Baghdad Science Journal

The investigation in this study includes examining the impact of wastewater at ten different stations. Eight lifting stations and two treatment stations in the center and district of Al-Hurr in the Karbala city. The study's goal is to determine the operational effectiveness of the main treatment unit project in Karbala and the Al-Hurr treatment unit and its impact on wastewater quality, disclosing the qualitative features of wastewater in the study area, controlling waste water from treatment plants, and utilizing its service in other fields. More than 70 trace elements were examined in this study by using inductively coupled plasma mass technology, in wastewater samples. Arsenic (As) concentrations were shown to be higher than permitted levels in some sites reaching 11.300 ng/ mL, and lead (Pb) concentrations were found to be higher than permissible limits at several lifting stations, where the concentration value reached 15.500 ng/mL. according to Iraqi standards and the World Health Organization. The findings of the investigation were provided on several indicators and classifications to take advantage of the water departure from the treatment plants in several places, as the indicators revealed that the water is contaminated, salty, and unsuitable for agricultural irrigation. It is suitable for crops that survive high salinity and for animal consumption. The correlation coefficient was also evaluated for the elements measured at the stations under study, and there was a perfect correlation for some elements, with correlation coefficient values ranging between (0.996 -1.000) for each of elements (Ni, Re, W and As, Li).

In this study, mesoporous silica MCM-41 was functionalized with 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES) to obtain MCM-41@APTES, which contains primary amine groups. In the next step, 5-bromosalicylaldehyde was refluxed with MCM-41@APTES in toluene to obtain the Schiff base-functionalized mesoporous silica material, MCM-41@APTES-BSAL. MCM-41@APTES and MCM-41@APTES-BSAL were characterized via FT-IR, FESEM-EDX, TEM, N2-adsorption-desorption, XRD, and TGA/DTA. The XRD and TEM investigations showed that MCM-41@APTES and MCM-41@APTES-BSAL were generated with extremely ordered hexagonal arrangements. The findings from the N2-adsorption–desorption analysis revealed that the average pore diameters, total pore volumes, and specific surface areas were 7.530 nm, 0.292 cm3 g−1, and 155.19 m2 g−1, and 12.654 nm, 0.055 cm3g−1, and 17.491 m2 g−1, respectively, according to the BET plots. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA/DTA) of silica materials represented by both MCM-41@APTES and MCM-41@APTES-BSAL revealed three mass reduction steps, with the initial step involving elimination of water adsorbed via physical/chemical processes on the silica surface, a second that could be assigned to the decomposition of the organic moieties of MCM-41@APTES and MCM-41@APTES-BSAL, and a third which involved breakdown of Si-OH groups in the silica structure and their transformation into siloxane groups (Si-O-Si). The MCM-41@APTES and MCM-41@APTES-BSAL were utilized for the adsorption of heavy pollutants like cobalt and cupper ions from aqueous solution. Adsorption parameters for such uptake were determined through studying the concentration of cobalt (II) and copper (II) ions, pH, exposure time, and mass of the MCM-41@APTES and MCM-41@APTES-BSAL.

One of the most important problems associated with oil production is the formation of stable (water-in-oil) emulsions, and these emulsions greatly affect the process of treating the oil and ridding it of water.The creation of these emulsions throughout the oil production process is an expensive state, and the low water level of crude oil emulsions enhances performance while lowering the risk of equipment and pipeline deterioration. One technique to lower the water content is to break down crude oil emulsions chemically by demulsification. The water droplets quickly collide because the emulsifier renders the thin film separating the water droplets and the crude oil emulsion fragile. The current research includes the synthesis and characterization of novel demulsifiers for acrylamide based on Schiff bases and polyvinyl alcohol, which are both beneficial to the environment and highly effective in comparison to imported emulsifiers from other countries. Due to the application of highly hazardous industrial emulsifiers, new ecologically friendly demulsifiers were developed in this study that help reduce river water pollution. Employing nuclear magnetic resonance and infrared spectroscopy, the produced compounds were investigated. All of the polymer's spectrum signals corresponded well with the compounds' chemical structures. The photodegradation of the emulsions used was also studied and it was found that they are characterized by high disintegration and have the ability to reduce surface tensions. The thermal stability of the prepared compounds was also measured.

By using continuous flow injection analysis technology, a new analytical method was presented for the determination
of chlorpheniramine maleate (CPM) in its pure form and in some of its pharmaceutical preparations. The study was based
on the reaction of CPM with ammonium ceric(IV) sulphate (ACS) in an acidic medium, where the reaction resulted in
a slightly yellowish white precipitate. It was studied using Ayah 6S 1-ST-2D solar cell CFI analyzer (homemade) by
measuring the light reflected from the surfaces of precipitate particles at (0–180°). Several experiments were conducted
to study and improve the chemical and physical parameters. The correlation coefficient (r) = 0.9996, and the linear
calibration curve was within the range (0.07–5 mmol/L). The detection limit (L.O.D) was 195 ng/10 L. The relative
percentage deviation RSD% was less than 0.2% for the concentration of 1.0, 1.5 and 4.0 mmol/L of CPM for n = 8.
The method was successfully applied in estimating CPM in three samples of pharmaceutical preparations available
in the Iraqi pharmaceutical market for three different companies. The new method was compared with the UV–Vis
spectrophotometric method at max = 261 nm. To ensure that there was no significant difference between the proposed
methodandthespectrophotometricmethod,bothat-testandaF-testwereconducted.Theresultsofthetwotestsshowed
that there was no significant difference at the 95% confidence level, where the t-result was calculated (| 2.162). It is
less than the t-tabular value (4.303) and also the calculated F value (31.9770) is less than the tabular F value.

Petroselium crispum or parsley is a typical culinary vegetable that is used as a flavouring and aromatic food additive.
The aimof this research was to purify a major flavonoid present in parsley leaves, apigenin and evaluate the polyphenol,
mineral and vitamin C contents in parsley leaves extract (PLE); in addition, the study compared antioxidant activities of
ethanolic PLEwithpurifiedapigenin(AP),applyingdifferentnon-enzymaticstrategiesusingascorbicacid(AA)asarefer
ence. A complete screening for bioactive compounds in the ethanolic PLE was performed by HPLC analysis. The research
outcomes indicated that purification of apigenin was successfully achieved by column chromatography with a high yield
and purity; a single peak in the HPLC chromatogram confirmed this. The analysis revealed that contents of total phenolic
and flavonoid in the ethanolic PLE were 75.91 3.33 mg. g–1 TA Eq and 15.61 0.18 mg. g–1 respectively; vitamin C
is found to be 4.01 mg. g–1. Our results indicated that among the trace minerals in parsley leaves, calcium and sodium
documented the highest values; 14.13 mg. g–1 and 8.51 mg. g–1, while copper and manganese had the lowest values;
0.02 mg. g–1 and 0.012 mg. g–1 respectively. Finally, our findings demonstrated that purified AP had superior potential
than ethanolic PLE for reducing power, total antioxidant, nitric oxide and superoxide scavenging activities. In contrast,
the ethanolic PLE exhibited greater antioxidant activity than AP towards suppressing the DPPH and hydroxyl radicals.

In this paper, we synthesized some new substituted pyridilimides in three different ways. Firstly, by the reaction of 2-carboxy nicotinic acid with some amino acids to form 2- substituted (5,7- dioxo-5,7-dihydro -6H-pyrrolo [3,4-b] pyridine -6-yl) acetic acid (1- 2). In the next step, the resultant compounds were treated with phenylene diamine to form substituted 6-((1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2 -yl) methyl)-5H-pyrrolo [3,4-b] pyridine -5,7(6H)- dione (3-4). Secondly, 2- carboxy nicotinic acid, which was converted to anhydride (5), reacted with acetic anhydride and acetic acid. In the next step, two moles of (5) were used to react with some aliphatic or aromatic diamine to give substituted bis 5H-pyrrolo [3,4-b] pyridine-5,7(6H)-dione (6- 11). Finally, (5) was treated with urea to form imide (12). The next step, imide (12) was treated with formaldehyde to give 6-(hydroxymethyl) -5H- pyrrolo [3,4- b] pyridine -5,7(6H)-dione (13). The next step was to react (13) with substituted aniline to form substituted 6-((phenylamino)methyl)-5H-pyrrolo [3,4-b] pyridine -5,7 (6H)- dione (14- 17). The resulting compounds were proven by their physical properties and by IR, 1H-NMR, and CHN. The antibacterial assessment of many compounds produced to fight two pathogenic bacterial strains was carried out, and the outcomes were contrasted with two well-known antibiotics. Compounds (1, 8, 17) showed a high inhibition zone (20, 16, 19) mm respectively. Docking was carried out using CB-Dock2 against the shikimate kinase enzyme, where compound (8) had the highest docking score of -8.6 Kcal/mol. This result encourages the synthesis of more substituted pyrrolopyridin compounds as a future work.

Breast cancer is the main cause of mortality for females. Variations in DNA repair capacity and consequent hereditary predisposition to certain malignancies may be attributed to polymorphisms in DNA repair genes. There have been few and inconclusive studies on the relationship between blood levels of vitamins and minerals and food and the genesis of breast cancer. We explored correlations between polymorphisms (rs861539) and vitamin D. In addition, the effects of vitamins D, E, C, and iron on breast cancer were examined. The study population consisted of thirty healthy normal persons and sixty breast cancer patients. For the purpose of estimating vitamins (D, E, C), as well as minerals and iron, venous blood was drawn from all samples utilizing standard procedures. The single nucleotide polymorphism (rs861539) were determined by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) technique. It was discovered that, the mean concentrations of vitamins D, E, and C were lower in female patients compared to healthy controls, but that the serum iron concentration was significantly greater in patients with breast cancer. Also the current study showed a strong correlation between vitamin D, antioxidant vitamins (vitamins A, E, C, and β-carotene), and selenium with breast cancer in the female population of Iraq. Nonetheless, no meaningful correlation was discovered between the polymorphism of rs861539 and the breast cancer risk. Additionally, it implies that increased oxidative stress caused by elevated serum iron levels may increase the risk of breast cancer.

Infertility is one of the problems facing women and men. Obesity, lipid level disorders, and insulin resistance are among the risk factors that cause infertility, in addition to other relevant factors. The current study aimed to investigate the effect of obesity and lipids imbalance, together with studying the relationship for each dipeptidyl peptidase -4 (DPP-4) and tumor necrosis factor –α (TNF-α) infertile women compared to healthy women, to determine the possibility that they are being diagnostic and indicative factors of the disease. The study included 50 participants, age range (15-34) years, who attended Kamal Al- Samarai Hospital in Baghdad, Iraq. The participants were divided into two groups; patients group (30 infertile women) and control group (20 healthy women). Levels of fasting blood sugar (FBS), lipid profile, dipeptidyl peptidase -4 (DPP4), tumor necrosis factor –α (TNF-α), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), insulin and testosterone were evaluated. FBS and lipid profile levels were determined on the basis of spectrophotometric methods. Levels of DPP4, TNF-α, FSH, LH, insulin and testosterone were estimated by their ELISA kits. BMI, HOMO-IR, Atherogenic index were calculated. The results showed high levels of FBS, lipid profile (except HDL), DPP-4, TNF-α, LH, Testosterone and decrease of FSH level in patients compared to the healthy women.In conclusion, increasing lipid profile levels, obesity, atherogenic index, insulin resistance values approve the association of infertility with obesity, lipid disorders, diabetes and atherosclerosis diseases. Furthermore, DPP-4 and TNF-α are useful as good diagnostic factors for women’s infertility.

A peptide called spexin (SPX) regulates blood glucose and lipid metabolism. The study primarily focused on the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in postmenopausal women, examining its relationship with serum SPX levels. A case-control study involved 180 ‎postmenopausal women from Thi-Qar, Iraq were enrolled in the current study. Ninety ‎women were recently diagnosed with diabetic ‎postmenopausal women, while the other 90 were non-diabetic ‎postmenopausal women.‎ Blood samples were collected to test: Glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), SPX, Malondialdehyde (MDA),‎ Superoxide dismutase ‏‎‎‏(SOD), C-reactive protein (‎‏CRP), ‏fasting blood glucose ‏‎‎‏(FSG), insulin‎‏, ‏‎ ‎lipid profile‏ and interleukein (IL-6). ‎Results: ‎FSG, HbA1c, ‎insulin, and Homeostatic Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR), values ‎ raised ‎significantly (P<0.001) in T2DM postmenopausal women. Also, levels of MDA, CRP, and IL-6 ‎dramatically elevated, and the levels of SPX and ‎SOD significantly decreased (P<0.001). ‎Significant lipid profile changes were observed in ‎postmenopausal T2DM subjects. ‎Additionally, the connection in T2DM postmenopausal ‎women showed a negative ‎relationship between SPX with waist-to-height ratio, SPX with ‎FSG, SPX with HOMA-IR, MDA with SPX, as well as a positive relationship between ‎SPX and MDA, SPX and ‎age, CRP and IL-6, CRP and age, IL-6 and FSG, SOD ‎and insulin. It was ‎demonstrated that SPX is crucial to the pathogenesis ‎of T2DM in postmenopausal women. ‎In diabetic individuals, targeting SPX may offer a ‎novel strategy for preserving adequate ‎glucose control.‎

Diabetes mellitus causes damage to pancreatic β cells and oxidative stress due to an imbalance of oxidants and antioxidants in the body. Controlling hyperglycemia by administering conventional drugs and with long-term use carries the risk of side effects, so traditional treatment is recommended. Benalu Duku (Dendophthoe pentandra (L.) Miq) is a plant considered a parasite. However, it has the potential to be developed as a diabetes drug because it contains metabolites that can be used as drugs that come from nature. This study aims to test phytochemicals and examine the effect of ethanol extract of Benalu Duku leaves (EEBD) on superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels in streptozotocin-nicotinamide-induced diabetic white Wistar rats, blood glucose levels were also examined, as well as conducting histological analysis of pancreatic β cells. The results of the phytochemical examination showed that it contained alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, saponins, tannins, and triterpenoids. Research shows that giving EEBD for 28 days can significantly reduce blood glucose levels compared to the Na-CMC group. SOD levels also increased with respective values of 30.97 ± 0.84, 21.99 ± 0.61, 30.52 ± 1.30, 28.55 ± 1.30, 28.99 ± 0.95, and 29.00 ± 0.86 pg/mL. Pancreatic histology also showed differences between qualitative and quantitative, indicating pancreatic repair and increased surface area of the islets of Langerhans. This plant has the potential to be developed into a new medicinal ingredient that comes from nature.

The act of criminality is an unlawful behavior that constitutes a criminal offense. Criminals use various ways to hide evidence at the crime scene. Forensic experts often find DNA on items found at the crime scene, one of the types of evidence is a guitar. Guitar is one of the musical instruments often played by humans that can be used as a comparison. Methods: This study used 18 guitar string samples that had been used for five minutes and incubated at room temperature. The 18 samples were then divided into three groups, in which each group consisted of six samples and incubated for one, five, and 10 days. DNA identification was then carried out using a UV spectrometer for DNA quantification and the DNAzol method for DNA extraction. Results: The mean result of DNA quantification on day 1 was 152.57 ± 48.02 ng/μL, day 5 was 138.66 ± 47.66 ng/μL, and day 10 was 87.09 ± 9.07 ng/μL. Polymerase chain reaction was carried out using three STR primers loci, namely D18S51 (290 - 366 bp), D8S1179 (203 - 224 bp), and FES (222 - 250 bp), followed by visualization using the silver nitrate method. The final results showed that all samples could be amplified using the D18S51, D8S1179, and FES STR loci.

Most infectious diseases are primarily caused by the growth of microorganisms called biofilms. The formation of bacterial biofilms enables microorganisms to inhabit biotic and abiotic surfaces which increases their resistance to antimicrobials. To control this issue, there is a critical need for novel approaches and compounds can suppress the expression or regulation of virulence genes. A potential method for disarming rather than eliminating bacterial pathogens is antivirulence therapy based on the blockage of biofilm pathways. In current study, the action of water, diethyl ether and acetone extraction on two types of algae namely Scenedesmus quadricauda and Chlorosarcinopsis eremi in their sub-inhibitory concentration (SIC) was investigated against Pseudomonas aeroginosa and Escherichia coli biofilm formation and their gene expression instead of killing them. The SIC values of each extract were determined by minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) assay then gene expression products were assessed using Real-Time PCR (RT-PCR) when the cells were exposed to the SICs of algal extracts. Results revealed that the expression of ndvB (P. aeroginosa) & FimH (E. coli) genes that involved in biofilm formation was reduced by the extracts at their SICs. Diethyl ether was the best solvent with greater inhibitory activity followed by water and acetone against two pathogenic bacteria under this survey. Values of 25mg/ml, 20mg/ml for MIC and 15mg/ml, 10mg/ml for SIC were recorded by diethyl ether solvent against P. aeroginosa and E. coli respectively. According to biofilm detection, water extract was more efficient in S. quadricauda against P. aeroginosa and E. coli.

A factorial experiment was conducted at the College of Education for Pure Sciences Ibn al-Haitham / University of Baghdad for the 2023 growing season to study the effect of the biofertilizer represented by the mycorrhizae vaccine and the NPK Nano fertilizer on some indicators of vegetative and root growth, yield, and volatile oil production of the basil plant, Ocimum basilicum L., the experiment included two factors. The first factor was mycorrhizae inoculum at 2 levels: 0 (no addition) and an addition of 25 g plant-1, as the seeds were inoculated upon planting. The second factor was spraying the plant’s shoots with NPK Nano fertilizer at four levels (0, 0.5, 1, 1.5) g l -1. The results showed a significant effect of the treatment of inoculating basil seeds with mycorrhizae at the level of 25 gm in giving them the highest values in plant height, which reached 51.17 cm plant-1, the number of leaves was 44.83 leaves per plant-1, the yield per hectare was 5.94 tons' ha-1, and the percentage of volatile oil in the leaves was 1.319 %. In the interactions between the study factors, the treatment of mycorrhizae inoculum 25 g with Nano-fertilizer 1 gm l-1 was significantly superior, and the highest values were recorded in plant height, number of leaves, yield per hectare, and percentage of volatile oil in the leaves, as it reached 55.67 cm plant-1 and 49.33 leaves plant-1 and 6.83 tons' ha-1 and 1.660 %, respectively, compared to the control treatment.

Gastrointestinal microbial infections have increased especially between children and represent a community burden. The present experiment was designed to examine the combined impact of local wheat bran bioactive compounds and Bacteriocin over locally isolated pathogens including S. aureus, E. coli and C. albicans and evaluate their antimicrobial and antibiofilm eligibility. Local wheat Ibaa99 bran extract consists of phenolic compounds, phytic acid and inulin, Bacteriocin was purified from Lacticaseibacillus paracasei that was identified as a new strain (namely MOIQ35) by the 16S rRNA gene using the PCR technique and after its registration with The National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). The combined antimicrobial activity was examined by well diffusion assay and MIC method at concentrations 1 mg/ ml for wheat bran extract and 0.54 mg/ml for bacteriocin. Meanwhile, antibiofilm dispersal considerations have been completed by the microtiter plate method. The outcomes revealed that the highest inhibition observed over S. aureus isolates ranged from 21.5 ±0.1 mm to 40 ±0.1 mm, and the highest inhibition observed over E. coli isolates ranged from 18 ±0.1 mm to 38 ±0.1 mm, and 38.5 ±0.1 mm against C. albicans. Moreover, the biofilm suppression tests showed a high reduction in biofilm against C. albicans isolate with OD (0.11). In conclusion, the extract of Ibaa99 wheat bran in combination with Bacteriocin has synergistic antibacterial and antifungal effects and is a biofilm repressor.

Kocuria spp. isolates were collected from different clinical samples from Medical City Educational Laboratories/
Baghdad and Ain Shams Specialized Hospital, Cairo. Identification was carried out by VITEK2 automated compact
system. Antibiotic susceptibility, biofilm formation, and detection of macrolides resistance genes ermA, ermB, ermC,
msrA & mef, integron intI1 and intI2 were also investigated. Results indicated that 60 isolates were collected from
the two countries, 42 isolates from Iraq, and 18 isolates from Egypt. The bacterial isolates were identified by their
morphological and biochemical characteristics. They were susceptible to pipracillin/Tazobactam and vancomycin,
resistant to erythromycin, azithromycin and ofloxacin. Kocuria spp. had different potential to form biofilm, Kocuria
kristinae were strong biofilm producers, while Kocuria rhizophila varied between non-biofilm producers in isolates from
Iraq and weak producers in isolates from Egypt. The detection of macrolide resistance genes indicated that the mef
gene was present in 7.14% of isolates from Iraq, while the ermA gene was detected in 6.66% of isolates from Egypt.
Integron detection showed that intI1 was present in isolates from both Iraq and Egypt, whereas intI2 was detected in Iraq
isolates only. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first comparative study conducted to investigate the presence of
Kocuria spp. in Iraq and Egypt. The study highlights the importance of Kocuria spp. which is considered an opportunistic
pathogens, however, it is responsible for different human infections.

The development of radiation shielding material is important since radioactive sources are used in industry, medicine, and agriculture. As a result, more research and development has been put into looking into different glass systems based on their unique qualities for protecting against neutron radiation. This study focuses on investigating glass-based materials for neutron shielding purposes. This investigation delves into the neutron shielding properties of a mixture comprising Sodium Aluminum borosilicate glass (SiB2Na2Al2O9)X, with added reinforcement materials (SiC)100-X, (TiB2)100-X, and (BiClO)100-X ( X=95, 80, 65, and 50%), the mixtures are denoted as codes G1, G2 and G3 respectively. Results and calculations indicate that adding reinforcing materials to borosilicate glass in various quantities enhances rapid neutron removal (∑R). An increased reinforcing material ratio reduces shielding half value layer (HVL) and mean free path (MFB)to neutron. Comparing theoretical results, adding titanium nitride (TiB2) as reinforcement to borosilicate glass yields the maximum neutron attenuation and the least HVL at X=50. Thus, the G2 shield is the best for neutron radiation protection.

The current work aims to calculate the gamma-ray shielding coefficients for six samples. The samples were 65B2O3.20Bi2O3.10Al2O3. (5-x) MgO. xMnO (0 ≤ x ≤ 1 mol%). prepared these samples by using the melt quenching method. The study measures MAC (mass attenuation coefficient) and linear attenuation coefficient (μm, μ). It also calculates the halve-value layer, ten-value layer (TVL), and mean free path (MFP). The calculation was conducted using the Phy-X/PSD and XCOM programs, in an energy range 1keV- 100GeV. The study discusses comparing the results with each other showing a good agreement. The study has shown many results such as when the energy is higher than 10 MeV. There were many peaks in the low photon energy region (< 0.1 MeV). The glass sample with the biggest MnO composition S6 shows many peaks at the M-, L-, and K- absorption photoelectric edges. The measured values that Phy-X/PSD and XCOM software produced showed good agreement. Also, there is a negative correlation between the HVL and material density. In addition, MFP and HVL values begin low and continuously increase as the incident energy of the photon rises to 5 MeV. Beyond 5 MeV, with energies, HVL and MFP dropped softly. Half-Value Layer values drop with the rise in the density and MnO contents.

This study describes the environmentally friendly synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) using cinnamon extract, bay leaf extract, and chemical techniques. Due to its cost-effectiveness and avoidance of harmful ingredients, the green synthesis strategy for producing nanoparticles has significant advantages over physical and chemical procedures. The XRD data demonstrated the production of a hexagonal wurtzite structure, while the SEM investigations demonstrated a spherical shape and average size (21.49, 25.26) nm for ZnO NPs synthesized by cinnamon extract, bay leaf extract, and chemical techniques, respectively. The synthesized ZnO NPs demonstrate noteworthy photocatalytic efficacy in the breakdown of methylene blue dye under direct sunlight exposure. Therefore, this research signifies a significant advancement in the progress of a sustainable photocatalyst to eliminate harmful dyes from water.

Lung nodule cancer detection is a critical and complex medical challenge. Accuracy in detecting lung nodules can significantly improve patient prognosis and care. The main challenge is to develop a detection method that can accurately distinguish between benign and malignant nodules and perform effectively under various imaging conditions. The development of technology and investment in deep learning techniques in the medical field make it easy to use Positron Emission Tomography (PET) and Computed Tomography (CT). Thus, this paper presents lung cancer detection by filtering the PET-CT image, obtaining the lung region of interest (ROI), and training using Convolution neural network (CNN)-Deep learning models for defending the nodules’ location. The limitation dataset composed of 220 cases with 560 nodules with fixed Hounsfield Units (HU) is used to increase the training’s speed and save data. The trained models involve CNN, DCNN, 3DCNN, VGG 19, ResNet 18, Inception V1, and Inception-ResNet to detect the lung nodules. The experiment shows high-speed training with VGG 19 outperforming the rest of deep learning, it achieves accuracy, Precision, Specificity, Sensitivity, F1-Score, IoU, FP rate with standard division; 98.65 ± 0.22, 98.80 ± 0.15, 98.70 ± 0.20, 98.55 ± 0.18, 98.60 ± 0.16, 0.94 ± 0.03, 1.05 ± 0.22, respectively. Moreover, the experiment results show an overall error rate and a standard division between ± 0.04 to ± 0.54 distributed over the calculation terms.

The dentistry field is in continuously developing, especially with three-dimensional (3D) printing technology. This study aims to analyze how resin 3D-printed denture bases affect the thermal conductivity, surface roughness, and surface hardness when carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are added at various weight percentages. 3D-printed denture base acrylic resin has been enhanced with CNTs. The samples were divided into three groups (0.5% and 0.7% of CNTs by weight, and a control group with no added CNTs). All samples underwent thermal conductivity, surface roughness, and surface hardness tests. In addition to conducting analyses using Fourier transforms, infrared spectroscopy, and field emission scanning electron microscopy, the data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and multiple comparison tests. Incorporating CNTs into 3D-printed denture bases enhanced surface hardness, roughness, and heat conductivity compared to the control group. This improvement is directly correlated with the concentration of CNTs added. Integrating of CNTs enhances the material's mechanical properties, specifically its thermal conductivity and surface hardness. However, it does not have a great impact on surface roughness. Therefore, caution must be taken when selecting the appropriate CNTs concentrations to be added to the 3D-printing resin to improve the material characteristics.

Generally, it is very common in our daily life to meet up with queuing systems. This study examines the concept of encouraged arrival in M/M (a,b)/1/Multiple Working Vacations queuing model that follows the General Bulk Service Rule. The considered queuing model consists of three states namely idle, working vacation and regular busy period. The single server available in the system usually goes on vacation whenever the system is idle, that is, when it is empty. This model deals with multiple working vacations of the server which are exponentially distributed and the concept of encouraged arrival of the customers is examined particularly in the regular busy period. Specifically, the term encouraged arrival is a recent addition to the queue with the existing customers following Poisson distribution and are served in batches. The main objective of the study is to calculate the mean queue length (Lq) and various other performance measures of the discussed queuing model. Moreover, a real life application of the studied model has been implemented in a case study and the expected queue length has been discussed.

This work studies the concept of En-prime compactly packed (En-P.c.P) modules. Some properties and characterizations have been studied. Put ₩ is an Я-module and every submodule is En-pure , then ₩ is En-P.c.P if and only if each proper submodule Ϣ of ₩ is cyclic, If ₩ is En-P.c.P. ₩ which has at least one maximal submodule then ₩ satisfies the ACC on En-p-radical submodule. The generalization of this idea has been given for S-Acts. if for each family {P_α }_(α∈λ) of En-prime subact of Д with Ѫ ⊆⋃_(α∈λ)▒P_α , Ѫ⊆P_β for some β∈λ. An S-Act Д is En-P.c.P, if every subact is En-P.c.P. Various properties of En-P.c.P modules and S-Acts have been studied, like, ₩ is an R-module and every submodule is En-pure, then ₩ is En-P.c.P if and only if each proper submodule Ϣ of ₩ is cyclic. The general is, if Д is En-P.c.P S-Act which has at least one maximal subact then Д satisfies the ACC on En-p-radical subact.and suppose that Д is an En-P.c.P S-Act. If the CST is satisfied for Д, then dim Д≤1, and prove that, If Д is a multiplication S-Act that satisfies the ACC on En-p- radical subact, then for every proper subact Ѫ of Д there exists a finite number of minimal En-prime subact of Ѫ. Let f: Д→Д’ be an epimorphism. If Д is En-P.c.P then so is Д’. The converse is true when Д is finitely generated or (multiplication) S-Act and ker⁡f⊆rad{0}.

In operation research, a specific area being analyzed in great depth is the transportation problem (TP). The key objective of this problem is to find the lowest total transportation costs for commodities to meet consumer requirements at destinations incorporating resources acquired at their points of origin. In this work, the spherical fuzzy transportation problem (SFTP) determines the lowest cost of carrying items from origin to destination. Most of the time, accurate data has been used, but these variables are actually inaccurate and ambiguous. According to the literature, several generalizations and expansions of fuzzy sets have been proposed and investigated. One of the most recent innovations in fuzzy sets is the spherical fuzzy sets (SFSs), which characterize not only membership and non-membership degrees but also neutral degrees. In this study, a novel approach is developed to derive the initial basic feasible solution (IBFS) for each of all three forms of the SFTP, and then obtain an optimal answer by applying the modified distribution (MODI) technique. For such frameworks, the proposed approach is illustrated by numerical examples. The conclusion and future scope are given at the end.

This investigation aims to enhance and broaden the mathematical model that governs a dynamic stochastic SEIRS (Susceptible, Exposed, Infective, and Recovery) epidemic. This complex model integrates crucial components, including a saturated incidence rate and saturated treatment function, which are fundamental in molding epidemic dynamics. The objective is to explore the presence and uniqueness of a positive global solution through the application of a meticulously designed Lyapunov function, facilitating a more profound analysis of the intricacies of the systems. This analytical framework enables us to uncover the interactions among disease transmission, treatment dynamics, and stochastic influences. This theoretical framework assumes that treatment responses are directly related to incidence cases within the healthcare system as long as they remain within the system. A key aspect of our contribution lies in defining the stochastic basic reproduction number R_0 as a critical threshold that determines the course of the epidemic. Under conditions characterized by low noise levels and R_0^S>1, it establishes the prerequisites for the appearance of an ergodic stationary distribution, offering insights into the potential long-term trends in disease dissemination. Conversely, in scenarios characterized by high noise intensity (R_0^S ) ̃<1, our analysis sheds light on the inevitable eradication of the disease. To further enhance the theoretical underpinning, our research integrates extensive numerical simulations. These simulations not only confirm the validity of our theoretical findings but also provide a dynamic visualization of the implications of the model. The dual methodology of theoretical analysis and simulations contributes to a nuanced understanding of stochasticity and epidemic dynamics.

Wave partial differential equations are one of the most important topics that model, for example, the wave motion of ground vibrations. Hence, finding approximate solutions to such equations with high accuracy and speed faster than difficult and complex analytical solutions has become possible through the use of artificial intelligence and machine learning methods. This research has three goals. The first is to transform the problem of the initial value of the wave equation into its legal form and find its accurate solution. The second is to write a linear-regression neural network algorithm. The third result is applying this algorithm to find a numerical solution to the initial value problem under the study. The last step is to compare the solution using a table and figures for certain parameters and initial conditions values to demonstrate the efficiency of the artificial neural network method. Approximate solutions were obtained with an error amount close to zero compared to the real solution of the wave differential equation by applying the artificial neural network that represents the linear regression equation. This gives the advantage of high speed in obtaining the solution to this type of differential equation.

The field of sentiment analysis has experienced significant growth in recent years due to its applications in various domains such as news headlines, online product purchase, marketing, and reputation management. With the rise of social media and online shopping platforms, there is a wealth use-generated data available. This has led manufacturing, sales, and marketing companies to seek global feedback on their practices and products from these sources. In the context of Sindhi language, millions of phrases are shared daily on news media sites, Twitter, Facebook, and other platforms. However, the exclusion of sentiment analysis for Sindhi language limits the utilization of this vast amount of data, focusing primarily on the resource-rich English language. This systematic review aims to collect and evaluate published research related to Sindhi language sentiment analysis, specifically focusing on pre-processing, feature extraction, classification methods. The study offers a comprehensive analysis of research conducted on Sindhi text for product evaluation, covering key areas, such as relevant corpora acquisition, data preprocessing, feature extraction, classification techniques, methodologies, limitations, and future directions. Each reviewed article is assessed and classified based on specified criteria. The findings of this review provide valuable insights and propose several approaches for future investigations in this area.

The necessity for image encryption has grown significantly, especially the rapid development of the Internet of Things (IoT) fast development and the ease with which images can be taken and transferred, including those related to travel, health care, the agricultural sector, the military and autos. Additionally, since every image has significant characteristics like size, high correlation, and massive redundant positions, encrypting it with a conventional key via IoT communication technology exposes it to numerous threats. Chaotic image cryptography is considered the most suitable method for image application due to its sensitivy to the initial conditions and control parameters. This research contributes in encrypted image devoid of statistical information to make cryptanalysis impossible. Thus, this research offered a new algorithm based on confusion and diffusion to strengthen the algorithm security. In essence, the confusion method creates random numbers for the block shuffling approach using Lorenz and Rossler system. Nonetheless, RC4 cipher and XOR operation are utilized in the diffusion approach. A very low value (x10-3) of the correlation between neighboring pixels was achieved. Moreover, to prevent brute force attacks, the key space was expanded to a relatively large 2594 and key sensitivity. The resultant encrypted image is free of statistical features in terms of histogram and entropy since a histogram was idealized to be completely equal in all instances and the entropy produced was almost equal to the ideal value(8).

Treating muscular medical injuries that impede movement of the human body has become of wide interest because of the importance it holds for improving the lives of people who are exposed to this type of injury. During the past years, several studies have attempted to create a robot that works to rehabilitate the injured upper limbs of the human body. In this research, a curriculum for the procedures will be developed for designing a medical robot by displaying the volumetric tolerances for this robot according to the age and weight of the injured person and the weight and volumetric constants for each part of the robot to be used in the mathematical model that is used to move this robot. Then the design of a robot with 8 DOF will be presented and examined using finite element analysis (FEA) in order to assess its ability to withstand and function in accordance with the load exerted by human weight. The upper limb exoskeleton model is subjected to analysis utilizing the Ansys® software, which facilitates the execution of von Mises stress analysis.

Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are crucial for safeguarding Internet of Things (IoT) networks against security threats. The integration of Support Vector Machine (SVM) with smart IDs has been a significant advancement in detecting anomalous activities. This research contributes to this field by implementing the Gaussian Pyramid (GP) algorithm, significantly reducing the processing amount and storage space required for large IoT network traffic datasets. This approach enables the GP model to classify thousands of data points in large-scale problems with high-dimensional input space. Notably, the GP model, with various kernel sizes, outperforms traditional nonlinear SVM and Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) in terms of efficiency and accuracy. For instance, with kernel sizes of 5, 7, and 9, the GP model demonstrated superior performance on the NSL-KDD dataset, achieving accuracy and AUC (Area Under the Curve) values higher than both nonlinear SVM and ANN. In kernel size 9, the GP model achieved the highest overall accuracy of 0.96% on the CIC-DDoS2019 dataset. The experimental results confirm that applying the GP model to IoT data traffic significantly reduces time complexity and enhances the performance of binary and multi class SVM, marking a substantial advancement in IoT intrusion detection.

The growth of information retrieval and associated services can be attributed to technical advancements. Meanwhile, traditional information retrieval methods are impacted by performance, accuracy, and scalability limitations. An information retrieval system for distant cloud computing that is based on an Improved Deep Perceptual Hashing Algorithm (IDP-HA) is one of the solutions that have been developed to solve these constraints. Systems are widely used due to their ability to recognize intricate patterns in data. The accuracy of information similarity measurement is still lacking due to the inherent complexity of data and measuring methods. The deep perceptual hashing approach uses Deep Neural Network (DNN) frameworks to extract hierarchical features from input images from the Microsoft Common Objects in Context (MS COCO) dataset. The Gaussian filter (GF) is a tool used in the pre-processing of individual images for various computer visions. Subsequently, this method generates digital hash numbers by describing the visual elements of the images using a threshold mechanism. Its primary goal is to improve a similarity metric to maintain perceptual similarity and guarantee that hash codes for visually comparable images are similar. Memory usage is decreased by using the hash function as the first step in establishing a connection between the database and the query. The approach finds applications in content-based image retrieval systems, image retrieval, picture clustering, and copy detection. Overall, it offers a strong framework for producing compact and semantically significant image representations. The IDP-HA has been enhanced for remote cloud computing to boost theaverage recall, average Precision, and average F1 Measurement and average query timing of data retrieval processes. The method reduces latency and increases system efficiency by generating compact binary representations of multimedia data. Retrieval based on visual similarity can be dependable and natural since perceptual similarity is maintained.