Iraqi Journal For Economic Sciences

Public debt is considered as one of the essential sources of revenue, with a specificity connected with its nature as being an obligation on the government that must be repaid with its interests when becoming due. In spite of that , most countries seek to obtain it, whether internal or external, to achieve a set of goals with economic implications , however, debts in reality include a set of risks within their implications.The current study seeks to determine Iraq\'s ability to achieve these goals and their impact on macroeconomic indicators. Despite the high debt in Iraq, the economy is still suffering from a set of problems that the debt was supposed to have been obtained to address. Therefore, it is necessary to strive to diversify economic revenues by expanding investment spending and eliminating administrative and financial corruption, which is deemed as a cause of squandering public funds, thus contributing to the decline in debt and revitalizing the Iraqi economy in the future.

The research aims to analyze and measure the impact of fluctuations in the exchange rate of the Iraqi dinar against the US dollar as an independent and basic variable in the Iraqi trade balance as a dependent variable, and to clarify this relationship, other secondary independent variables were used(gross domestic product, inflation, and oil prices). Therefore, a standard model was formulated to study the impact of changes in the exchange rate of the Iraqi dinar against the US dollar on the trade balance during the period 2004-2023, and the study concluded that with an increase in the exchange rate by(1%), this leads to an increase in the trade balance by(2.49%) in the short term. However, this effect decreases to(1.22%) in the long run. This may be attributed to the fact that oil exports constitute the majority of Iraqi exports, and are linked to the fluctuations of international markets and OPEC decisions, which reduces the impact of the exchange rate on the trade balance in the long run

The study aimed to measure the factors influencing the money multiplier in Sudan during the period 2012–2022. It employed descriptive and deductive methodologies, utilizing quarterly data for the money multiplier and its components(currency/demand deposits ratio, legal reserves/demand deposits ratio, excess reserves/demand deposits ratio, and time deposits/demand deposits ratio). The theoretical framework addressed the concept and model of the money multiplier. In the practical framework, the study analyzed data using the Autoregressive Distributed Lag(ARDL) model. The study concluded that there is a stable relationship between the components of the money multiplier and its value in the long run. Furthermore, it revealed a positive relationship between the time deposits/demand deposits ratio and the value of the money multiplier, while the remaining components exhibited a negative relationship with the money multiplier. The study recommended adopting the measurement model to estimate the money multiplier relationship in the long term and focusing on stabilizing the excess reserves ratio. It also emphasized improving electronic banking to reduce the currency outside the banking system

This study examined the impact of technological innovations on global oil prices during the period 2019-2024, focusing on technological developments that have transformed the global oil industry, including advanced drilling technologies, artificial intelligence, and renewable energy. The study demonstrated that significant advances in drilling technologies, such as horizontal drilling and hydraulic fracturing, have directly contributed to increasing production volumes from depleted and unconventional fields, significantly reducing production costs. Artificial intelligence has also played a pivotal role in improving exploration and production operations by analyzing massive amounts of data accurately and quickly, enabling companies to make better and faster decisions and reduce waste and costs. Furthermore, renewable energy has indirectly contributed to reshaping the dynamics of the oil market, as many countries and institutions have begun investing in clean and sustainable energy sources, reducing global dependence on conventional oil and creating new competition in the global energy mix. The study demonstrated that these innovations not only enhanced operational efficiency and reduced costs but also contributed to relatively stable oil prices despite the economic and geopolitical challenges the world experienced during that period. The study presented recommendations for enhancing international cooperation in technology and developing innovative solutions that would enhance the sustainability of the oil industry and reduce reliance on traditional resources, ensuring a balance between meeting global market needs and preserving the environment

In light of the rapid digital transformations taking place globally, artificial intelligence (AI) has emerged as a pivotal tool in driving substantial changes across various sectors, particularly in the industrial field. AI is now considered one of the key enablers of sustainable development, as its integration into industrial operations has proven effective in enhancing efficiency, improving production quality, reducing costs, and conserving environmental resources. This research aims to examine the impact of artificial intelligence on promoting industrial sustainability by highlighting its role in improving environmental and operational performance and achieving a balance among the economic, social, and environmental dimensions of sustainable development. The study adopted the descriptive analytical method, as it best suits the nature of the topic. Both quantitative and qualitative data were collected and analyzed from multiple sources to present a comprehensive and integrated picture of AI applications in the industrial sector. The study was based on a purposive sample of 50 participants, including experts and specialists in the fields of artificial intelligence and industrial development. They were selected from industrial institutions, research centers, and agencies concerned with sustainable development, based on criteria related to their direct expertise and the extent to which their institutions employ AI technologies. The findings revealed that artificial intelligence plays a prominent role in enhancing operational efficiency, reducing emissions, and improving resource management, all of which positively contribute to the goals of sustainable development. However, the study also identified several technological and regulatory challenges hindering the widespread adoption of AI in the industrial sector, including the need for strong digital infrastructure and well-qualified human resources. Based on these findings, the study recommends the development of national policies that support digital industrial transformation, strengthening public-private partnerships, and investing in the training and qualification of human capital to keep pace with technological advancements. This will ensure a more sustainable and resilient industrial development capable of addressing future challenges.

In light of increasing environmental challenges and mounting economic pressures, adopting cleaner production practices has become critical to ensuring organizational survival and achieving a competitive advantage in local and global markets. Therefore, the current research aims to demonstrate the impact of cleaner production strategies that contribute to supporting competitive advantage at the level of the Iraqi State Cement Company. The research sought to clarify the relationship between cleaner production variables in its dimensions (production process development, material substitution, equipment development or replacement, good administrative management, and waste recycling) and competitive advantage in its dimensions (quality, flexibility, cost, and delivery). The researchers adopted a descriptive analytical approach. The research sample consisted of 150 individuals. A questionnaire was distributed to them as the primary tool for obtaining information and data. Statistical tools such as SPSS V.25 were used to process the data. The research reached several results, the most important of which was the existence of a statistically significant relationship between the adoption of cleaner production strategies and supporting competitive advantage.

This study shows that the Banking crises are often caused by a combination of internal factors,such as poor risk management and institutional corruption,and external factors, such as global economic changes.Weak oversight and regulation by regulators contribute to the aggravation of crises and delay the early detection of problems.The impact of banking crises extends to the macroeconomy, leading to a loss of confidence in the banking system and a slowdown in economic growth.It is necessary to strengthen regulations and establish effective control systems to improve banks’ resilience to risks.

This study aims to measure and analyze the demand function for delivery services in Erbil for the year 2024 by examining the impact of these services on consumer spending patterns and preferences. The research adopts a descriptive-analytical approach, utilizing an online survey to collect data from a random sample of the city's residents. The study highlights the role of technology, convenience, and speed in driving demand for delivery services and their effects on various economic sectors. It also hypothesizes that increased reliance on delivery services leads to higher consumer spending. The findings aim to provide recommendations for improving service quality and better meeting consumer needs.

The study aims to know the efficiency of tax collection employees and their role in increasing tax revenue, and thus knowing the tax awareness of taxpayers and encouraging them to stay away from tax evasion because of its impact on increasing tax revenue, which would lead to increasing the government's financial capacity at a time when it is suffering from a major crisis in financial resources during the last ten years. The researchers reviewed the literature related to the research topic, which helped in developing the theoretical framework for this research. In addition to the literature on the topic, the researchers relied on many previous studies in their research. The study was applied to a sample of (50) respondents, through a questionnaire consisting of(38) paragraphs distributed over four axes. The researcher used the statistical package program(SPSS) to analyze the data. The study came out with a set of conclusions for the study, including:
1. The relationship between the tax administration, tax employees and taxpayers is reciprocal, as the researchers concluded that there is mutual trust and respect, and the tax administration worked to gain the trust and respect of taxpayers.
2. The lack of sufficient tax awareness among both taxpayers and assessment officers had a negative impact on collection and collection.
After all that, the researcher came out with recommendations, the most prominent of which was giving tax employees the right to view the records of taxpayers' books and files and their private documents. To be able to estimate the tax accurately and discover any violations that may occur in order to eliminate the phenomenon of tax evasion.These recommendations and other recommendations that were referred to in this study, the
researcher believes that they have an effective impact in developing the relationship between taxpayers
and tax administration employees, which will have a positive impact on collection and collection.

This study aimed to analyze the impact of Management by Walking Around (MBWA) on improving employees’ performance within organizations. MBWA is a proactive management approach based on direct and informal interaction between managers and employees in the working environment. Through this interaction, managers could enhance effective communication, identify operational challenges in real-time, provide immediate feedback, and reinforce the job motivation and commitment. The study addressed the theoretical foundations of MBWA, highlighting its role in creating a positive dynamic working environment, a matter that promotes productivity and innovation. It also examined the effect of MBWA in enhancing transparency and strengthening relationships between management and employees, which could positively influence employee engagement. The study relied on empirical analysis of employee perceptions regarding the impact of MBWA on their performance, based on key performance indicators such as efficiency, task completion speed, job satisfaction, and the level of interaction within the workplace.The researcher adopted a descriptive-exploratory analytical approach to establish logical links between the study variables. Descriptive and statistical methods were used to analyze the practical aspect of the research. A survey was conducted using a questionnaire consisting of 27 items, administered to a purposive sample of 50 participants selected from senior and middle management with relevant expertise. The study employed a five-point Likert scale to measure responses and analyze the findings.The results indicated that organizations implementing MBWA experience significant improvements in employees’ performance. The primary benefits of this approach included reinforcing teamwork, reducing operational errors, enhancing responsiveness to challenges, and increasing levels of enthusiasm and organizational commitment. Furthermore, the study revealed that employees working under managers who adopt MBWA reported higher job satisfaction and a strong sense of belonging to the organization.The study recommended that organizations should adopt MBWA as a core management strategy to promote open communication, continuous improvement, and employee-empowerment. This could be done via encouraging leaders to maintain an active presence in the workplace, organizations could achieve sustainable growth, improve operational efficiency, and maintain a motivated, high-performing workforce.

The research aims to study the impact of electronic accounting disclosure on risk management. The descriptive-analytical approach was adopted, and a questionnaire was used to collect primary data. The data was analyzed using SPSS 25 software. The sample included 409 individuals working in the Iraqi Ministry of Finance. The questionnaire included two axes: electronic accounting disclosure and risk management. The researcher reached the following results: There is a significant impact of electronic accounting disclosure on risk management, and there are no significant differences between the average responses regarding the impact of electronic accounting disclosure on risk management in the Iraqi Ministry of Finance according to the experience variable. The researcher proposed improving the level of risk management by developing an early warning system to enable management to identify potential liquidity pressures.

To diagnose and analyze the factors influencing household tourism demand in Erbil Governorate, available cross-sectional data from a group of tourist households was used as an applied model for the years (2012-2013) (- Field survey by the Directorate of Statistics in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq, unpublished). Using Ordinary Least Squares (OLS), data were collected from 295 households of local tourists (including tourism demand from local tourists within the region and southern and central Iraq, excluding foreign tourists outside Iraq). A regression of tourism demand (Y) was conducted, representing the number of overnight stays per household in the tourist sites included in the study, as a dependent variable on 9 explanatory variables influencing tourism demand. The model was subjected to the criteria of economic, statistical, and econometric theory to analyze and evaluate the obtained results. It was found that each of the variables (number of household members, educational level of the household head, distance, average monthly per capita income of the household, number of previous visits to the household, household residence, and visits during the summer and winter seasons) had a positive impact on tourism demand. The results showed that the age of the household head hurt tourism demand.The F test showed that the explanatory variables together had a significant impact on tourism demand. The estimated model was subjected to traditional standard criteria, such as the VIF and White tests for multicollinearity and heteroscedasticity, respectively, and the Durbin-Watson and LM tests for autocorrelation. The tests showed that the estimated model did not suffer from the three standard problems of multicollinearity, heteroscedasticity, and autocorrelation of the error term values.

As developing countries suffer from a shortage of local funding sources to support their development projects, these countries, particularly Iraq, have begun to seek new domestic and external sources to advance development levels. These sources include sound investment plans or opportunities that enhance their returns and provide a significant degree of hedge against the variations in the value of these funds due to market factors and laws, and the variables they contain that affect them negatively or positively. Attention has turned to enhancing the efficiency of the stock market, as it is a driver of economic growth that contributes to increasing the productive capacities of the local economy. Given the broad scope of research on an efficient stock market, and given the importance it plays in developing economies receiving it, the research problem is to identify the role of liquidity in the efficiency of the Iraqi Stock Market. Many countries and market administrations, including Iraq, have given special importance to the stock market, putting in place administrative and technical procedures to facilitate and sustain trading. This has had a positive impact on stimulating market performance and raising its efficiency, which has been reflected in increased liquidity and, consequently, an increase in the number of transactions. The research hypothesis is that liquidity plays a role in influencing the efficiency of the Iraq Stock Exchange. The research aims to study the current state of the Iraq Stock Exchange by adopting indicators for the period (2004-2023), and to come up with results and recommendations that help management in both markets understand the nature of the relationship between the components and activities of the stock market and the relationship between both liquidity and efficiency in the market. By adopting indicators of the Iraq Stock Exchange for the period (2017-2022). The study reached a set of conclusions, the most prominent of which were: The relationship between liquidity and random price movements on the one hand, and efficiency on the other, lies in the fact that the more liquid and random the market is, the more efficient it is. The behaviour of the noise team contributes to achieving consistency between liquidity and efficiency. However, the behaviour of the information team demonstrates an inverse relationship between liquidity and efficiency. This has encouraged specialists to intensify efforts to explore the causes and policies that would achieve both liquidity and efficiency in the stock market. The study recommended a set of recommendations, most notably: Developing mechanisms that allow for the provision of information, to increase transparency and disclosure within the market, as well as benefiting from the experiences and expertise of some Arab financial markets that have succeeded in raising their levels of efficiency.

This research aims to analyze the real social insurance in Iraq compared to the expected visions. It faces the challenges facing this type of insurance, and the importance of its role in the exclusive economic and social deficit. It reached several conclusions, the most important of which is that the insurance program for car accident responsibilities in Iraq is efficient for the welfare of society due to the low level of ethics and behavioral problems in it. It also presented some of the most important guidelines for the insurance program for car accidents in Iraq, which is more comprehensive than financial independence, by disengaging from a commercial insurance company, and managing it within central financing.

The Algerian public sector used effective financial policies to achieve economic equilibrium and economic development, and the private sector was involved in these operations in light of its use of financial policy tools. The role of financial policy in the Algerian national economy was discussed and the concept of economic growth and the economic equilibrium it achieves were defined. The research aimed to know the role of financial policy in the growth of the Algerian national economy. What is the rate of economic growth in Algeria when using an effective financial policy. The analysis of historical data was relied upon in order to understand all the theoretical aspects of the research and analyze and interpret the results by interpreting and analyzing the financial data obtained by the researcher related to the subject.The research concluded that financial policy plays a major role in raising economic growth rates, as spending policy is an effective tool in the hands of the state to carry out the development function, as the effective use of government spending is a highly contributing element in achieving the goals of economic policy represented in economic growth.

The role of investment in the national economy has always been emphasized in numerous articles. In this regard, in most developed and developing countries, the huge financial resources of the stock market are relied on for large and long-term investments. The stock exchange, which is the central core of capital markets, plays an important role in providing long-term financial funds for companies. In an efficient market, prices at any moment are a complete reflection of all available information. The discussion of capital market efficiency is one of the most important and controversial topics of the capital market in the last three decades in the financial literature. The weak form of efficiency is known as random step theory. If independence is observed between the variables of prices or returns, the random step hypothesis is accepted. In this research, by using the total price index of the Iraqi stock exchange during the period of 2016 to 2021, we examine the efficiency of the stock exchange in a weak form on a daily basis. In this method, first by using autocorrelation test and turnover test, autocorrelation between the past and present values of the return series of the price index of the Iraqi stock exchange at a weak level by examining the return of the total price index of the companies accepted in the stock exchange using ARCH, GARCH models. Garch-M, EGARCH and GJR were tested daily for the period 2016 to 2021. The results of this research showed that the Iraqi stock exchange does not work at a weak level.

The economic units' pursuit to keep pace with developments in the business environment drives them to search for the best and latest methods and concepts emerging in business management literature، in order to maintain their market share and work to increase this share. One of the most modern topics in business literature is the concept of strategic transparency، and what it carries of deep content in its five dimensions(containing beneficiaries، sharing information، strategic response، organizational accountability، disclosure) helps the economic unit to confront the intensity of competition in the market، which is reflected in increasing financial reporting quality، and thus increasing the market value of the economic unit. Hence، the aim of the research was to shed light on the latest developments in business management literature، and to demonstrate its importance and effect on improving the quality of financial reporting. The research reached a set of conclusions، the most important of which are the following: 1- There is a positive moral effect of strategic transparency on improving the quality of financial reporting. 2- The results of the statistical analysis showed that all the relationships between the dimensions of strategic transparency and improving the quality of financial reporting are positive statistically significant relationships. The research also reached several recommendations، the most important of which are the following: 1- The necessity for economic units to apply the concept of strategic transparency in all its dimensions due to its great importance in improving the quality of financial reporting. 2- The necessity for economic units to open training courses and hold scientific seminars and workshops to define the concept of strategic transparency to enhance this concept in the business environment.

In this study, we aim to identify the correlation and influence between leaders' strategic intelligence as an independent variable and strategic risks as a dependent variable in their dimensions, represented by (strategic risks of documents and information, strategic risks of human resources, and strategic risks of organizational culture). The descriptive-analytical approach was adopted as a validated scientific method for analyzing and interpreting the study data. The questionnaire served as the measurement tool for collecting data and information, and included 21 items distributed to the study sample of 60 individuals as a purposive sample representing senior and middle leadership in the Planning Directorate. Of these, 53 questionnaires were valid for analysis. A set of approved statistical methods was used to analyze the data. These included (arithmetic mean, split-half, coefficient of variation, standard deviation, Cronbach's alpha coefficient, factor analysis, skewness and kurtosis test, confirmatory factor analysis, Pearson correlation coefficient, coefficient of determination (R2), Z-test, t-test coefficient, F-test coefficient, and multiple regression analysis). Using some ready-made statistical programs (SPSS V.28, AMOS V.26, Microsoft Excel V.2010), the researchers reached a set of results, the most prominent of which was the presence of an impact of leaders' strategic intelligence on strategic risks in all their dimensions

The research aimed to clarify the impact of human resource management practices on organizational reputation. The research was applied to employees in the upper, middle and lower departments, as well as managers and their deputies. Their answers were obtained through a questionnaire that included 45 items in the research process, and a stratified random sample of 75 individuals was taken from the research community. To achieve the research objectives, the descriptive analytical approach was used through several statistical methods, most notably multiple regression analysis, to show the impact of more than one independent variable on a single dependent variable function. The results were presented, as the research has a high level of application for each of the research variables (talent management, organisational trust, reputation). The research also showed a significant impact of human resource management practices on organizational reputation, as the value of the impact degree β reached 0.721. The research also showed that the moderating role of organizational trust was through increasing the impact of human resource management practices on organizational reputation, as the percentage of improvement in explaining the discrepancy in reputation was.