Psychological Science

Specialists attribute the causes of behavioral problems primarily to the child’s relationship with his parents, as the family has a major influence on the child’s early developmental development, and most behavioral and emotional problems are due primarily to the negative interaction between the child and his mother in the first place, and with his father and his family members. In the family environment, the child learns methods of behavior and methods. Dealing: If these practices are characterized by bad, fair and respectful behavior and take place in an atmosphere of dialogue and positive communication, this will reflect positively on the child and his behavior in the future, whether within his family or in the kindergarten with his friends and teachers. However, if the situation is the opposite and he is exposed to violence and bullying and is treated harshly by his parents, the results will be opposite. During childhood, the process of influencing and absorbing the characteristics and characteristics of the child’s surroundings takes place, and he tends to imitate and imitate the adults around him. Parents are the first inspiration. The current research aimed to identify:
1- The level of social media addiction among parents.
2- Identify the bad behavioral manifestations of kindergarten children.
3- The relationship between parents’ social media addiction and child’s bad behavioral manifestations
To achieve the goals, the researchers did the following:
The researchers prepared a scale (social media addiction) and adopted a scale (Salim and Muhammad, 2020) (the common negative behavioral manifestations of kindergarten children after terrorist operations, and to extract honesty and consistency, the researchers reached the following results:
1- Addiction to social media is high among the sample.
2- Bad behavioral manifestations of kindergarten children (sample) are high.
3- There is a significant direct relationship between addiction and behavioral manifestations.

The current research aims to identify:
1- Academic ambition among adults according to the two variables:
Age) .Gender (males, females)
2- The statistical significance of the differences in academic ambition among adults according to the two variables.
Age.Gender (males, females)
The current research aims to identify:
1- Academic ambition among adults according to the two variables:
Age Gender (males, females)
2- The statistical significance of the differences in academic ambition among adults according to the two variables. Age Gender (males, females)
The research is limited to a sample of (150) male and female students from the Open Educational College corresponding to the ages (20-25) (30-35) (40-45). For each age group, there are (50) female and male students distributed among (25) males and (25) males. ) equally for females, for the academic year (2023-2024). To achieve the objectives of the current research, the researcher adopted a measure of the level of academic ambition. Which was prepared by (Al-Zuhairi, 2004). Which consists of (25) items, (17) positive items and (8) negative items, and a five-point response scale was placed in front of each item: Grades (5, 1) were given respectively for the positive items, while the grades were reversed for the negative items. After giving the scores according to the items, they are summed so that the total represents the respondent’s total score on the scale. The researcher verified the psychometric properties of the scale, including the validity and reliability of the scale, and after analyzing the data, the results showed the following:
 Members of the current research sample corresponding to the age groups (20-25)(30-35)(40-45) have academic ambition.
 The age variable contributes effectively to development, as development proceeds in a phased manner and for the benefit of the older naked group
 There are differences in development according to the gender variable, males and females, in favor of males. Based on these results, the researcher recommends a set of recommendations and proposals.

The research aimed to identify the problems of fourth-grade female students in the Computer Department at the College of Education for Girls - University of Baghdad. The research sample included (54) female students, representing (72%) of the research population of (75) female students for the academic year (2023-2024). To verify the aim of the research, a closed-ended questionnaire was constructed, consisting of (14) items that reflect the most important problems facing fourth-grade female students in the computer department in general and on the tripartite scale (often, sometimes, rarely). It was presented to a group of experts specialized in the field of educational and psychological sciences to determine its suitability for application. The reliability of the questionnaire was also determined using (the Cronbach scale), which reached (75%), which is a (very good) reliability coefficient. Then the questionnaire was applied to the female students to determine the most important problems they faced during their study period in the computer department. By using frequencies, percentages, weighted mean, and percentage weight, the most important problems were determined, which are firstly lack of constant attendance due to the distance of housing from the university, and secondly the difficulty in obtaining regular vacations, thirdly is the unsuitability of some classrooms for study, fourthly is the difficulty of some topics in computer subjects, and fifthly is the lack of consideration for the conditions of good exam questions for computer subjects. Based on this questionnaire, some recommendations and proposals for research have been developed

The follower of what is happening in the educational field will find that many of those in charge of it, whether they are teachers, counselors, managers, preparers of its curricula, or authors, are still using traditional methods in education. As a method of memorization, indoctrination and domination that does not care about developing and providing students with dialogue skills, Those skills that prepare the learner to move from school to the labor market and the problems of life, to find himself in a state of continuous dialogue with others, starting from home and school and ending with the outside world. In the absence of a culture of dialogue, a culture of violence will surely spread. This prompted the researcher to address this problem, which can be identified by answering the following question: What is the role of the school in providing middle school students with dialogue skills? The importance of the research is evident through many justifications for conducting the current research, and the most important of these justifications is that the prevalence of the phenomenon of school violence among middle school students In recent years, it has been indicated that these students do not have dialogue skills. Therefore, the current research is an attempt to support and develop a culture of dialogue skills among middle school students. . To achieve the objectives of the current research, the researcher prepared a measurement tool and verified the standard characteristics of the tool. The research sample reached (200) male and female students, with (100) male and (100) female students. The sample was taken randomly from the first Karkh Education Directorate and the second Karkh Education Directorate, and after applying the research tool and statistically analyzing the data using statistical methods It was concluded that there is a weakness in the role of the school in providing preparatory students with dialogue skills, as the results of most of the paragraphs came with disapproval, or the teachers apply this to some extent.
Based on these results, the researcher presented a set of recommendations and suggestions.

Abst Early marriage is widespread among members of society for various rea,sons,including protecting young people from deviation, including traditions, customs, etc.On the other hand, the horrors of child abuse are spread among families and harming them in ways that leave psychological and physical effects on the children.By following these phenomena, the two researchers seek to know whether there is a relationship between early marriage. And violence against children? .In order to verify the goal of the research, the two researchers prepared a tool to measure child abuse. The tool is a scale consisting of (22) items representing
methods of abuse. The validity of the scale items was extracted after presenting
them to the experts. The researchers took all the experts’ opinions and added
alternatives (applies to me, It applies to me sometimes, it does not apply to me) with degrees (1,2,3), then according to the distinction and consistency of the items in addition to the reliability using the (Cronbach’s alpha) method. After arriving at the final version of the scale, the research tool was applied electronically and directly to a sample of (200) fathers and mothers. They may have married at the age of (11-20) years and those who have been married for 5-10 years and have (1-4) children, to include the largest possible number of diverse Iraqi families. The two researchers concluded that 14% of the sample practiced violence against their children, and that 1% Only they did not practice violence, while 85% of them abused their children on a moderate basis. The researchers also found that the younger the age of the married couples, the more violence there was. The researchers presented a set of recommendations and proposals.

The researchers aim to identify the cognitive style (simplification - complexity) and its relationship to analytical thinking "among middle school students. In the steps of their research, the researchers relied on the descriptive, correlational approach, and chose the sample by a stratified random method with"(400) individuals (302) for males and (98) for females. For each of the fourth, fifth, and sixth grades of middle school in Ramadi District (the center) in Anbar Governorate, and to achieve the research objectives, the researchers adopted the (Abdullah 2017) scale (simplification and cognitive complexity) prepared according to Crockett’s theory 1965, and prepared the (Analytical Thinking) scale, which is a verbal scale that was adopted in its construction. Based on the theory of mental control or the theory of thinking styles according to Sternberg and Krekory 1988, the validity and reliability
of both scales were extracted and the results resulted in:
1- The results indicated that there were significant differences between the complexity and cognitive simplification methods, in favor of the cognitive simplification method.2- Preparatory school students do not have the cognitive complexity-simplification style according to gender and specialization
2- There are statistically significant differences among the sample members in analytical thinking
3- The sample members do not have analytical thinking according to gender and specialization, but there are differences according to the interaction between gender and specialization
5- There is no statistically significant correlation between the two variables.
Based on these results, the researchers developed a set of recommendations and proposals

The study aimed to identify the role of social networking sites in achieving societal peace through a sample of users of social networking sites at Kut University College in the city of Essaouira. In order to complete the research requirements, the researcher used a questionnaire and collected data. A random sample was adopted, which consisted of (282) singletons, and the researcher adopted The descriptive approach and using statistical methods such as the standard deviation, the arithmetic mean, the Pearson correlation, and the Vacronbach reliability coefficient.
In this study, there was a main question from which four sub-questions branched out to achieve the objectives of the study, which are identifying the negative and positive effects of social networking sites on societal peace, identifying the satisfactions achieved among community members through the societal peace topics raised in social media, and identifying the tools that users of social networking sites resort to. Social media aims to follow up on topics related to societal peace, and learn about the nature of the topics covered by social networking sites with regard to societal peace in Iraq.
The study found a high level of positive effects of social networking sites on societal peace, while the level of negative effects of social networking sites on societal peace was moderate. The study also found a high level of satisfaction achieved among community members through societal peace topics presented on social media. The study also found that the most common topics covered by social media sites regarding societal peace are social, sports, literary, cultural, technological, scientific, religious, artistic, environmental, and economic topics.
The study concluded with a set of recommendations, including: Holding lectures and cultural seminars to introduce the negative effects of social networking sites on societal peace and setting a specific and appropriate time to follow social media sites to ensure that time is not wasted and to focus on some topics of interest to followers of social networking sites in order to achieve optimal benefit and stay away from topics that negatively affect societal peace, such as lack of interest in studying. Wasting time and not caring about the family.

this research aimed to identify the level of Fairness of the physical education teacher perceived in the preparatory schools of the Directorate of Education of Baghdad Karkh first from the point of view of its students, As well as identifying the level of motivational continuity among students of preparatory schools affiliated to the Directorate of Education of Baghdad Karkh I during the lesson of physical education from their personal point of view, and then identify the nature of the relationship and its level between the fairness of the physical education teacher perceived in preparatory schools and the continuity of motivation among students, the researcher has followed the descriptive approach in the style of survey and correlation relations, and the researcher identified the research community with preparatory school students of the Directorate of Education of Baghdad Karkh I and their number (20700), and the researcher has chosen (378) Asking them to form the main research sample, and then the researcher divided this sample into three sub-samples, the sample of the exploratory study and the number of its members (15) students, the sample of statistical analysis and the number of its members (218) students, and finally the final application sample and the number of its members (145) student, and to collect the data, the researcher prepared two tools that measure the first of the teacher's perceived Fairness with the number of paragraphs amounting to (10) paragraphs, while the second measures the motivational continuity of students and the number of paragraphs (10) paragraphs, and after applying the two tools and collecting data, the researcher processed them statistically to extract the results, From which he drew a set of conclusions:
- Physical education teachers in the preparatory schools of the Baghdad Karkh I Directorate of Education have a high level of Fairness regarding the perception of the students of these schools.
- Students of the preparatory schools of the Directorate of Education of Baghdad Al-Karkh Al-Oula have a high level of motivational continuity during the physical education lesson from their point of view.
- The relationship between the teacher's perceived Fairness and motivational continuity is positive, moral, and positive.

The current research aims to identify the professional pressures among kindergarten teachers. To achieve this, the researcher prepared the professional pressures scale, which consists of (25) items, and after confirming the psychometric properties, it was applied to a sample of kindergarten teachers who were chosen in a random stratified manner and consists of (200) teachers. From Baghdad Governorate, with its two sides, Al-Karkh First and Rusafa First, the results showed that teachers have professional pressures, and this result is consistent with the theoretical framework of the theory of cognitive appreciation, which (Iazarus.FoLkman, 1984) indicated that pressures appear when the personal requirements of the individual do not match, as whenever the estimates of The individual is accompanied by changes in his emotions and his tolerance process, and a number of recommendations and proposals have been presented.

The current research aims to identify the dimensions of the phenomenon of extremism among university students in light of some variables, gender (males - females) and specialization (scientific - humanities). From this standpoint, the researchers relied in the steps of their research on the descriptive analytical method, and they selected the sample using a stratified random method, with (130) individuals (64) for males and (66) for females, for each of the College of Education for Human Sciences, with (60) individuals, and the College of Education for Pure Sciences, with (60) individuals. 70) individuals at Anbar University - Iraq, for all stages and for morning studies only, for the academic year 2023-2024. To achieve the objectives of the research, the extremism scale (Titan, 2017) was adopted after some modifications were made to it in order to fit it with the Iraqi environment, and the validity and reliability of the scale were extracted. The results resulted in the following:
1- There is extremism among the sample members in general
2- There are differences in political extremism according to the gender variable and in favor of males.
3- There are differences in religious extremism according to the variable of specialization and for the benefit of humanity.
4- There are differences in social extremism according to the gender variable, in favor of males.
Based on the importance of the current research, the researchers came out with a set of recommendations and proposals in light of these results.

The current research aimed to identify bullying among university students and identify the significance of the differences in bullying among students according to the gender variable. The research population was (329) students from the College of Education, Al-Miqdad, for the morning study. The research sample amounted to (100) male and female students for For the Departments of Psychological Counseling, Educational Guidance and Mathematics, the following statistical methods were used:
A t-test for one sample to measure bullying, as well as finding differences between the arithmetic mean of the test and its hypothesized mean, and the second test for two independent samples to find differences between males and females. The results resulted in the following: The sample of the current research does not have bullying, and there are no statistically significant differences in bullying between males and females. Based on the results of the current research, the researcher reached a set of recommendations and proposals

This study aims to identify the extent to which people with special needs use social networking sites in all their various forms and types, in addition to knowing the influence of such use on developing and improving their various skill abilities.
The researchers used the descriptive analytical method, and they select the survey method as a scale tool to the sample members in Anbar Governorate. The participants were chosen randomly, they were 141 males only registered in the Department of Care for People with Disabilities and Special Needs in Anbar.
The scale was built according to the theory of multiple intelligences and consists of (24) items with three alternatives. The validity of the scale was verified before applying it to the participants, and then the data was analyzed to reach the results by using appropriate statistical methods. In light of the results, the researchers proposed some recommendations and suggestions.

The current study aims to identify the problems and obstacles facing middle school students in ordinary and distinguished schools, as well as identify the problems and obstacles according to the gender variable (males, females) and the specialization variable (scientific or literary). The researchers adopted a comparative descriptive approach to achieve the research objectives. Toward achieving the research objectives, the researchers prepared a questionnaire to identify the problems and obstacles facing middle school students. The psychometric properties of the questionnaire were extracted from its validity and reliability. The researchers reached several results, including that there are problems and obstacles (academic, social, psychological) facing middle school students in ordinary and distinguished schools, in addition to the presence of statistically significant differences in the problems and challenges facing students in the middle stage in ordinary and distinguished schools according to the variable gender (male-female), while there are no differences between them depending on the specialization variable (scientific - literary).

The current research aimed to reveal the prevalence of virtual families among university youth. As well as revealing the problems that young men and women with virtual families suffer from. The researchers used the descriptive approach of social surveys, and the research sample consisted of (450) male and female university students representing the youth stage. The research tool was built, which consists of (35) items, and its psychometric properties were extracted in terms of validity and reliability. The tool was applied via the Google Forms program and via the link.
Among the results that the research showed is that the prevalence of virtual families among university youth reaches (8.44%). The percentage of male interaction through the virtual family was (9.78%) higher than the percentage of females (6.32%). The results of the research also showed that members of the research sample who had virtual social relationships through social networking sites suffered from problems, and among these problems are: feeling stressed and extremely anxious when there is any obstacle that prevents them from their virtual relationships, and this may reach the point of depression. Negligence in the family social duties assigned to parents in performing them. Low level of academic achievement

This research aims to find out:
Causes of suicide among both secondary and university students, according to gender and stage of study. To achieve the goal of the research, the researchers relied on a questionnaire It consists of (18) paragraphs that they prepared on a large sample Its number is (904) individuals of the research community that expresses the nature of the reasons that lead to suicide. The psychometric characteristics of validity and reliability were extracted for it, and the numbers taken from the sample were treated statistically, and the researchers reached the following results:
1. 1.The sample chose a group of reasons that it believed were the most common cause of suicidal thoughts.
2. Females were more affected by most of the causes leading to suicide 2.
3. High school students were more affected by the causes of suicide than university students.
4. According to the research results, the researchers reached a number of conclusions, recommendations and proposals.

The processing of the phenomenon of high school student dropout lies in identifying the economic and social causes that have led to frequent absences, subsequently resulting in dropout and disengagement from school and entering the labor market. This problem is one of the major challenges facing the education system due to its significant implications on societal awareness, progress, and keeping up with other communities that previously relied on Iraqi expertise in various fields.
The current research aimed to explore the perspective of assistants in addressing the phenomenon of high school student dropout in the Al-Rusafa district of Baghdad. The research sample consisted of 50 male and female assistants. For this purpose, the researcher developed a scale to address the dropout phenomenon, comprising 20 items in its final form. After ensuring the validity and reliability of the dropout intervention scale, it was applied to the research sample using the statistical package SPSS.
The researcher found that there is an intervention in addressing the phenomenon of student dropout in secondary schools in Al-Rusafa, Baghdad. Based on these results, the researcher proposed a number of recommendations and future studies.