AL-Mostansiriyah journal for arabic and international studies

This study aims to clarify the concept and methods of expiration of
the obligation without fulfilling it between Iraqi law and Islamic
jurisprudence where this study was divided into three sections Each
topic dealt with one of the ways to terminate the obligation without
fulfilling it, while comparing it in Iraqi law Islamic jurisprudence.
Where through this study, we showed the discharge as a way to
terminate the obligation without fulfilling it, by clarifying its
definition characteristics condition, and the implication for in both
Iraqi law and Islamic jurisprudence .
We also showed the impossibility of implementation as a second
way to terminate the obligation without fulfilling it by defining it,
and presenting its condition, types and effects, as well as in both
Iraqi law and Islamic jurisprudence. While we dealt with the
projected statute of limitations as a way of expiring the obligation
without fulfilling it in both Iraqi law and Islamic jurisprudence by
explaining its definition and displaying its duration and how to
calculate it .

The Islamic opposition action abroad is one of the methods
that were used to oppose the Shah’s regime in Iran. The situation in
the country and the prosecution of the SAVAK forced them to leave
Iran and go abroad to express their opinions, and to carry out
activities either for the service of Islam or for the purpose of
achieving their main goal, which is to get rid of the Shah’s regime.
Therefore, some of them headed to Germany, taking advantage of
the presence of Iranian students studying there, so they began to
communicate their ideas by holding seminars and dialogues and
explaining the principles of true Islam. The opposition in Lebanon
also played an important role in mobilizing the Lebanese public
opinion in solidarity with the cause of the Iranian people, in addition
to standing by the Lebanese people in fighting the Israeli enemy.
Keywords: Opposition, Islamic Center in Hamburg, Islamic Student
Union, Shah, Clergy

The research aims to document the developments of the Gulf crisis
as a historical event that has not occurred between the Arab Gulf
states since their establishment and analyze its causes, course and
anticipate the future effects of the crisis. The crisis was after
differences and intersections happened between Saudi Arabia, the
UAE, and Bahrain with Qatar due to Qatar’s adoption of an
undesirable foreign policy from the aforementioned countries
especially concerning the Muslim Brotherhood and the Iranian file,
as well as other regional issues. On the other hand, Qatar has
benefited from the US military presence on its lands. Therefore, It
did not fear the reactions to its foreign policy. The crisis began with
the boycott of Qatar and setting a list of 13 conditions to be done by
Qatar. However, the Gulf blockade of Qatar was not effective, so the
boycotting countries changed their policy and reached reconciliation
at Al-Ula summit. Despite the end of the Gulf crisis, its negative
effects remain, especially on the future of the Gulf Cooperation
Council.
Key words: Qatar , Saudi Arabia , Crisis , Iran , Al-Ekhwan

Abstract
Formed in the United Kingdom after the death of Prime Minister
William Pitt Jr., a government of national unity called the "Ministry
of All Talent", which was formed between (1806-1807), and
included a coalition coalition of three parties led by William
Wyndham Granville, Charles James Fox and Lord Sidmouth Henry
Dington, the purpose of its formation was to find a unified political
decision in Britain supported by most political forces to confront
external dangers and internal crises, and attention was paid to
several aspects such as the reform of the army, the abolition of the
slave trade and the liberation of Catholics, and on the level of
foreign policy Grenfell's interest was to have a role Effective in
international politics in proportion to Britain's position in Europe,
according to the developments of that difficult stage on what Europe
could do to confront the Napoleonic wars, and the peace
negotiations of 1806, which showed the shortcomings of Charles
James Fox's diplomacy, and the most important obstacles that
limited the continuation of the ministr
Keywords: Britain - Greenville - national unity.

After independence Sudan witnessed various regimes between
civil and military as it was subject to civilian rule from 1956-1958
when Lieutenant-General Ibrahim Abboud launched the 1958 coup
that lasted until 1964 after the October Revolution which is the first
popular revolution in Sudan. After that Sudan witnessed a new
civilian rule but it did not achieve any tangible achievements until
Nimeiri carried out the coup of May 1969. The Nimeiri regime was
considered one of the dictatorial military regimes. In the end
several reasons came together to end his rule with the March 26
1985 coup.
Egypt tried to stand by Sudan especially since both regimes
descended from a military coup that justified its legitimacy by
saying that it seeks political reform and raise the economic level.
The two regimes came with socialist orientations in the beginning
but they turned from them during the era of President Anwar Sadat
(1970- 1981) to capitalist tendencies with a strong desire to join the
Western camp.
Keywords: coups Sudan , Jaafar Nimeiri, Egypt's position on the
coup.

The purpose of the current research is to identify human resource
Ergonomics with its four dimensions (attitude and movement,
environmental factors, information and processes, organization of
work) and its impact on achieving excellence for business
organizations, for a number of excellent-class hotels in the city of
Baghdad, and the research sample came from (91) individuals from
a number of the administrative leaders in the surveyed hotels,
represented by (delegated manager - rotating manager - lounge
manager - night manager - department and division managers), and
various statistical methods and methods were used through the
program (SPSS v24 and Amos v24) to obtain results while
conducting the search by distributing The questionnaire and then
collected and analyzed statistically, and showed a number of results,
the most important of which (there is a statistically significant
impact relationship for human resources Ergonomics in achieving
excellence for business organizations) according to the statistical
analysis of the answers of the research sample in the researched
hotels, this explains that the surveyed hotels most of them work
within the concept of human resources Ergonomics in achieving
excellence.
Keywords: human resource Ergonomics, excellence of business
organizations

This study contributes to clarifying the importance of diversifying
services in hotel organizations, which are looking for success,
growth and excellence in the business environment, in order to
formulate policies and fixed rules. Where the services that are
provided in the hotel organizations are a set of material and moral
components that represent the elements of a tourist attraction
provided to the guests in order to satisfy their needs and desires
represented by accommodation, food, drink and other facilities to
reach the satisfaction and conviction of the guests. Due to the
diversity in hotel services while practicing various tourist rituals,
including religious ones, the study problem was limited to
identifying the impact of diversifying hotel services on development
or not. The interest of the state's hotel establishments departments in
general and hotel marketing departments in general Especially the
importance of diversifying hotel services.
Key words: Hotel services, development of religious tourism

Due to the importance of economic growth and its impact on
economic results in most productive sectors, this study attempts to
shed light on the economic developments that occurred during the
period (2003-2020) and determine the impact of those developments
on monetary variables in the economic growth of the Kingdom of
Saudi Arabia, and then Reaching results that can contribute to
evaluating the extent of its impact on raising the rate of economic
growth. The research reached a set of conclusions, the most
important of which was; Saudi Arabia’s adoption of a fixed
exchange rate system by linking the riyal to the US dollar has led to
fluctuations in the dollar’s exchange rate against the major
currencies, which changes the value of the riyal in the same
direction as other currencies, especially as the Kingdom imports
most of the commodities from it, which will raise (imported)
inflation. And it appeared to us through the results of standard tests
that there is a co-integration (equilibrium in the long run) between
the gross domestic product and other variables represented by
(money supply, indebtedness, inflation, unemployment) so that they
have an equilibrium relationship .

In our research tagged (the American variable in the Russian
Ukrainian conflict), we dealt with an overview of the historical and
geographical link between the two countries, Russia and Ukraine,
and the nature of the conflict that occurred between them and the
most prominent causes, and the focus was on the role of the United
States of America in this conflict, the role stemming from the
contentious issues that it is experiencing with The Russian
Federation, the most prominent of which is the dispute over spheres
of influence such as Syria, Africa, Latin America, the Caucasus, and
cyber war. Through two possibilities, the first is the possibility of a
decline in the conflict in the event of the occurrence of some events
that contribute to this, and the second is the possibility of an
increase in the conflict between the two countries based on several
facts, with the first possibility being more likely.
Key words:The conflict,The American variable,Russia and Ukraine

There is no doubt that one of the basic principles that the State
Council must observe when performing its advisory competence,
and in order to obligate individuals to the laws issued by the
authorities of the State, there must be essential elements in the legal
texts that the State Council prepares and audits in order to achieve
legislative justice. As these texts must be clear to the extent that
they do not tolerate more than an interpretation that deviates from
their content in a way that violates legislative justice, it also requires
that the Council observe the principle of gradualism in legislation
and its application to all without discrimination, as it is one of the
goals necessary for the legal state to achieve the interests Public
justice and equality between individuals when applying legal rules
to their relationships and behavior

The guardian's responsibility provisions adopted traditionally by the
Iraqi legislator lead, in many cases, to consider such provisions as
unfair and exaggerated, on the one hand, for responsible individuals
in terms of deciding on their legislated responsibilities as an
exception. On the other hand, these provisions are unable to protect
the aggrieved from the minor's acts, as it is the case when the
parents separated by either get divorced, physical separation or
when thr father dies and the minor lives with his/ her mother, so is
the father still the real guardian and have a civil responsibility for
any acts cause harms to others by his minor? Or is it possible that
the guardianship, as one of the obligations of the guardian of an
individual , be transferred to the mother based on the actual
authority of control and supervision exercised by the mother in these
cases?
To answer such questions, this study is conducted to show the extent
to which it is possible to determine the civil liability of a person who
is not within the provisions of the responsibility of the guardian in
Iraqi legislation based on the provisions of Article (218) of the Iraqi
Civil Code, namely (The Mother), depending on the legal
development that took place on the responsibility of the parents in
French and Algerian Law, as much as it is suitable to our family
environment, and taking as a pretext the element of the real effective
supervision that is associated with cohabitation and custody, not in
all cases, but only in case of divorce or when the father dies since
the minor is affected by the motnher's behavior as a result of being
with her and in line with the change in the concept of the family at
the present time. The responsibility of the family is no longer
resitricted to the man alone. Rather, it has become the weman's duty
to bear part of this responsibility based on the development of her
role in all areas of social, political and even commercial life, her
existence to work and her ability to manage various financial
matters. Thus, the personal scope of the guardian's responsibility
shall be changed to include the mother, if possible

This research deals with the basic problem facing human
knowledge, which is the way the mind acquires various knowledge
and information, so what is the best way? What is the cognitive and
scientific value of this knowledge from a methodological point of
view? Also, what is the extent of the limits that the human mind can
move through in this process of gaining, based on the capacity or
limitations of these abilities it has? As well as what are the effects of
modern natural sciences and their philosophy on the development of
cognitive research? Although man in the various fields of science
does not pay attention to his way of thinking, because he thinks,
concludes, analyzes and constructs in an automatic way, but this
issue differs when it is philosophically examined, as the need lies in
searching beyond the scientific or social fact in order to determine
the logical sequence through which the access was made. To the
results, and the search for its value and its limits in terms of
knowledge. This research has used the descriptive approach in
addition to the use of criticism mechanisms such as deconstruction,
ةيلودلاو ةيبرعلا تاساردلل ةيرصنتسلما ةلمج
analysis and logical structure, and through this we explore that there
are two main trends in the history of philosophy and logic, each of
which worked to show the ways of acquiring human knowledge, its
sources and limits, which are the rational trend and the experimental
trend. As for modern and contemporary philosophy, the importance
of working on research methods in science has emerged, while
philosophy of science has become a distinct field in contemporary
cognitive research, where we aim here to present these cognitive
trends with an explanation of the problematic nature of the issue of
human knowledge. The most important conclusion reached by the
research is: that knowledge will remain of a permanent problematic
nature, because it is a permanent question, and all the answers that
come to us are doors to new questions, and they cannot be final or
absolute answers. It is worth noting that most of the logical books
and studies that dealt with epistemology, curricula, and philosophy
of science have dealt with this topic from different angles, according
to the cognitive trend it adopts.
Keywords: Theory of Knowledge, Philosophy of science,
Epistemology, Rationalism, Empiricism.

The Non-government organizations
have been prepared and
diversified and maintained by the Non-government organizations
concerned to protect and preserve the environment and to reduce the
pollution of the environment and from these Non-government
organizations the green peace established the 1971 world as an act of
nuclear tests carried out by the United States of America in that period
near the Coast of the Alaska state, and to proceed through strenuous and
effective efforts to protect the environment and preserve the
environment, mainly based on peaceful and far from violence,
extremism, use of peaceful demonstrations, protests and detecting facts
about the environment in an attempt to win in the past, despite the
limited physical potential available to them, despite the difficulties that
are in their way, in the legal and political difficulties and despite the lack
of recognition as a public international law, it has left a clear, irreversible
print in the area of environmental protection, preservation and
development of international environmental law and an effective tool in
many international conferences that have been made available to them in
this regard and despite the lack of material potential available to them,
despite the difficulties that are affected by legal and political difficulties
and despite the lack of recognition as a person of public international
law, it has left a clear, irreversible print in protecting the environment,
the development of environmental law and the development of
international law and the development of many international conferences
that are effective in many international conferences that are not
recognized as a tool for many international conferences that are not
recognized as a clear and in many international conferences that are not
recognized .the convening of international environmental conventions
and the structure of other environmental Non-government organizations
is a tool for internationalizing environmental issues before the United
Nations and its various organs
Keywords:Non-government organization for green peace,
environmental protection, development of international environmental
law, relationship to green peace organization to the United Nations.

The establishment of the state on three independent authorities,
namely, the legislative authority, the executive authority and the
judicial authority is the basis of the principle of the separation of
powers upon which modern democratic principles are based, since
the focus of these powers, whether it was one or more, leads to
tyranny, but maintaining the principle of separation between
authorities in exceptional circumstances may require giving the
executive authority, represented by the head of state, legislative
powers in a way that leads to sacrifice and constitutional and legal
principles as long as this is in the interest of the state
The state may be exposed to exceptional or extraordinary
circumstances that threaten the existence and continuity of the state,
such as the danger of an internal or external war, or these
circumstances may result from natural disasters, which requires
urgent measures to confront them through legislation developed
specifically for this purpose, which may differ in terms of its nature
and extent from the legislation that is applied in normal
circumstances, because it finds its basis in the case of necessity
which requires that the safety of the people is above the law, and
considering that the law is a means to maintain the security of the
state and the proper functioning of its public facilities. It follows
that the executive authority will combine between the legislative and
executive functions, so the constitutions of the world have been
preparing for these conditions by finding constitutional texts to
ensure that they are confronted through a group of procedures taken
by the state to maintain its integrity

The issue of adapting the distribution of competencies and
powers in the federal state is one of the most important issues facing
states of a federal nature, especially those states that have recently
adopted the theme of democracy. Federalism, whether by joining or
disintegration or otherwise. Iraq is one of the newly formed
federations that faces many challenges, especially after its
transformation from a simple state to a federal state that imposed
new principles on it, especially that this concept is tainted by a lot of
ambiguity for the Iraqi society and the ruling political class for Iraq
after 2003, especially since the process of distributing powers It
adopts what has been enacted of articles and legal clauses contained
in the Iraqi constitution, which is the basis and guarantor of the issue
of distributing powers and competencies in any country of the year,
including federal Iraq.