Journal of The College of Education

Context indicates connection, sequence, succession, and consistency. That is: the succession of words contained in one context in meaning; A word should not be interpreted with a meaning that contradicts its structure. Context has an important function in understanding Quranic texts, investigating the purposes of Quranic words and structures, and clarifying their meanings. Context is what reveals the ambiguity of meaning and directs it.
The term “Sharia” is applied to all the doctrinal and jurisprudential issues and rulings that regulate the lives of people, and this division was one of the requirements of the classification, as the curriculum consists of all these issues and they constitute the law of God.
The analogy was mentioned in the Holy Qur’an in the legislative context, and the legislative context was the revealer of this analogy and explained it. We found this revelation among the Shiite interpreters of the Holy Qur’an in a large number of Qur’anic verses that were mentioned in the legislative context in the Holy Qur’an.

Pragmatics is a method for studying literary texts, and one of its procedures is speech acts. We chose to apply these procedures to a model of Andalusian poetry, namely Al-Rasafi Al-Balansi, following Searle’s divisions in that to show the characteristics of these acts that were employed for direct and indirect meanings. Speech acts were related to the context of the poem and the circumstance of its recitation. Pragmatics was our tool for reaching the poet’s care for his words and sentences and his careful selection. Our poet rose above profiting from poetry, so his poetry was sincere, warm, and far from complexity and ambiguity - which is what most Andalusian poets were characterized by. As long as we are talking about Al-Rasafi Al-Balansi, it is worth mentioning that his collection of poems has been corrected more than once. This indicates the critics’ care for Al-Rasafi first, and that much of Andalusian poetry is still within the walls of libraries and has not yet been investigated and published. What drew attention, despite the prevalence of pragmatics since the beginning of the last century, is that our poet and many Andalusian poets have not studied their poetry according to this theory, despite what is known about it in terms of narrowing the distance between the text and the recipient. However, that did not Critics are drawn to study only a small number, such as Abu Al-Khasal and Abu Al-Ishaq Al-Ilbiri, so we have embarked on research in this area, hoping for success and guidance

Modern travel literature serves as a luminous window into the diversity of cultures and identities around the world, with women playing a central role as symbols embodying multiple dimensions of societal identity and enduring values. Through the depiction of women in travel narratives, cultural traditions and social distinctions are illuminated, while also revealing stereotypical perceptions shaped by the traveler’s perspective and cultural background.

The novels that won the Arab Booker Prize were able to keep pace with societal events in their development, and to exploit and employ all artistic means and methods, including employing theatrical dialogue method, and depicting the events of the novel in an amazing cinematic dramatic way by exploiting the mechanisms of the art of cinema, and used its aesthetic technique as a means in creating its own tools, The novel has benefited from the art of cinema by developing narrative tools and employing them in a highly artistic expressive space, such as montage and methods of scene and character construction, as well as the nature of the directorial policy associated with managing the course of events and the way they proceed. Fictional craftsmanship cannot be achieved unless the fictional language is subject to these methods. The winning novels benefited from the cinematic field by investing in its techniques and employing them in the texts of the new novel, and used its expressive tools and pictorial style to present a complex narrative in a manner in which scenes, images and snapshots with realistic movement follow to give them depth and impact that allowed the recipient to see the events embodied on the screen of his imagination, which goes back to The ability of its writers to employ cinematic techniques and write their novels under the influence of cinematic language in line with the development of narrative style, and the tendency of its writers to film their novels.

The simile image ( Deek Al-Jinn Al-Homsi hadelivered and general simile) in the elegies of our poets formed a prominent feature in his poetic verses that he sings, as lamentation is considered one of the most sincere poetic purposes that he addresses because it is linked to the interest and achieving benefit in general. Al-Homsi’s elegies include sincere poetry in expressing his feelings.
Humanity, his complaints, and his concerns through his transmitted and general simile images, which had the most prominent impact, indicating his high skill in portraying himself, relying on his own taste and sensitive artistic sense, in harmony with the nature of the study. The research included an introduction and two sections. The first section dealt with the transmitted simile, or what is called simile.
The detailed meaning is what the simile device was mentioned in. The second section dealt with the general simile, which is what the simile device was deleted from. We enhanced the two sections with poetic models of Al-Homsi’s elegies, then the research concluded with the most important results reached by the study.

Every generation has its own literature, in which the mentality of its children is represented, who joined forces to formulate it, either through transmission or creativity. Since the pre-Islamic era, the Arabs have excelled in the art of literature and have been successive until the subject of our research on the Umayyad era and the motives of enticement in rhetoric was adopted, which is one of the best methods of guiding people and straightening their lives. And directing their psychological and spiritual energies, which is one of the methods that correct the human path in this world and the Hereafter. Enticement includes and is divided into two parts: the divine (positive) and the second is the human (negative) enticement.

المكان ركن من أركان السرد الرئيس، فمن دون المكان لاوجود لعمل سردي متكامل، فهو يضيف زينة وجمالية للعمل، ويترك بصمة واضحة فيه، فالتنقل للكاتب بين الامكنة، والتفنن الذي يستعمله يجعل من المتلقي مشدود الذهن، إذ يتنقل معه من مكان لآخر، في بحثي هذا تناولت الزمن في المجموعة القصصية للكاتب حميد الزاملي، فهو كاتب عراقي معروف بإعماله القصصية، فهو يعرف وضع الكلمات، في المكان المناسب ليخرج النص إلى المتلقي في أبهى صوره، قسم البحث إلى مقدمة وخاتمة، تناولت في المقدمة ملخصا ً عن أهمية المكان، في القصة العربية، وجاءت الخاتمة في أهم نتائج البحث، قسم الباحث البحث إلى مبحثين، المبحث الأول جاء موسوم بعنوان ( المكان المفتوح والمغلق) أما المبحث الثان فجاء عنوانه ( وصف المكان).

In the conscience of poets, Imam Ali (peace be upon him) is mentioned, and no matter how we follow these poems and poems, we glimpse in them cultural diversity, religious intertextuality and development in the use of graphic methods in the ways of poetic purposes that mention the Commander of the Faithful (peace be upon him), and accordingly calls for this research tagged with (Imam Ali (peace be upon him) in Arabic poetry
An applied study in the poem (In the Rehab of Najaf Al-Ashraf) by Abdul Razzaq Abdul Wahid), the person of the Imam was mentioned in the conscience of ancient and modern poets in the first axis, and the second axis includes a review of the psychological features of Imam Ali bin AbiTalib, which was summoned by the poet Abdul Razzaq Abdul Wahid in his poem in the rehab of Najaf, and we will notice in the extrapolation of these models of the poetry of the methods of calling the personality in Arabic poetry, specifically the mention of the Prince (peace be upon him)

This study deals with the impact of the jurist and astronomer geographer Abu Yahya Zakariya bin Muhammad Al-Qazwini and his scientific role. Al-Qazwini (605-682 AH = 1208-1283 AD) was one of the prominent personalities that appeared during the seventh century AH = the thirteenth century AD, and he is one of the most prominent Arab scholars and historians in that era. The era where he contributed to the enrichment of the Arab scientific heritage. He was distinguished by many talents and a special ability in writing, using a distinguished method and approach, as he combined history, geography, astronomy, medicine, literature, plants, animals, and other sciences, as he was accurate in describing events and keen to communicate them in their parts, taking into account the scientific integrity of what He managed to do so. His books included many scientific facts that were proven in his two famous books (The Wonders of Creatures and Strange Existences), and the book (Athar al-Bilad wa Akhbar al-‘Ibad) such as human sciences, including geography, history, psychology, astronomy, natural sciences, and pure sciences, including The science of medicine, chemistry, plants, and animals, as it had a prominent role and influence in the science of art (painting and painting.

The Islamic ruler is the cornerstone of societal stability and development. Imam Ali ibn Abi Talib (Peace Be Upon Him) is considered one of the most prominent examples of just rulers in Islamic history. He possessed a comprehensive vision that integrated moral and practical values in state administration. Despite facing numerous political and social challenges during his rule, he managed to govern with wisdom and justice. This study examines the role of the Islamic ruler in state-building throughout history, focusing on Imam Ali as a model demonstrating the application of Islamic principles in governance. By analyzing his leadership style and reliance on the Quran and Sunnah, the research aims to extract the fundamental principles that contributed to stability and development.

Many negative phenomena that contradict Islam have appeared in Andalusia, including the phenomenon of (murder, crime, drinking alcohol, fraud, cheating, the spread of bribery and buying positions, taxation and begging), which burdened the Andalusian person, with the difficulty of obtaining the necessities of life for living, because the process of raising taxes leads to burdening the Andalusian individual, and places him in front of grave responsibilities, which led the people of Andalusia to carry out many revolutions in Andalusian cities such as Cordoba, Seville, Granada and Toledo, sometimes a violent revolution that leads to the killi
ng of the governor or his sons, as the sale of positions created a state of wealth for a certain segment without the other.
Another manifestation that contradicts Islam is begging, a social phenomenon found in most Islamic societies, including Andalusian society. By beggars, we mean people who are unable to earn their living for health reasons. The beggars also formed part of the Andalusian society at that time, although the Andalusians rejected this phenomenon and its effects within Andalusian society, to the point that it was said in their famous proverbs about begging (the choice of work is better than the saffron of a holiday). In our research, we explained who the beggars are? Are they different from the poor? How did they do their work as beggars in the streets and between the doors of mosques to beg, in addition to explaining what are the reasons that push people to beg, due to internal and external revolutions. We also cannot fail to talk about natural disasters and the material and human losses they cause that have a clear impact on the members of society. What are the negative effects that resulted from these manifestations and their results? Because these phenomena are many, we decided to take examples (bribery, high prices, selling positions, taxes, begging), which left their impact on Andalusian society.

The research dealt with the study of the conflict between King Charles I and the English Parliament (1625–1642), and the developments that this conflict left on political, economic and social life in England. This period was characterized by an ongoing conflict between the two institutions.
The roots of the dispute between the King and the English Parliament go back to a stage beyond the reign of King Charles I (1600 – 1649 / 1625 – 1649 AD), as it began since King James I (1566 – 1625 / 1603 – 1625 AD) assumed power in England.
The accession of the Stuart family to the English throne represented a critical era in the history of parliamentary and constitutional development, as Parliament was no longer in harmony with the person sitting on the throne.
King Charles I, in need of funds to cover his expenses and needs, was forced to enter into an ongoing conflict with Parliament, which ended with his execution in 1649, and the system of government changed from a monarchy to a republican system for the first and last time in the history of England since its establishment following the union of the seven kingdoms in 829 AD‏.‏

The first century AH, up to the year 63 AH, witnessed a period filled with challenges and major transformations in the history of Islam and Muslims. This period was filled with various methods of confrontation against the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him and his family) and his family, peace be upon them. These events and others represented fundamental points of reference in understanding the nature and methods of social confrontation, ranging from confrontations with polytheists, People of the Book, and hypocrites, to attempts to distort and marginalize the Prophet and his family. These confrontations focused on attempts to weaken the influence of the Prophet and his family and limit their spiritual influence, which was growing significantly.

This study examines the spatial distribution of the elderly population (aged 60 years and above) and their access to health services in the districts of Baghdad Governorate. With demographic changes resulting from declining birth and death rates and increasing survival rates, the needs of the elderly have become a key focus in health services planning. The research aims to assess the availability of health services, identify the barriers that elderly individuals face in accessing these services, and propose solutions to improve these opportunities.
Data were collected from field questionnaires and demographic studies conducted in 2024, with a total of 465 questionnaires, of which 15 were excluded. The analysis relied on Geographic Information Systems (GIS) to identify spatial disparities and calculate accessibility indicators using Python programming after processing the questionnaires with SPSS. The results revealed significant disparities in the distribution of the elderly and their access to health services. Districts such as Tarmiyah and Mada’in recorded the lowest indicators due to weak health facilities, transportation difficulties, and a shortage of specialized medical staff. In contrast, districts like Adhamiya and Karkh achieved high accessibility indicators thanks to well-developed infrastructure and advanced health services.
The study concluded that intervention is necessary to improve access to health services in low-performing districts through the establishment of additional health facilities, enhancement of transportation networks, and expansion of specialized health services.

Climate change is a disturbance in the Earth's climate with an increase in the temperature of the gasosphere, a change in natural phenomena, a continuous deterioration of vegetation and environmental diversity, and the emergence of new climate patterns. Which affects the regularity of the earth’s temperature and the succession and balance of phenomena. As a result of these changes, we find that the Al-Kati’ah area, located northwest of Al-Batha district, was completely affected in such conditions, which led to the spread of the phenomenon of desertification. It is located astronomically between two latitudes (23-31 AH - 47-30 AH) to the north. And two arcs of length (40-45 AH - 10-46 AH) to the east. Administratively, it is located in the northwest of Al-Bathaa district and is administratively affiliated with Al-Nasiriyah District, one of the districts of Dhi Qar Governorate. It is bordered to the east by the Al-Gharraf River, to the north it is bordered by Wasit Governorate, and to the west it is bordered by Al-Khader District and South is the Euphrates River, and its area is estimated at (789 km2), which represents (6.11%) of the area of Dhi Qar Governorate, which is (12,900) km2. Which led to the encroachment of sand dunes on the international road, in addition to its impact on agricultural lands, human health, and vital facilities.

There is no doubt that the international system does not continue on one approach and one pace, but rather it is subject to global transformations and events during its various stages of development, and each time period has its own laws and strategies imposed by the type of international relations and interactions that govern its prevailing international system. Among the laws of multipolarity that prevailed in the world during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries and the first half of the twentieth century,and the fierce competition and armed conflicts that accompanied it between the major international powers to expand areas of influence and control, passing through the laws of bipolarity during the Cold War, arriving at the proposals and strategies of globalization that invaded the world in the phase of the unipolar system and the dominant power claiming global leadership, and then returning again at the beginning of the twenty-first century to the multipolar system.After the rise of international powers that became competitors to the dominant power in world leadership, which brought to mind images of fierce competition and international conflict to obtain colonies and share areas of influence between competing powers. Each period of time has geopolitical analyses and theories, conducted and formulated by geopolitical analysts that are consistent with the nature of that period, and in a way that serves the interests of countries and their strategic goals.

The urban heat island phenomenon in the city of Kirkuk is one of the significant environmental issues that greatly affect the quality of life. This phenomenon is characterized by higher temperatures in urban areas compared to the surrounding rural areas, due to rapid urban expansion and the use of concrete surfaces such as asphalt and cement, which absorb and retain heat. The lack of green spaces also contributes to exacerbating this issue. Landsat 8 satellite data, equipped with the OLI sensor, was used to monitor the urban heat island and its changes in 2024, with a focus on the four seasons. The data showed that the heat island effect was evident throughout the year, with the hot category occupying the largest percentage during the autumn season (84.91%), while the moderate category dominated during winter at (95.83%), reflecting the overall cooling effect in winter despite the continued presence of the heat island effect. In spring, the moderate category prevailed at (55.95%) due to the gradual transition from winter to summer. During summer, the maximum impact of the urban heat island was observed, with the very hot category reaching (60.54%) due to the extensive presence of hard surfaces that absorb large amounts of heat.In terms of risk classification, the very high-impact category accounted for (24.52%) of the total area, followed by the high-impact category (23.12%), the moderate-impact category (31.53%), and finally the low-impact category (20.84%). The high heat impacts are attributed to urban expansion and the lack of green spaces, while the lower impacts are due to the presence of barren or natural areas that do not contribute to the formation of the heat island, such as green spaces or agricultural lands.

Artificial intelligence (AI) and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) contribute to the precise and efficient monitoring of greenhouse gases by analyzing environmental data and tracking emission sources. AI relies on advanced algorithms to analyze gas levels under different weather conditions, helping to predict climate changes accurately. GIS contributes by creating interactive maps that reflect the spatial distribution of greenhouse gas emissions, assisting in understanding the impact of industrial activities on the environment. This integration enhances the development of sustainable strategies to reduce emissions and mitigate the effects of climate change through accurate scientific analysis. This study aims to monitor greenhouse gases in Iraq during the winter and summer seasons of 2024 using Sentinel-5P satellite algorithms, with the gases monitored being carbon dioxide (CO), nitrogen oxide (NO2), sulfur dioxide (SO2), and methane (CH4).
The study concluded that the integration of AI and GIS technologies contributes to accurately monitoring greenhouse gases by rapidly processing and analyzing environmental data and representing it geographically. The results also indicate that the concentration of NO₂ and CO increases in winter due to the greenhouse effect and heating emissions, while it rises in summer due to photochemical reactions and increased human activities. As for SO₂, its concentration decreases in winter due to fewer industrial activities and the effect of rainfall, while it increases in summer due to drought and higher temperatures. The variation in methane (CH4) concentrations between winter and summer is attributed to climate impacts, with pollution being lower in winter and increasing in summer due to industrial activities and transportation.

The health index is one of the most important factors that contribute to achieving sustainable development, as it is not possible to achieve development without improving and developing the level of human health, which is the nucleus and goal of development. Due to the importance of health services and their connection, both negatively and positively, with many economic and social development sectors that the state seeks to develop and make available to all members of society, this study comes to discuss the reality of health services in the districts of Al-Hay and Al-Numaniyah, leading to revealing the extent its efficiency and adequacy in relation to the requirements of the population in order to achieve the provision of quality health service. The results of the study showed that there is a clear deficiency in the material and human resources available for health services, which gave negative results for its functional performance towards returning and inpatient patients and its reflection without achieving the degree of satisfaction or ambition for the population. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a health policy based on specific local planning standards aiming to achieve balance in the establishment and distribution of health institutions its workforce is proportionate to the distribution of the population and ensures easy access to services within the time frame and the actual needs of the community.

This study focused on the most prominent physical and chemical characteristics of the Wadi Shur Ab basin in Wasit Governorate, using geographic information systems, and their role in pollution of the valley stream, which has an area of (474.6) km2. For the purpose of identifying the characteristics of surface water, temporally and spatially, (25) models of ( 10) Various locations on the basin’s course. Chemical analyzes were conducted for the purpose of knowing the hydrochemical properties of the surface water present in the study area, which include positive and negative ions, as well as determining the hydrochemical formula of this water. In light of these data, the results of laboratory analysis showed that there is a spatial variation in surface water concentrations, and this variation is due to the increase in drainage rates and the abundance of suspended materials in the water resulting from rainwater, the sweeping of soil, and its arrival into the riverbed. The statistical methods used in this field are calculating the correlation coefficient. And the factor analysis (Factor analysis), the results of the correlation coefficient showed that no very strong inverse correlation was recorded from the elements, as well as a strong correlation between them for the water of the study area. As for the factor analysis, five factors were reduced and included about (91.01%) of the variance in the original variables, which is the percentage Very high indicates that the majority of the data that entered the analysis was included in the interpretation process.

The current research aims to extract the standard characteristics of the numerical inference test for Diyala University students according to the two-parameter logistic model. In order to achieve the goal, the researcher employed or utilize scientific steps in the procedures of test analysis. The researcher conducted procedures for translating a test from English to Arabic and vice versa, with the assistance of a committee of English language experts to ensure the accuracy and alignment of the translation. After completing the procedures for validating the translation, the logical validity of the items was verified, and the apparent validity of the test consisting of (27) items was extracted. It was presented to (8) experts in the fields of educational and psychological sciences. No test item has omitted as it achieved a consensus rate of (100%). Therefore, the apparent validity of the test was ensured. To verify the clarity of the test instructions and items for the research sample, the test has applied to (60) students as a survey study sample selected randomly from Diyala University students, including both scientific and humanities branches. The clarity of the test instructions and items for the sample was evident. To determine the standard characteristics of the test items and verify the assumptions of the model, the test has applied to a sample consisting of (750)students. They were selected using the method of proportionate stratified random sampling. As well as, the researcher relied on the two-parameter logistic model. The standard characteristics of the test were extracted, and the test exhibits high reliability.

The aim of the research is to identify the attitudes of Mosul University students (married and unmarried) towards abandoning parents and to reveal their attitudes in light of the variables of gender,marital status, academic stage, and academicspecialization.
It is a descriptive analytical research, as it relied on the social survey method. To achieve the research objectives, a questionnaire was designed consisting of (43) paragraphs with five-point alternatives distributed over two axes. It was presented to a group of arbitrators to ensure its validity. After taking their comments into account, it was applied to a sample of (300) male and female students at the University of Mosul, distributed among six scientific and humanities colleges. The data was processed statistically, and the research concluded with a number of results, the most important of which are: Contents
1. University students have a close relationship and strong commitment to their parents, due to their need for security and stability, as parents are a source of safety and protection for their children.
2. The lack of a significant difference in parental abandonment is attributed to gender (male/female) , scientific or humanities specialization, and marital status (married/single), as parents are a source of love, affection, and care.
3. The research results revealed a strong emotional bond between children and parents.

The aim of this study is to identify the following:
1. Psychological empowerment among female university students in the liberated provinces.
2. Life orientation among female university students in the liberated provinces.
3. The nature of the correlational relationship between psychological empowerment and life orientation among female university students in the liberated provinces.
To achieve the objectives of the current study, the researcher used two scales: the psychological empowerment scale, which included 30 items developed by the researcher, and the life orientation scale by (Rashid, 2012), which also included 30 items. The psychometric properties of the two scales, including validity and reliability, were calculated.
The scales were applied to a sample of 400 female students selected through stratified random sampling from the universities of (Mosul and Anbar). The results of the current study, based on the one-sample t-test, indicated that the psychological empowerment of the sample was low and below the hypothesized average. Similarly, life orientation was also low and below the hypothesized average. Moreover, the correlation results between the two study variables showed a significant positive relationship, with a correlation coefficient of 0.44, and the t-value for the correlation was 9.77 at a significance level of 1.96, which is statistically significant.
Based on the results mentioned, a number of recommendations and suggestions were provided to expand the scope of the study for future research.

The current study aimed to design a program based on academic self-regulation for underachieving students in the sixth preparatory grade and to develop a scale for measuring academic self-regulation. Two null hypotheses emerged from these objectives: (1) there is no statistically significant difference between the mean scores of the experimental group and the control group in academic self-regulation prior to the implementation of the program; and (2) there is no statistically significant difference between the mean scores of the experimental group and the control group in academic self-regulation after the implementation of the program.
To achieve the research objectives, the researcher adapted the scale developed by Javid and Mahmoud (2013) based on Zimmerman's theory (1998). The scale consists of 30 items. The study sample comprised 30 students, divided into two groups: 15 students in the experimental group and 15 students in the control group. The two groups were matched based on their scores on the academic self-regulation scale, parents' educational attainment, and age.
The study yielded the following results:
1.There was no statistically significant difference between the mean scores of the experimental group and the control group in academic self-regulation prior to the implementation of the program.
2.A statistically significant difference was found between the mean scores of the experimental group and the control group in academic self-regulation after the implementation of the program, favoring the experimental group.
The researcher concluded with a set of recommendations and suggestions.

The goal of the current research is to identify (psychological fitness and its relationship to goal orientation among middle school students), as the researcher adopted the descriptive, correlational approach, and the research sample consisted of (400) male and female students, with (200) male and (200) female students. To achieve the research objectives, the researcher built two research tools. Represented by the psychological fitness scale consisting of (48) items and the goal orientation scale consisting of (34) items, their validity and reliability were confirmed. The researcher applied the two research tools to the research sample. The data was transcribed and processed using the statistical package system (spss), and the results showed the following:
1- The level of psychological fitness among middle school students was high.
2- The level of psychological well-being among middle school students was high.
3- The relationship is positive and statistically significant between psychological fitness and goal orientation, as the two variables reinforce each other, and the higher the psychological fitness, the higher the goal orientation, and vice versa.

The purpose of this research aims to identify the technological literacy and its relationship to job performance of primary school headmasters. The descriptive correlational approach was adopted by the researcher according to technological literacy scale of Tharthar (2018), which consisted of (80) items. Also, the researcher adopted the job performance scale of Montaser (2020), and the scale consisted of (19) items. The research sample consisted of (175) primary school headmasters. The most prominent results of the research were the presence of statistically significant differences, which shows that school headmasters have a high degree of technological literacy that exceeds the average, and they also have a high degree of job performance. The correlation is positive between the research variables, and there are differences in the relationship according to gender in favor of females. The research came out with a number of recommendations and suggestions.

The present study aims to:
1- Identify parental treatment methods for secondary school students.
2- Identify the significance of the correlational differences of parental treatment methods according to the variable of gender (males – females) and major (scientific – literary).
The population of the present study consists of students of the secondary schools of ( scientific - literary) majors from both genders of ( males - females) in the General Directorate of Education in Wasit province for the morning study for the academic year (2022-2023).
The sample of the final application consists of (400) students from secondary schools. To obtain the objectives of the present study, the researcher adopted the measure of variable of parental treatment methods, the researcher adopted the measure of parental treatment methods proposed by (sons of Khalid and others) whose (35 ) paragraphs in its final form distributed on six areas (democratic – interest – authoritarianism - ostracism-independence – excessive protection).
There are statistically significant differences in the scores of the scale of parental treatment methods according to the gender variable in favor of females for (democratic and protection), while there are no statistically significant differences in the other methods. There are statistically significant differences in the variable of major in the method of (protection) for the benefit of the scientific major.

The aim of the study was to identify the level of deductive thinking among students, as well as the level of cognitive activity, and the correlation between deductive thinking and cognitive activity. To achieve this, the researcher followed the descriptive correlational approach on a sample of 300 students from the first intermediate grade in schools affiliated with the Directorate of Education in Misan. The researcher prepared a deductive thinking test and a cognitive activity test in the subject of mathematics.
The results showed a high level of deductive thinking among the students and a high level of cognitive activity. The results also showed a correlation between deductive thinking and cognitive activity among the students.

The global community, particularly individuals, is experiencing injustice, oppression, and poverty. Political philosophers advocate defending and protecting individual rights. Therefore, the existence of the state is the primary reason for achieving justice despite the conflict and competition among individuals, which has created class disparities and a large gap between the rich and the poor. One of the most important issues in this confrontation is how to strike a balance between equality and freedom; how to preserve individual rights that are being violated by tax evasion and fees imposed by the state. Therefore, American political philosophy has worked to address the rights and freedoms of individuals in light of the implementation of the concept of justice. Although John Rawls is the most prominent philosopher through his writings on justice, we find Robert Nozick matching him and differing with him in the lack of sympathy based on the application of justice, as in his book (Anarchy, State, Utopia), as he worked to apply equality among individuals not only in the distribution of wealth, but equality even in the fortunes and equal opportunities for individuals without disparity between them on the basis of class balances or political differences, as everyone shares the same rights as well as the sharing of duties.‎

Crime against humanity is considered one of the most dangerous international crimes that prevail in the international community at the present time, as it is considered a relatively recent crime, and because its concept was confined to religious, philosophical and moral frameworks, and legal thought only recently rose to it when it was drawn to it by the atrocities committed in many wars. Such as World War I and World War II, and the massacres that followed in Rwanda and Yugoslavia.
The crime against humanity also represents an international crime, as the illegal behavior that constitutes that crime harms the international interest protected by international criminal law, unlike a national crime that does not affect international interests that the international community is keen to protect.
From this standpoint, in our research we study the methods of appealing the sentences issued against perpetrators of crimes against humanity, explain the procedures for appealing the appeal, and the effects resulting from the appeal.

The study aimed to shed light on the role played by information technology in supporting and supporting knowledge management, and the success of knowledge management processes. The researcher used the descriptive approach. In order to complete the study procedures, the researcher relied on the questionnaire tool to collect information, as it was directed to employees working in information centers and colleges of Wasit University. The results indicated that the dimensions of information technology were of varying importance. The highest level was recorded for the human resources dimension, followed by the devices and equipment dimension, and the information and communications network dimension, while the lowest level of relative importance was for the human resources dimension. The results also showed that the highest impact of the dimensions of information technology on knowledge management processes was for the human resources dimension, followed by the impact of the information and communications network, then devices and equipment. The lowest impact was for the artificial intelligence applications dimension. The most important recommendations and suggestions are to develop a strategic plan to integrate artificial intelligence applications into administrative processes, while identifying priorities and goals, encouraging employees to submit ideas for projects based on artificial intelligence, using knowledge management tools that allow for organizing, storing and retrieving information easily and effectively, and setting clear policies and regulations for naming files and determining how to save documents to facilitate access to them in the future.

The research will study the nihilistic absurd in Thomas Pynchon’s novel. Bleeding Edge (2013).Nihilism Existential Anxiety in Pynchon’s novels take the form of man’s reaction to a world seemingly without meaning or man as a glove puppet controlled or menace by invisible outside forces. By implication in the attempt to attain the purported “American Dream” characters in the selected novel replaced values such as truth, morality, kindness, honesty, and compassion with illusion, gross consumerism ,as well as personal isolation.however, seems to suggest that perhaps the entire American Dream itself is really just an unattainable illusion. Therefore, the research seeks to ascertain if Pynchon’s work paints a world occupied by individuals attempting to comprehend and assert their identity within a social circle of progress and crisis. From the perspective of nihilism, moral beliefs are baseless as such; nihilism is the creation of modern society because it is difficult for the public to accept certain acts.

This study delves into the anti-existentialism elements in Jerome David Salinger's The Catcher in the Rye (1951). While Salinger's novel shares similarities with existentialist notions, it also presents a distinct and often conflicting perspective on the human condition. Existentialists highlight individuals' capacity to exercise genuine choices in an indifferent world. Contrarily, Foucault directed his attention toward the concept of power, the impact of institutions on individuals, and knowledge acquisition. Sartre's theories served as the inspiration for existentialism. Sartre's existentialism espoused the concept of human free will while rejecting the presence of God. Sartre admired human freedom to such an extent that he proclaimed it total and limitless, asserting that nothing can impede man's freedom except for man himself. Following Sartre's contributions to existentialism in Being and Nothingness and his mistakes is the best way to learn about anti-existentialism. This paper will analyze the objections presented by numerous researchers about Sartre's idea of freedom. These objections correspond to specific modern novels. By examining specific incidents in the novels, the study presents counterarguments to existentialism. This study contributes to solve questions such as: Do the characters follow Sartarean existential principles? As Sartre claims, do the characters have free will to create meaning in a meaningless world? Do they possess the rebellious spirit that existentialists describe?

This study investigates the translation of specialized texts, with a particular focus on the legal domain. More specifically, the English version of the General Power of Attorney genre and its Kurdish counterpart among legal texts are examined from both macro- and micro-translation analysis to identify issues that legal translators encounter while translating this text type. The macro-analysis explores certain essential aspects that help in achieving a deep understanding of this text type, emphasizing structural organization, function, and the legal and historical background of the document. On the other hand, the micro-analysis addresses specific linguistic aspects in relation to both source and target languages, including grammatical structures, terminology, and conventions. The study brings attention to the fact that differences in legal systems pose translation problems. The findings highlight the complexity of translating legal documents and stress the importance of a deep understanding of legal texts, legal systems, and the cultural contexts of both languages to provide translations that are equivalent to their original texts in terms of effectiveness.

This study is devoted to the investigation of the phenomenon of implicature in selected Qur’anic verses from a pragmatic point of view. The study aims at figuring out the pragmatic meaning of implicatures that are found in the selected Qur’anic verses. The study is qualitative and is based on Grice’s (1975) theory of implicatures. (4) Glorious Qur’anic verses have been selected as sample of this study. As a result of the analysis of the selected data, it has been proved that the selected Qur’anic verses include different forms of implicature. The selected verses are seen to include a conversational form of implicature, but the conventional form does not exist.