of high rates of inflation and recession. The research concluded with a set of recommendations, the most important of which was that changing interest rates requires a delicate budget from central banks in the event of a change in interest rates because the goal is to control inflation levels, but if interest rates rise at a large rate, this leads to slowing down of the economy.

The importance of the research comes to discuss the size of the spending of Iraqi students studying abroad and its impact on some macroeconomic activities through three axes. The first axis dealt with research methodology and previous studies. The second axis discusses the theoretical framework for the research variables. This affected the standard of living of students and the economic growth in Iraq, and the research concluded with a set of conclusions and recommendations.
The research problem was identified as \"despite the high volume of spending on students studying abroad, this spending did not lead to stimulating some macroeconomic activities in Iraq.
The research relied on the methodology of the descriptive analysis of the research variables for the purpose of proving the hypothesis of the research and addressing its problem.
As for the objectives of the research, it centered around showing the number of students studying abroad and the costs of living and studying, highlighting the impact of spending on students studying abroad on income in Iraq, and the impact of high levels of inflation rates on the standard of living for students studying. With an indication of the economic impact upon the return of students studying abroad on the Iraqi economy, and an analysis of the impact of spending on students studying on unemployment rates in Iraq and abroad.

The research aims to highlight the importance of green national accounts in various countries by clarifying the importance of green growth, which is the effective use of natural resources and assets, the use of clean, environmentally friendly technology, and the introduction of innovations that can contribute to finding appropriate solutions to environmental problems and increasing investment in renewable energy sources. The research also demonstrates the possibility of benefiting from the economy in Iraq and promoting environmentally sustainable activities there .

The research aims to determine the relationship between organizational culture and customer retention, a field study of a sample of private banks in Baghdad, as the topic of organizational culture has an important position because it is a competitive base that is difficult to imitate by competitors and for various business fields. The customer is also a fundamental pillar for the interest of various business fields in an environment characterized by competition to retain him, as we cannot find a profitable and sustainable organization in its sector and continue to achieve profits if it does not have a solid customer base. It is not enough to have it immediately, but it is necessary to sustain their retention. From this standpoint, the research targeted a sample of some private banks in Baghdad Governorate. The questionnaire was used as a tool for collecting data with a five-point Likert scale, and its number reached (274) out of a community of (958) employees of the targeted banks. The research concluded that there is a correlation and influence of organizational culture on customer retention. The most important recommendation was to increase interest in the field of organizational culture by private banks, as this would increase the development and advancement of values and norms that support customer retention.

The COVID-19 pandemic has had a significant impact on the global economy, and one of the prominent aspects of this impact is the strengthening of the role of the knowledge economy. The pandemic forced many companies and institutions to rapidly shift towards digital solutions for remote work, and increased reliance on digital technology, which accelerated the digital transformation process across all sectors. The spread of the pandemic also drove increased investment in innovation and technology, including artificial intelligence and modern communication technologies. This contributed to the development of new products and services that meet the changing needs of businesses and communities, the most important of which is e-learning. The closure of educational institutions led to widespread adoption of e-learning and remote learning platforms. This contributed to increasing digital knowledge and enhancing technology skills among both students and teachers.
Overall, the COVID-19 pandemic accelerated the development of the knowledge economy by pushing companies and institutions to embrace innovation and technology, strengthen digital skills, and improve digital infrastructure, laying the foundations for sustainable economic growth in the future.

The research deals with the study of the problem of the relationship between bank financing for the private sector and its impact on GDP through a case study of Iraq through the collection and analysis of facts and data related to the variables studied, and the problem of research is to ask about what are the dimensions of the problematic relationship between bank financing and the private sector and its impact on GDP, in light of the developments in the reality of the banking sector and the private sector in Iraq during the study period, as the research hypothesis is that developments In the reality of the banking sector and the private sector in Iraq during the study period led to varying relative changes in bank financing for the private sector with limited impact on GDP, which provides a better analytical basis to understand the course of development of the relationship and the problem studied, and the most important objectives of the research was to stand on the dimensions of the relationship between bank financing and the private sector and its impact on GDP in Iraq. The importance of the research was represented by the growing interest in the theoretical and empirical relationship between bank financing for the private sector and GDP within the framework of the philosophy of development and growth existing in the Iraq after 2003 and the essential role of the private sector through the market economy. The research adopted the deductive approach, by relying on the study of theories, postulates, general rules and partial applications in economic theory on the relationship between bank financing for the private sector and GDP, and through the collection and analysis of economic facts and relevant historical data, and employing them in the case study of Iraq, as well as the adoption of the inductive approach through the development of hypotheses between the studied relationships, and measuring and analyzing the relationship between variables using statistical and standard analysis tools. The research reached a set of conclusions, the most important of which is the weak impact of bank financing for the private sector in the GDP, due to the limited size of the bank financing market and the weak capabilities of the private sector to access and employ financing, and the most prominent recommendations are the need to follow an economic policy to bridge the gap between bank credit policies and the capabilities of the private sector in accessing finance through an integrated vision in addressing the factors affecting the causes of weak growth of the finance market and investment and savings capabilities in the sector. Special.

The research aims to study the measurement and analysis of the productivity of the labor component in the Iraqi economy. The research included annual data for Iraq for the period (2004-2022) and this research derives its importance from the fact that work is the vital element on which other factors of production depend in the production process, so it is necessary to improve the level of development of the capabilities of the workforce and strengthen the links between education and the workplace, as we start the research from the premise that attention to the human element and good care of its needs increases production and then productivity and achieving the required quality. While the problem of the research is that despite the important economic role played by labor productivity in the economy, it is still within very low levels, which reflected negatively on the effectiveness of the economic policy taken in Iraq. The research acquires its importance from the standpoint that the subject of investment in human capital is among the best investments in raising the rate of productivity, which in turn leads to economic and social development, so it is necessary to work to increase the efficiency of investment and to know the problems faced by Iraq in particular. In order to study the subject and achieve the goal and test the validity of the hypothesis was adopted deductive approach through the descriptive method in the analysis of the theoretical side in order to give a theoretical background on the variables, either in the applied side was adopted quantitative method using the standard model to study the relationship between variables and reach conclusions, the most important of which is that education directly affects productivity, as education contributes to the improvement and development of human resources by increasing the efficiency and intellectual capacity, absorptive and productivity of various sectors of the economy Educated workers are more productive than uneducated workers, regardless of the nature of the production process. The most important recommendations are to focus economic strategies on economic diversification in Iraq through a well-managed privatization process in order to move away from the rentier economy by designing and implementing industrial and productive development policies..

The research aims to study the role of government support programs, especially the ration card program in reducing the phenomenon of poverty, and the research relied on the descriptive analytical approach within the framework of economic theories and the standard quantitative approach based on econometrics by applying modern standard methods that the standard statistician (Eviews), The results of the analysis came with a decrease in ration card subsidy allocations in Iraq after the year (2003) for the study period (2004-2022), as a result of following the policies of canceling government subsidies, which was reflected in the reduction of the ration card items and the decrease in the number of months received by the ration card, as well as blocking certain segments of society whose monthly income exceeds (one and a half million Iraqi dinars) per month, and the result of the research proved the existence of a long-term equilibrium relationship between the variable The dependent (poverty) and the independent variable (ration card allocations), which is in line with the actual reality of government support for the card .

The partnership between sustainability and artificial intelligence is a vital step towards a better
future. AI combines advanced technologies to improve the efficiency of resource use, such as
energy and water, which advances sustainability goals. Through AI applications in smart energy
management, environmental data analysis, and improved agriculture, significant resource savings
and reduced environmental impacts can be achieved. Despite the benefits, there are challenges such
as high energy consumption and ethical challenges that need to be addressed to ensure optimal use
of the technology. The strength of this partnership and synergy lies in its ability to provide innovative
.and sustainable solutions, contributing to building a greener and more sustainable world.

This study comes from the increasing importance of the phenomenon of climate change in Iraq, as it can have major impacts that negatively affect Iraqi national security, due to the many challenges facing the Iraqi environment, represented by air and water pollution, shrinking agricultural land areas, soil erosion, desertification, drought, and water shortages due to low rainfall. Iraq is located in a sensitive region of the world exposed to the effects of global warming, so it is considered among the five countries most affected by climate change. These changes have serious economic, social, and political impacts on the country. The exacerbation of these risks and their failure to address them due to the conflicts, occupation, and sanctions that Iraq has witnessed during the past years have negatively affected society and national security in Iraq. The country has witnessed a decline in agricultural production and a shortage of fresh water, which has affected economic growth, in addition to the political and social effects. It can be noted that there is an increase in instability, insecurity, and migration as a result of water scarcity, especially in the center and south. This requires the Iraqi government to quickly address these risks by developing strategies to address water scarcity and achieve water security. Protecting the country's resources from any threat is one of the axes of national security

International work and international life require immunities and privileges for those working in this field, in order to facilitate the smooth and stable conduct of their work, so that those with these immunities can perform their duties and tasks to the fullest extent, without being subjected to harm or harassment. Preserving these persons and their dignity by the receiving state is a duty, and therefore these immunities and privileges have been established for the institutions and agencies of the receiving state, as well as for ordinary persons. All states are keen not to violate these immunities and privileges, in order to avoid being subjected to international accountability. This is what international agreements and treaties stipulate, what international agreements have established, and what the 1961 Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations stipulates. One of the most important problems resulting from diplomatic immunities and privileges is their misuse by committing crimes that have nothing to do with diplomatic duties, with the perpetrator believing that he is immune from punishment or accountability, forgetting one of his most important duties, which is to abide by and respect the laws of the country to which he is sent, and ignoring the fact that there are many ways to confront any deviation from the correct path of immunity and prosecute him for the crimes he committed. Otherwise, he would be causing tension in relations between the two countries concerned, which could culminate in severing diplomatic relations between them, which would negatively impact national security.

The issue of competition between the United States of America and the Russian Federation is of great importance in the political and economic fields at the present time and in the near future, given the capabilities that the two powers possess, and the resulting international and regional repercussions, especially the Arabian Gulf region, which is an important part of the burdened Middle East region. Due to crises, which is one of the most important global regions that provoke interactions, as it is an unstable region, the aim of this study is to understand and explain the American-Russian behavior towards the Arabian Gulf region and shed light on the aspects of competition between the two countries, especially since the Arabian Gulf region is influential in the global economy due to its Great importance is given to energy resources, stable market prices, and an attractive environment for global investments, as well as the arms sales market.

3. Community trust is considered one of the most important factors influencing the building of sustainable peaceful societies. It forms the basis on which relationships between individuals and communities are based, and directly affects the ability of society to deal with challenges and conflicts. This study attempts to clarify the concept of community trust and its importance in the peacebuilding process in Iraq, focusing on the factors that affect it and the obstacles it faces, in addition to presenting some proposals to enhance it. Given the multiplicity of concepts in conflict resolution and peacebuilding schools, the study will analyze these concepts and clarify their importance in the Iraqi context. Community trust refers to the feeling of security and reassurance that individuals feel towards each other and towards institutions in society. It is embodied in the belief that others are working for the public good and that they can be trusted. Community trust also includes trust in government institutions, non-governmental organizations, and opinion leaders. The study also seeks, in addition to understanding community trust, to identify the factors that hinder its construction and propose practical strategies to enhance it, which requires intensive efforts at several levels, including comprehensive national dialogue, enhancing balanced economic and social development, and political and security reforms. It also requires the participation of all segments of society in the peacebuilding process, including women, youth, and civil society. Despite the challenges facing Iraq, there are real opportunities to achieve tangible progress in this area by adopting a set of practical measures and hard work by all concerned parties.

The political system in Egypt is based on citizenship and the rule of law. The Egyptian people are an integral part of the Arab nation that complement each other. Political performance in Egypt is organized within the framework of the republican presidential system. The head of state rules according to the provisions of the constitution and the law under the legislative and judicial authority, and has Certain conditions for running for the presidency of the republic, as the political system in Egypt is based on citizenship and democracy, which equalizes all citizens in rights and duties. The Egyptian state has witnessed many changes that have affected its political system, the most important of which is the 2011 revolution, which brought about changes. Radical at the level of the political system, this study examines the Egyptian political system in terms of the nature of governance in the Egyptian state, the presidential elections, the conditions for running for the presidential elections, and an explanation of the most important powers of the President of the Republic.

Anarchism is characterized as a philosophy and political movement different from other political ideas and ideologies, as it doubts the existence of the state and its seekers, and calls for the establishment of distinct self-rule, and a club of freedom and economic freedom. It does not reject the idea that capital is in one hand, and its rejection also relies on religious authority.

Democracy, in its abstract form, is a social system that elevates the value of the individual and his personal human dignity. It is based on the participation of group members in managing its affairs. This participation takes various forms, meaning that democracy is political, with the people being the source of authority, and rights being based on equality without discrimination between individuals on the basis of origin, gender, religion, or language. The system is based on the idea of ​​collective leadership, characterized by consultation and participation with subordinates in the decision-making process.

This project is based primarily on a strategic vision of linking Iraq, with its great oil wealth and resources, with Egypt, with its population weight, expertise in many fields, and its location on the Mediterranean and Red Seas, and with Jordan, with its transportation advantages and geographical location, and the link it represents between Iraq and Egypt, so that The project focuses on the elements of integration between its three parties, which are energy sources, transportation, trade exchange, and investment, and benefiting from the experiences of all these countries among themselves, especially in the economic sectors, facilitating the flow of capital, and the technology sector.
The project, through a political vision in Iraq's foreign relations, is an attempt to break through the state of fragility that the Arab region is going through and has made it an arena of conflict and competition for regional and international powers. Based on the Iraqi strategic orientation, the project may form the nucleus of a larger Arab grouping and benefit from Arab energies to change the equations and weights in the relations and conflicts of the region by contributing to reproducing the distribution of power and alliances.

The issue of water shortage is considered one of the issues that has not yet been resolved, and it poses a serious threat to the lives of communities because of its significant impact on the parties concerned or benefiting from water, especially river basins. This problem is linked to the issue of external political pressures, in terms of the language of interests, as well as the sovereignty dimension and what results from it, and causes deep differences that affect the existing relations between the parties to the point of conflict or even war.
It was necessary for the parties whose fate was linked to water sources, whether upstream or downstream, to adopt the language of dialogue and logic in order to draw the features of stability and peace in the region without submitting to or being influenced by external agendas, or the behavior of some social factors... and there could be many projects Cooperation at the mouth of rivers in a way that preserves the rights of all parties without dispute and achieves a level of security and stability.

The presence of social differences in a country does not constitute a negative indicator or an obstacle to democracy and its positive development. Quite the contrary, Iraq is one of the most important countries that has hosted numerous religious minorities for thousands of years. Non-Muslim religious minorities (Jews, Mandaeans, Yazidis, and Baha'is) were represented in the parliament, with its successive members representing varying political orientations and positions toward the government. Some were moderate in the opposition, others represented independent political positions, while others supported the government. Most minority representatives supported the government, given that they were groups with lower social status than other groups. This is accompanied by a lack of influence, the most obvious manifestation of which is parliamentary representation in the Iraqi parliament. Here, the importance and necessity of understanding the extent of minority representation in Iraq for the period specified for study emerges. Accordingly, the research focused on the political role of Iraqi religious minorities from the year (1921) until the year (1958), and to achieve this, the research was divided into two sections: The first section dealt with: the geographical distribution of religious minorities in Iraq, which included (Jews - Mandaeans - Yazidis - Baha'is); while the second section focused on: the political role of religious minorities in Iraq (1921-1958), and then the research was concluded with a conclusion that contained the most important conclusions that we reached through writing this research, attached to a list of the most important sources and references that were useful in writing this study.

This study comes to shed light on an important issue related to compensation provided to those affected by war operations, military errors, and terrorist operations. What Article 19 stipulates in particular is that it specifies the period of validity of this law from the date of 3/20/2003, which is the beginning of the American bombing of Iraq before its occupation on 4/9/2009. What resulted from this text was the waste of Iraq’s money when this article equated the harm inflicted on the Iraqi citizen as a result of the American bombing with what occurred at the hands of the occupation forces and private security companies. Whoever commits a harmful act holds her fully responsible for that harmful act after the elements of this responsibility are fulfilled, And what happened at the hands of terrorist organizations or the mistakes that occurred at the hands of the Iraqi forces and the responsibility of the Iraqi government for that.

It is essential to regulate the legal provisions related to labor contracts to ensure the rights of workers employees, and employment agencies and to achieve a balance among them. The contract serves as the legal foundation that defines the relationship between the parties and outlines their rights and obligations; therefore, it must be based on clear and specific legal principles.
The labor contract appears to be one of the most important tools for combating unemployment and promoting growth in the labor market. This necessitates the need to clearly and explicitly define the features of such a contract, leaving no room for doubt regarding its provisions. The Iraqi legislator is required to establish the legal status and necessary conditions for labor contracts through procedural and substantive mechanisms.
Labor legislation in Iraq has proven inadequate in organizing labor contracts, which are characterized by their components and parties. Additionally, the nature of these contracts may change depending on the perspective of the party examining them. There is a pressing need to establish model forms for labor contracts, exempt lawsuits filed by workers from court fees, and issue specific rules for resolving disputes related to labor contracts.

Observing legislative drafting as an art is necessary for it to fulfill its requirements through adherence to its tools, clarity and brevity, and avoiding any defects that may afflict it that result in the presence of legal texts that are incapable of ruling on the facts presented to the judge for adjudication, and thus avoiding activating the judge’s positive role by deciding on matters. The existing lawsuit or the move away from achieving security and legal stability in society.

That is, if the texts of the Code of Procedure are well drafted, even if they are formal texts, the work of the judge will be evident in his discretionary authority in achieving the justice sought by the legislator in the judicial field, whether the wording of the texts is rigid or flexible, and there is no fear of that authority as long as the judge’s actions comply with court oversight. Federal discrimination.

Intellectual property legislation has been keen to grant the author a range of rights over his literary and artistic works, which are closely linked to the author as they are the fruit of his intellectual and creative production. Among these rights are moral and financial , the author’s moral rights are characterized by a number One of the characteristics is that they are absolute, in addition to being considered perpetual rights related to the author and are not subject to waiver. What stands out among these rights is the author’s right to withdraw his work from circulation, as the basis of this right is due to the filial bond between the author and his work, where the author remains keen to He wrote his work to reflect a vivid picture of his feelings. If he sees after publishing the work that he does not achieve this goal through the work’s distance from the new requirements, he can withdraw it from circulation by using his moral right to withdraw the work from circulation

The criminal lawsuit is the first means that works to open the criminal dispute, as it is one of the procedures for initiating the criminal lawsuit, and the criminal lawsuit works to activate the texts of the law regarding the conduct of criminal trials and the application of substantive rules, and thus it embodies one of the interests that the procedural law performs, and there are considerations established by the legislator. To proceed with the criminal lawsuit procedures against some individuals, as it is prohibited to initiate them in certain situations, and at other times, the criminal lawsuit is restricted to specific procedures, exclusively. This regulation aims to reconcile two interests, the first of which is the interest of society, which is to arrest the criminal who disturbed the security of society and to arrest those who He committed the crime so that he would not be safe from his actions. The other interest is the individual’s interest so that he is not convicted when he is innocent.

Trade is considered one of the fundamental sectors of any country's economy. It is a component of economic activity based primarily on exchange. Naturally, trade has evolved with the development and expansion of exchange. It is no longer limited to individuals from one country, but rather encompasses trade exchange between countries, i.e., foreign trade. This is in addition to the emergence of global companies engaged in international trade in numerous and diverse fields.
Model contracts are an important tool that contributes to promoting international trade by standardizing contractual terms and conditions between parties from different countries. These contracts provide a clear and unified legal framework that reduces legal and cultural differences, helping to reduce disputes and improve efficiency in business operations. This research aims to study the legal regulation of model contracts in the context of international trade by analyzing the various legal frameworks that govern these contracts, distinguishing them from other contracts, and their legal nature.

The insurance contract is one of the contracts that must be concluded in good faith, and that as part of good faith, the insured must take all reasonable steps to assist the insurance company in identifying the risks that he must cover. As a result, the insurance company may sometimes conduct its own investigations by consulting with professionals to examine the person or thing that needs insurance and using other investigative techniques. However, this research and consultation with specialists was often costly and may not achieve the desired result. Many topics are difficult or impossible for the insurer to understand outside the insurer himself. He may not be able to determine the condition of the things to be insured and allocated, or the health of the person whose life is insured against the risk of death, or what he carries, for example, or whether the insured has previously been insured against risks or has previously applied to another company and was denied insurance in his favor. He or his family members are ill, etc. The information provided by the insurance applicant in the insurance application is what the insurance company uses. Therefore, the insurance applicant or insurer is required by law to provide the insurance company with all information and circumstances relating to the risks at the time of concluding the contract that could influence the insurance company's decision to accept or reject the insurance or regarding the conditions under which the insurance will be accepted in order to inform the insured of any changes in the risks throughout the period of validity of the contract. The legislation also requires the insured to provide such data during the period of validity of the insurance.

Melody represents a basic milestone in Iraqi countryside singing due to the fact that its diverse methods of singing performance demonstrate highly influential qualities and characteristics that align with the nature and environment of the folkloric heritage prevalent in the Iraqi countryside.
The researcher tries his best to study melodic diverse construction in one of its important lyrical genres, which is called Mohammedawi.. "Al-Sa’hidia type) as a distinguished lyrical style discovered in the Southern environment of Iraq, particularly in Amarah city.
The first chapter of the research determines the methodological framework under which the research problem is addressed and then, its significance is highlighted in an attempt to reach the ultimate research objective, which aims to reveal the mechanisms of melodic diversity underlying the Muhammadawi singing genre and then to define the key terms used in this study.
The second chapter deals with “The Research Theoretical framework”, focusing on the following topics: “The Roots of Countryside Lyrical Songs,” and “Muhammadawi Melodic Structure”.
While chapter three concentrates on the research methodology, community and sample with analysing one of the country lyrical genres entitled (Muhammadawi…Al-Sa’hdia Genre)
In Chapter Four, the researcher came out with some most important findings and conclusions. He also worked out some recommendations and suggestions with mentioning the important references and books used in this study

This research is concerned with the study of the shapes of handles and their technical castrations, investigating the search for the basic goals and attic. The current research dealt with the study of technical characteristics (of the shapes of handles and their aesthetic reflections in Islamic ceramics) and falls in four chapters. The first chapter is concerned with the problem of research through the following questionWhat is the aesthetic shape of the handles on the surface of the pot in Islamic ceramics? The importance of the current research was manifested in highlighting the technical characteristics of the handles, their types, shapes and the inscriptions carried out on them in Islamic pottery, while the objective of the research included the identification of the shapes and characteristics of the handles in the Islamic periods. The limits of the research only include the temporal boundaries (the illite and Abbasid periods) and the spatial boundaries of the shapes of the handles on pottery in Islamic countries, while the objective boundaries (the decorative diversity in terms of expression and aesthetically on the forms of pottery handles in the Islamic periods). The second chapter included the theoretical framework and previous studies. It included the examiners of the first topic, the ancient periods and the types of handles that were affected in ancient Iraq and Greece, while the second topic included The decorative forms that appeared on the handles in the Islamic periods (issuance of Islam, the Umayyad period, the Abbasid period, the Seljuk period, the Andalusian period), then concluded the second chapter by presenting the indicators that resulted from the theoretical framework. The third chapter was devoted to the research procedures by determining the method used (descriptive approach). The research community (5) models, as for the fourth chapter, results, conclusions, recommendations and proposals, and concluded with the list of sources.

The director seeks to dramatize an event written on paper to form a material entity, dramatic and dependent on his ability to create a consensus between the ability of his technical tools and rendering them to serve his structural and aesthetic vision for that work. And the adoption of processors step-by-step to convert that written text into a visual text that embodies through its adoption a certain method to form a system of relationships between characters and events and between characters and objects and between them together and elements of image formation and movements of the camera and the size of the shots and angles, including - in addition to Impressionism work maker - aesthetic value linked between his talent And creative abilities to create that value. Because it is related to beauty that cannot be subject to fixed laws and standards as is the case in pure sciences. Everything that enters the event industry of the scene in the dramatic discourse needs special treatment compatible with the vision of the director himself and aesthetic sense that adds to that scene, and according to this different approaches to the treatment of the exit from the exit to another is evident in the work of many writers on the extension of the historical ages of theater Cinema and television, such as the works of Shakespeare, Sophocles and Euripides, and others, which have been dealt with in theater, film, television and radio according to different visions and treatments belonging to different means in their instruments and the abilities of their directors with the consistency of their basic idea. The knowledge and the ability to shape the director of his tools and creativity in the knowledge of how it adopts to create a musical form of television drama, which holds through the unity of the subject and not cover away or dull in sub-ideas and symbols and symbols that undermine the unity of objectivity of work. The researcher divided the research into three chapters dealing with the first of them: the methodological framework of the research of the problem and the importance and objective to identify the terms included in the research board. The second chapter deals with the concept of output and processing the elements of the visual language. The second section deals with the interactive relationship between the abstract treatment and the objective unit, and the third chapter concludes with analyzing the sample of the research and drawing conclusions and conclusions.

Musical presentations are an essentialpart of the Arabic song because of their specificity in many artistic and aesthetic aspects. They form the main focus of the listening experience as they lead the musical tune of the song and contribute to revealing the identity of the author (The composer) and distinguish him through his melodic methods which he adopts melodically in the prelude to singing and to create an artistic atmosphere for the listener before singing And that's why some composers are interested in the details of lyrical introductions and creating a kind of dramatic artistic conflict in musical ideas and rhythmic diversity, Thus, the composer seeks excellence in the tune of the musical introduction, adopting that melodic, rhythmic and dramatic construction, organizing and arranging the melodic system and creating a different idea with dramatic features capable of constituting a different melody with a new melodic nature. A dramatic attitude is usually a supportive element of the need for melody, rhythm and melodic form in general According to this, the problem with research came the following question: What dramatic features characterize the musical introduction tune of a missed song The second chapter comes with researchers. I- Musical introductions between necessity and preparation Second: Dramatic Photographer in Music of Lyric Introductions Then theoretical framework indicators Then the procedures and the analysis of the research sample” Introduction to the song is too late In chapter IV came the results, conclusions, recommendations, proposals and sources .

Madness, as a social or individual behavior, is associated with chaos, confusion, and disorder. Describing that someone who suffers from this mental illness loses consciousness or loses control over himself and his actions; Therefore, madness has characteristics that accompany it, such as the behavior and actions of the madman’s personality, which is rich material for many texts that discussed this mental illness that afflicts a person and places him at a crossroads between truth and non-truth, between reality and unreality, and between the logical and the illogical. Based on this, the research problem came to focus on exploring the characteristics of madness in philosophical thought and psychology. And the works of these characteristics in theatrical texts, especially Iraqi and contemporary ones.

The research included four chapters: The first of them included: the problem of the research, the need for it, its importance, and the aim it seeks, as well as specifying the limits of the research. A definition of the most important terms contained therein, along with a mention of the procedural definition of each term. The second chapter of the research included the theoretical framework and included three topics: The first dealt with a general understanding of the idea of madness; The most important views of philosophers, psychologists, and thinkers on the duality of reason and madness; While the second section of the second chapter went to study the phenomenon of madness as mentioned in myths and world and Arab heritage. With an explanation of how the ancient Babylonian, Indian, and Greek civilizations dealt with this phenomenon; As for the third section, it attempted to study the phenomenon of madness and the personality of the madman as presented in literature and the arts, especially in international and Arab theatre. At the end of the second chapter, the researcher reached a number of conclusions resulting from the theoretical framework: Trying to come up with a tool through which he could analyze his applied sample models.
As for the third chapter, it represents the procedural framework in which the researcher attempted to analyze samples of contemporary Iraqi theater texts. This is according to the analysis tool he found. The research concludes with a fourth chapter that includes the results and conclusions of the research, in addition to a list of sources adopted by the researcher.

The importance of the place for a person came as the place represents the companion of the human being wherever there is a person, he found a place, and the reverse is not true, there is a place and there is no human being, but the place takes its importance and value from the presence of man in it, because of the perceptions and visions that the person carries from the place an aesthetic form in its re-establishment and formation These places have different connotations, including various religious, social, economic, or artistic connotations. Therefore, the place represents an important and fundamental element for the human being in general, as the interest in the place occupied the orientations of many philosophers, writers and artists during their proposals, opinions and artistic achievements.

Occupies historical studies Arabic characters lmportant lslamic place when interested follow upon historical events and characters of knowledge events hence the choice of subject search companion Abdullah an snapped house is not peace be upon them and his relationship with some of his companions and followers,God bless them this characters that deserve research and study in particular and we desperately need to know theTopmen who took up the banner of lslam and took part in the spread of lslam in Gzoah prophet Muhammad ,peace be upon him companion jabber bin Abdullah may Allah be pleased with him sahabi jalil has religious and military status and distinct social and favored him when Mustafa peace be upon him and this companion was trusted Muhammed is the Messenger of Allah , peace be upon him , as the families of the night newly seventy no one knows as well as other winning bossath peace be upon him readers Mohammed baqirsafety that is famous for his love and disconnection of the Ahlal-Bayt .

In order to stand on the truth of things closely, we have to look at human capital and the sustainability of institutional work from a developmental civilizational perspective, as the true weight of any society is not estimated by the number of its population and land area only, but rather by the quality of human resources, cultural accumulation and civilizational heritage left behind by generations .This study entitled (Methods of Developing Human Capital in the Educational Institution) aims to identify the nature of human capital. And to know the types of human capital. And to know the components of human capital.. The study relied on the social survey method to collect data and information on human capital by using the social survey using the sample method for teachers in Baghdad Governorate, and the questionnaire was the most important tool used to collect data. To achieve the goal of the study, the researcher relied on a simple random sample that included a number of teachers (200) respondents of both sexes

This study highlights the importance of psychological and social factors in the workplace for developing human resource management strategies. It highlights the challenge companies face in improving employee productivity due to the neglect of psychological and social factors, which necessitates studying the impact of the PERMA model of happiness and well-being. A questionnaire was used as the primary data collection tool, with the research population representing the employees of the General Company for Electrical and Electronic Industries. A sample of 120 employees was selected. Appropriate statistical methods were used to arrive at the research results. The study found a strong, significant correlation between the dimensions of the PERMA model (emotions, engagement, meaning, achievement, and health) and productivity efficiency at the General Company for Electrical and Electronic Industries.

Most countries decided to establish industrial cities serviced by infrastructure and equipped with the necessary facilities and buildings to establish industrial investment projects. The establishment of industrial cities came as a necessary requirement for the purpose of promoting the process of economic growth and driving investment in countries, whether the investor is national or foreign, a natural or legal person.
Iraq is considered one of the developing countries that is working to advance its economy and bring it to satisfactory levels, following modern investment plans, including the establishment of industrial investment cities specialized in industrial development. The government’s efforts to establish such cities were diligent, and in fact several industrial cities were established in different governorates, such as the city Industrial cities in Basra and the industrial city in Dhi Qar, and the legal organization of these cities was subject to the general provisions of investment laws. The renaissance that Iraq witnessed in this field encouraged the Iraqi legislator to issue the Industrial Cities Law No. (2) of 2019 to organize work in industrial cities in a legal manner that suits With achieving the goal of establishing industrial cities, This law now includes within its scope cities, industrial areas, and economic activities, whether existing ones or those under construction, in addition to newly established cities and industrial activities.
The Industrial Cities Law has regulated the mechanism for setting the strategy for establishing, developing and managing industrial cities in Iraq, which must be studied and planned by the Board of Directors of the Industrial Cities Authority, which is responsible for supervising its implementation.
The success of the industrial development plan with regard to investment in developing industrial cities depends entirely on the extent of the parties’ commitment to implementing the terms of the contract to develop these cities.

Iraq's experience after 2003 included several attempts and measures that were taken, varying in severity and seriousness from one government to another, as many committees were formed whose membership included various sectors and relevant and supporting ministries. Iraq received many grants and assistance regarding initiating a digital transformation or establishing an electronic "government" starting from The Italian grant, the Japanese loan, and multiple committees, as stated above, but the beneficiary does not find a realistic impact characterized by coherence and integration in providing services that keeps him away from blackmail, routine treatment, and contact with official departments in a traditional way

The study dealt with a very important topic in the life of society, where the topic of the geographic components and potentials of tourism and means of activating it for its growth and development was discussed, revealing its effects in the process of tourist attraction and activating the movement of tourists and tourism, and revealing the extent of its contribution to financing the national and local economy, because tourism is one of the main functions contributing to Raising income levels and increasing imports by creating job opportunities.
Therefore, the research problem came, which revolves around the human and natural geographic components and capabilities present in the study area, and explaining whether it is capable of developing the tourism sector to make it qualified to become one of the tourist attraction centers. As for the secondary problem, the problem of the study revolves around it, which is the infrastructure that the district possesses. And an overview of the tourism sector that can be developed and developed, and identifying the problems and challenges that stand in the way of achieving tourism development opportunities in the district, and how to invest in the tourism components in the best way, and the possibility of preparing future development plans for the tourism and services sector.
As for the goal of the research, it sought to reveal the geospatial relationships of the study area, through which the geographical distribution of recreational and touristic sites and places for the study area is carried out to form the first nucleus of tourism projects, thus resembling countries whose economy is primarily based on tourism, and to know the extent of the problems and challenges that stand as an obstacle to the realization of development projects. Tourism in the district, such as lack of interest in tourist facilities and sites such as natural, historical, archaeological and religious tourism sites, in addition to the lack of cultural, societal and environmental awareness

This research focuses on reviewing and interpreting the reports about the usage of remote sensing (RS) and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) in studying the urban environmental changes in Iraq. It underscores the importance of tracking these changes because of Iraq's distinctive environmental challenges rooted in desert conditions, political instability, and urban sprawl. The paper also outlines the research gaps, particularly the scarcity of localized studies with the application of RS and GIS in Iraqi cities. We address the urban environmental challenges in Iraq, such as air pollution due to industrial and vehicular emissions, water pollution due to poor treatment, land degradation due to soil erosion and salinization, and the urban heat island effect. The RS and GIS role in data acquisition and spatial analysis for assessing these problems are justified. Case studies of the application of RS and GIS methods relate to building expansion, spatial development, land use, land cover mapping, air and water quality, and sustainable urban planning and environmental indices for Baghdad, Basrah, Erbil, and Mosul cities in Iraq. It recognizes the challenges of using RS and GIS in Iraq which are in turn data availability, technical expertise, finance, and infrastructure. Such opportunities include streamlining data sources, co-creating solutions, capacity building, and alignment. In the final section, the review concludes with recommendations for future research, such as localized, longitudinal and integrated data combined with customized tools and capacity building programs and an examination of the existing use of RS/GIS for urban planning and policymaking.

This study provides an analysis of speech disorder cases. It offers a perceptual analysis of hypernasality
in the speech production of Iraqi children and investigates how hypernasality due to cleft lip and cleft
palate and/ or velopharyngeal insufficiency affect speech production of Iraqi-Arabic patients. Thus,
experienced listeners, who act as jurors have been asked to perceptually evaluate hypernasality in
the patients’ speech production and to identify the cleft speech characteristics of each patient. This
study approaches hypernasality over three stages: pre-surgery, post-surgery, and post-therapy. After
carrying out the analysis, it provids certain findings regarding the most common consonants that are
nasalized, the role of surgery and therapy, and the disorder cases that are more difficult to improve
.than others

In the vast landscape of linguistic studies, in Iraqi situation as an example, scholars have predominantly focused on the verbal mode -analysing written texts with precision. Among these studies are those written by (Jasim,1989; 2000; Al-Hajaj, 2008, 2019, 2020; Jasim and Al-Hajaj, 2007, 2010, 2013; Oda and Al-Hajaj, 2018; Al-assadi and Jajob. 2022). However, a crucial dimension often remains unexplored: the visual mode. Picture books, as a unique genre, blend words and images, creating a dynamic interplay that shapes young readers’ experiences. Surprisingly, no previous Iraqi study has ventured into this uncharted territory, examining how verbal and visual elements harmonise or diverge. Whether in literature, discourse or communication, the interplay between words and images shapes our understanding of meaning. The research bridges this gap. By applying Halliday’s Systemic Functional Grammar and drawing insights from Kress and van Leeuwen’s Visual Social Semiotic, the study delves into the intricate relationship between words and illustration. The aim of this study is to analyse the interplay of verbal and visual components of a pre-school Iraqi children’s picture book that is categorised as (Buds Series) by Iraqi Children’s Culture House. This picture book is ‘Peach Seed’ which is written and illustrated in 1981 by Khalid Youssef and Mansor Al-bakri respectively. The intersemiosis between verbal and visual choices made by the writers and illustrators of this narrative will be analysed by making a comparison of the configuration of the circumstances, processes, and participants of the verbal components with their identical represented participants, processes and settings presented in the illustrations. This kind of comparison works on identifying the sort of interplay the verbal and visual elements show separately in each spread of the picture book in question.
For achieving this aim, the analysis is organised as follows: first, identifying the verbal choices made by the writer of Peach Seed to deliver representational meaning; second, analysing how the illustrator capture reality visually; Lastly, studying the interplay of verbal and visual modes to harmoniously create reality for children in this pre-school Iraqi children’s picture book. This study concludes by exploring the interdependent ways in which Khalid Youssef and Mansor Al-bakri’s (1981) words and images in Peach Seed work together.

Purpose: The research objective is to diagnose and analyze the extent to which Soft skills (independent variable) within its three dimensions (working as a team, time management and communication) affect Entrepreneurial Innovation (dependent variable).
Theoretical framework: soft skills are important among the modern humanitarian concepts of organizational work for their prominent role in achieving excellence and innovation in an unstable environment. Thus, soft skills have received significant attention and popularity in the field of business administration at present because they are considered essential keys for achieving entrepreneurial organizations(El-Tabal, 2020).
Design/Methodology/Approach: The research relied on descriptive and analytical methods, and the research sample is made up of middle management managers in the Iraqi Airways Company.
Findings: The researcher reached a set of conclusions, the most important of which is the existence of a direct significant impact of soft skills as the independent variable within its dimensions on entrepreneurial innovation as the dependent variable in the researched company. Also, the results highlight a significant positive relationship between the variables.
Research Practical & Social implications: The research emphasizes the need to pay attention to developing and enhancing the soft skills of existing employees in the researched company.
Originality/value: Among the most prominent results that emerged in the research were that soft skills do exist in the researched company and they play a significant role in achieving entrepreneurial innovation.