Iraqi Journal of Science

In this study , nanoparticles of the metal oxides CuO, ZnO, and TiO2 were synthesized using the hydrothermal method. These nanoparticles were then used to dope paraffin wax (as the matrix material) and prepare nanocomposites [TiO2; CuO/paraffin] and [TiO2; ZnO/paraffin] through the ultrasound method. The morphology, size, and structures of the synthesized nanocomposite were examined and characterized using atomic force microscopy (AFM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier and transform infrared (FT-IR), in order to confirm the design of nanocomposite based nanostructures and reveal their distinctive features from where distribution on paraffin wax. The results of AFM analysis of the two synthesized nanostructure, [TiO2; CuO/paraffin] and [TiO2; ZnO/paraffin], revealed that the size of the nanoparticles was within the nanoscale range, measuring 49.54 nm and 57.16 nm, respectively. Their grooves in all nanostructures of the synthesized composites are heterogeneous as depicted by three-dimensional images, this is mainly caused by the agglomeration of metal oxide nanoparticles which leads to coverage of some of the paraffin surface. The activities of Nano composites synthesized were studied from the industrial side, including solar cell energy and the use of these Nano composites as inhibitors for corrosion. The findings for all of these nanocomposite revealed they have the properties of solar cells and a significant inhibitory effect.

This study involves the synthesis of a new class of silicon polymers, designated as P1-P7, derived from dichlorodimethylsilane (DCDMS) in combination with various organic compounds (Schiff bases prepared from different amines and appropriate aldehydes or ketones) [I-V] through condensation polymerization. The structures of all monomers and polymers were characterization by FTIR and 1HNMR spectroscopy (for some polymers). The results of thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry DSC test show stable thermal behaviour. Polymers with a higher concentration of aromatic rings in their repeating structural units exhibited a higher temperature for weight loss, indicating increased thermal stability. Thermal measurements reflect the fact that all the polymers prepared in this study possess thermal stability, and the most thermally stable are the polymers that contain more phenyl rings. The inhibitory feature of the prepared polymers is studied through many tests, which include measuring the erosion rate through methods known as weight loss and scanning electron microscopy tests. In the weight loss method, the inhibiter gives good efficiency in protecting aluminium metal, to reach the inhibition efficiency to 83% using polymer P5 inhibitor with concentration of 0.15 in 0.1 M solution of NaOH. On the other hand, P4 it showed the lowest inhibition efficiency of 16.74% at a concentration of 0.05. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images showed that a high corrosion inhibition efficiency of the polymers in NaOH solution (0.1 M), while the metal surface under the corrosion containing the inhibitors showed lower corrosion than that which could be found on the same metal surface, that is located in a completely empty media of the barrier and also clearly showed the protective layer on the surface. Viscosity testing in dimethylsulfoxide solvent showed that the true viscosity increases three fold when the concentration increases from 0.1 to 0.7. The results also showed that copolymer P7 has a higher viscosity.

Hyperglycemia is recognized as the primary indicator of diabetes. The occurrence of Hyperglycemia results from a combination of contributing factors, such as dietary habits, exercise routines, and overall lifestyle choices. Accumulating evidence showed the hyperglycemia also causes inflammation, which changes the body's cellular and immune systems. Similarly, the acute hyperglycemia increases the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α and IL-6. The present study aimed to determine the effect of Muntingia calabura leaves extracts administration toward the immune system in hyperglycemia-induced high-fat diet in mouse model. Five experimental groups were applied in this study, including the control group, hyperglycemic group, and three groups treated with M. calabura leaves extracts in several doses such as 400, 700, and 2800 mg/kg BW. Flow cytometry analysis was performed to evaluate the inflammation markers such as IL-1β, IFN-ɣ, or TNF-α on the subset of macrophages and Th1 cells. Our findings indicate that the extracts did not enhance or elevate the production of IL-1β by the macrophage subgroup/population. Similarly, the pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IFN-ɣ and TNF-α were reduced on the CD4 after treated with the extracts. Therefore, this study demonstrated that M. calabura leaves extracts exerts suppressive activity to maintain the physiological level of immune system. To be highlighted, the immunosuppression action reduced several inflammatory markers, including macrophages and Th1 cells. Thus, the present study suggested that M. calabura leaves extracts possibly become alternative and complementary medicine against hyperglycemia.

Shigella is most commonly spread through the fecal-oral route, rather than through contaminated food, water, or swimming pools. A recent study collected 103 fecal samples of Shigella spp. from hospitals and laboratories across Iraq, spanning from July 2022 to June 2023. The samples were sourced from various cities, including Baghdad (65), Nasiriya (14), Babylon (11), Najaf (9), and Kirkuk (4). In this study, we examined Shigella species isolated from diarrhea samples for the presence of penicillin- and tetracycline-resistant genes. Tetracycline resistance genes (tetA and tetB) were detected in 96 (93%) and 84 (82%) isolates, respectively. Both genes (tetA and tetB) were detected in the same isolate 79 times (77%). While, β-lactam resistance genes (blaCTX-M and blaTEM) were detected in 87 isolates (84.5%) and 83 isolates (81%), respectively. However, 68 isolates (66%) exhibit both genes (blaCTX-M and blaTEM). Consequently, that detects the widespread use and overuse of penicillin and tetracycline. Thus, it is imperative to continue surveilling and regulating the spread of these genes to sustain the efficacy of existing antibiotics and develop new treatments for Shigella infections.

Beta thalassemia major (BTM) is a genetic disorder that has been linked to an increased risk of contracting blood-borne viral infections, primarily due to the frequent blood transfusions required to manage the condition. One such virus that can be transmitted through blood is the Human Parvovirus B19 (B19V). The aim of this study was to investigate the frequency and molecular detection of B19V. This study included 60 blood donors as controls and 120 BTM patients. B19V was identified by serology, which measured B19-IgG and B19-IgM antibodies. Nested Polymerase Chain Reaction (nPCR) was employed to target the VP1/VP2 structural proteins. The results showed that B19V seropositivity represents 27.5% (33 out of 120) in BTM patients, and only 8 out of 60 subjects represents (13.3%) in the control group (P-value 0.078). Notably, male patients exhibited a significantly higher prevalence of B19-IgM and B19-IgG antibodies, with 32% and 24% of males testing positive, respectively, compared to female patients. Elevated levels of Aspartate and Alanine Transaminase were observed with values of 51.94±50.09 and 46.81±50.20, respectively. Additionally, nPCR analysis detected B19V DNA in 4.16% (5 out of 120) of BTM patients, while no positive results were detected in the control group. Screening the blood and blood products for the virus in high-risk group can considerably reduce the prevalence. Preventive measures are required in such vulnerable population.

Uropathogenic E. coli (UPEC) exhibits various virulence factors that enable it to both establish itself in the urinary tract and trigger disease symptoms. Ag43, which is encoded by the flu gene, promotes bacterial adherence and the production of biofilms on human urothelial cells. Using the Kirby-Bauer method, the ciprofloxacin sensitivity of forty UPEC isolates was assessed. Twenty-two UPEC isolates (21 of which were resistant to ciprofloxacin and one of which was sensitive) were used in order to calculate the MIC of ciprofloxacin using the macro tube assay. Using the (ABIO pure extraction) procedure, genomic DNA was extracted from bacterial growth. Real time PCR (qRT-PCR) proved successful in detecting the expression of the flu gene. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of UPEC isolates showed that 21 out of 40 isolates (52.5%) were resistant to ciprofloxacin. MIC for isolates resistant to ciprofloxacin was ≥ 64 (μg/ml). The identification of the flu gene by the analysis of PCR showed that (21/22; 95.45%) carried the flu gene. The findings of qRT-PCR revealed that (4/11; 36.3%) of the UPEC isolates had downregulation of the flu gene, whereas (7/11; 63.6%) showed overexpression. The flu gene (folding=5.59) had the highest expression in UPEC isolate number 3. A significant correlation was observed, with most UPEC isolates showing overexpression of the flu gene. Thus, the flu gene plays a crucial part in the pathogenicity of isolates from UPEC.

Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is a widespread, yet often overlooked, parasitic disease caused by the Leishmania protozoan, which is prevalent in numerous countries, including Iraq. This condition is marked by the appearance of skin lesions on various exposed areas of the body. In most old-world regions, sodium stibogluconate (SSG) is the classical widely used drug to treat CL. The progression of skin ulceration is controlled by different inflammatory modulators including cytokines and enzymes. In this study, the possible role of the enzyme Matrix metalloproteinase9 (MMP-9) and its inhibitor Metallopeptidase inhibitor-1 (TIMP-1) as immunological markers was evaluated in CL patients suffering from cutaneous leishmaniasis before and after treatment by sodium stibogluconate. A total of 161 serum samples of newly diagnosed individuals and patients undergoing Pentostam injections were collected from an endemic area of Diyala, east central Iraq. The level of MMP-9 and TIMP-1 was evaluated in the serum of recently diagnosed CL patients and previously diagnosed CL patients who were undergoing five stages of sodium stibogluconate injections. The results have shown that among the study groups, the recently infected individuals who received no treatment showed significantly elevated levels of both MMP-9 (mean: 20.864 ng/ml) and TIMP-1 (mean: 1193.748 ng/ml). Additionally, the concentration of TIMP-1 was significantly raised in the groups undergoing pentostam treatment from injection-1 to injection-4, when compared to the control individuals. The current findings highlight important insights into the studied serum markers to follow up the development of the treatment in cutaneous leishmaniasis patients.

The Furin cleavage site and fusion peptide are critical regions in the Spike protein of SARS-CoV-2. The activation of the spike protein relies on furin cleavage, whereas the fusion peptide is critical for merging the viral envelope with host cell membranes. This study aims to map the mutations in the S1/S2 Furin, S2' cleavages sites, and fusion peptide regions within Iraqi isolates, examining the variability and conservation of these critical sites. Our study includes 14 SARS-CoV-2 Sanger sequenced fragments coupled with data mining of the 1043 genomic dataset of Furin/ S2' cleavage sites and fusion peptide regions extracted from whole genome sequences, representing the entire entry of Iraq to GISAID during the pandemic. The current analysis identifies a mutational hotspot located within the Furin cleavage region at codon P681. The proline at this position changed to arginine in the Delta variant and subsequent sublineages. However, this change was displaced by P681H in Omicron variants and related newly emerging strains. Furthermore, the combination of P681H and N679K mutations enhances the basic nature of the site, making it a more favourable target for Furin, thereby boosting the Spike protein activation process. The investigation emphasizes the prevalence of D614G, H655Y, and D796Y mutations as substantial factors influencing viral transmissibility and pathogenicity. These mutations persist in global strains, indicating their role in the virus's evolutionary trajectory. The conservative nature of the Furin and S2' cleavage sites underscores its critical role in viral transmissibility and pathogenicity and adaptability in various proteases environment in the host cell. Mutations such as A688S, S698L, A701V, and S704L, which can impact vaccine-induced antibody sensitivity, were also detected, highlightin

These days, the kidney transplant community widely agrees that BK virus infections are the main driver behind kidney impairment and transplant failures. A total of 110 kidney failure patients were enrolled in this study. Five ml of blood was collected from each patient, the plasma was separated, and then the plasma samples were stored until DNA extraction was performed. Molecular detection of BK was done by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Urine samples were also obtained for cytological detection and investigation of decoy cell. The results of the PCR technique for the current study revealed that 12 patients were infected with the BK polyoma virus at a prevalence rate of 10.9 %, with 8 infections in males and 4 infections in females, with a rate of 12.5% and 8.7% respectively. The results of cytological testing and electron microscopy also demonstrated that all 8 urine samples taken from patients infected with the virus contained decoy cells and virus particles. we conclude that chronic hemodialysis could raise the chance of BK virus replication in end stage renal dialysis patients as compared to control group. It was also concluded that chronic hemodialysis may increase the likelihood of BK virus replication in patients with end-stage renal disease compared to the control group.

Sodium lauryl ether sulfate (SLES), a surfactant frequently incorporated into detergent formulations, typically ends up in wastewater treatment facilities after use. The present study aims to investigate the efficacy of bacteria isolated from Iraqi wastewater in removing SLES. Genetic analysis (16S rRNA) revealed that this strain is Klebsiella oxytoca. Three temperatures (30, 35 and 40) oC and pH values (5,7 and 9) were selected for this study, and three concentrations of SLES (25, 50, 100) mg/l were used. The SLES anionic surfactant demonstrated that the best biodegradation by Klebsiella oxytoca occurred at 30 oC and both pH 7 and 9, while the removal percentage for them was 98.32% and 95.4 %, respectively at 25 mg/l of SLES. The outcomes of this study revealed the potential and significance of SLES removal in actual effluents by aerobic biodegradation. The ability of this bacterium to degrade SLES makes it an important tool for bioremediation.

An investigation was conducted to examine the potential for producing bioethanol from lettuce leaves waste through fermentation utilizing Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In this study three different of pre-treatments methods were applied to the raw materials using H2SO4 (2%), HCl (5%) and NaOH (1%), respectively. The goal of these pretreatments was to break down the cellulose, hemicellulose as well as lignin to a mono-sugar that considered a simpler form which can be consumed directly through the fermentation process by S. cerevisiae to produce bioethanol. The results indicate that the NaOH pre-treatment yielded the highest sugar content, followed by the HCL, H2SO4 pre-treatment, while the untreated samples had the lowest sugar content. The concentrations of ethanol were reported every two days through the fermentation period by using ethanol sensor and the highest ethanol was measured for the samples pre-treated with HCL, followed by samples without pre-treatment, samples pre-treated with H2SO4, and finally, the NaOH-pre-treated samples, which had the lowest ethanol concentration, as measured by an ethanol sensor every two days during the fermentation period. The concentrations of ethanol were also measured by using the High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) technique after the first and second distillation, the distillation process was carried out in order to enhance the purity of the bioethanol.

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a notorious opportunistic pathogen that frequently causes hospital-acquired infections, particularly in burn wounds and urinary tract infections, and is consistently ranked among the top three most common Gram-negative pathogens associated with these types of infections. During a period of 4 months, from 8/2021 to 11/2021, 65 samples were collected from patients suffered from burns, wounds, and UTIs infections in three hospitals in Baghdad. The conventional cultural identity of the isolates was confirmed by the results of the VITEK 2 system. Molecular identification of P. aeruginosa isolates based on 16S rRNA gene amplification and sequencing was done, followed by testing antibiotic susceptibility profile for the isolates. Ultraviolet C (UVC) was employed to cause mutations in five P. aeruginosa isolates at different times (30, 90, 180, and 360 seconds) by using the UV transilluminator. The results of the mutation revealed that the viability of all five isolates decreased over time after exposure to UV light at various time periods. Notably, the P1 isolate exhibited a significantly stronger response to UVC radiation compared to the other four isolates, suggesting a unique sensitivity to this type of mutagenic stress. Mutated P. aeruginosa P1 isolate revealed that while bacterial cell viability decreased within time, the isolate became more sensitive toward the antibiotics ciprofloxacin, colistin, gentamycin, and Imipenem after mutation for different times. Additionally, P1 isolates showed changes in responses from resistant to susceptible toward the antibiotics Aztreonam, Cefotaxime , and Levofloxacin, while other antibiotics like Piperacillin-tazobactum ,Ceftriaxone and Ceftazidime showed the same results in P1 isolates before and after mutation.

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a prevalent form of cancer worldwide, yet there is a scarcity of research on the serum levels of interleukins (ILs) in patients with CRC, with only a limited number of studies having been published to date. The present work aimed to investigate the contributions of selected blood molecules, namely IL-18 and IL-22, Kelch-like ECH associated protein-1 (Keap-1), aldolase (ALD), and forkhead O4 (FOXO4). The analysis involved 60 CRC patients and 30 healthy subjects who served as control. The serum levels of IL-22, IL-18, Keap-1, and ALD were performed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), while FOXO4 expression was measured by RT-qPCR. Serum levels of IL-18, IL-22, and Keap-1 were not statistically significant among patients with varying Dukes' stages, tumor sizes, histological grades, and different situations of distant metastasis of cancer cells (P>0.05). While ALD show a highly significant differences between patients and control group (P<0.05). The expression of FOXO4 is down-regulated and was statistically different (P<0.05) in patients with CRC. These findings showed that levels of interleukins in the serum cannot be used as a marker for cancer. However, our results on the ALD enzyme showed a significant elevation in CRC patients in comparison with the healthy subjects, which may have future implications for confirming the incidence of colon cancer.

An arc discharge model for the discharge layers close to the cathode surface is reported. In addition to calculating the degree of plasma ionization and the ionization length to the average free path ratio; the effect of the voltage (U=10 V and 20 V), the temperature of the cathode surface, and mixture concentration (xenon- sodium) on the current density of plasma (????????), of ion ( ji,), of electrons( ????????), and of electrons emitted from the surface cathode (jem,) , the ion energy density qi and the electron energy qe was determined. The voltage (U=20V) had a greater effect. At sodium concentrations between (0.1 and 0.5 moles) added to xenon, a shift towards lower temperatures (1500-3000) K after adding sodium concentrations (0.001, 0.01, 0.1 and 0.5) moles to xenon, especially at voltage U=20 V was noted. As a result of the increase in ionization processes, the collision and kinetic energy of electrons have a significant effect on increasing these coefficients at temperatures (3000-5000) K.

High-purity Zinc Oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) were successfully synthesized using the pulse laser ablation technique. Low-power neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet (Nd: YAG) laser was utilized as the energy source for the present study. A surface of a high-purity (99.95%) zinc plate submerged in 10 milliliters of water was exposed to a pulse laser beam of wavelength (λ=1064 nm), (τ= 9 ns). ZnO NPs in colloidal form were effectively synthesized. The characteristics of the nanoparticles were investigated using (XRD, SEM, Zeta Potential, and PL) approaches. XRD patterns revealed the hexagonal wurtzite structure of the nanoparticles. Was detected by XRD. The spherical form of the generated nanoparticle was seen in the SEM images of ZnO NPs. The photoluminescence spectrum showed two peaks of emission: one referring to band gap excitonic emission at 392 nm, the other at 512 nm has to do with the existence of oxygen vacancies that are singly ionized.

The aim of the current study is the stratigraphic detection of clay thickness in the Hasciba Al-Sharqi region, western Iraq, which is suitable for making bricks, according to the recommendation of a previous study of the same area. Three resistivity sequences were created with an interelectrode spacing of 5 m, an n factor of 6a (where the initial spacing a is 5 m), and 120 electrodes of the Wenner-Schlumberger array were used. The quality of the 2D data is excellent as shown by the likeness between the pseudosection of the measured and calculated apparent resistivity. As for the quantitative interpretation, it is an inverse model that shows the thickness of the upper part of the Injana Formation (clay layer), ranging from 8 to 17 m. The isopach map shows thickness increases in the eastern part of the study area, with a slight increase in the northwestern side. It increases in the northeastern side, and the reason for this is its proximity to the exposed area north of the study area, as the area is considered a dumping ground for erosion materials. There is also an increase in the thickness value in the center of the study area. The large amounts of sediment were being swept away to fill burying depressions or levelling the land for construction.

The results were obtained through a study of three samples of three dust storms that struck the Baghdad Governorate in 2022. The following results were obtained by analyzing the grain sizes, showing that silt and clay are the main parts where the silt portion is occupied. The silt fraction occupies first place with a percentage ranging between 31.8%-51.9% with an average value of 43.22%. The clay fraction comes in second place with a percentage ranging between 31.8%-59.5% with an average value of 48.98%. In contrast, the sand percentage comes Finally, with a relative distribution ranging between 5.6%-11.6 and an average percentage of 7.78%. It was found that the organic matter in the samples of the study area was
1.78 and in the range 1.33 - 2.28 and was classified as medium-humic organic matter. The acidity values of the study area samples ranged between 7 - 8 and at a rate of 7.3, they range from neutral to slightly basic. The percentage of loss on ignition for samples in the study area ranged between 11.6 - 18.66% and 14.44%. The reason for the presence of materials lost in combustion is the presence of various materials, including organic materials, calcium oxides, and sulfates. The presence of silica transported in dust storms in a very small percentage, and the health risks of metals (Cr, As, Ni, and Cd) were evaluated according to USEPA method. Hazard quotient (HQ) and Hazard index (HI) results take the descending order Cr>As>Ni>Cd for children and adults, While the values of carcinogenic hazards (CR) and total cancer risks (TCR) take descending order Cr > Ni >Cd >As.

Six wells were selected in this study for the Mishrif Formation (Late Cenomanian - Early Turonian) in the Zubair oilfield in southern Iraq, which is considered one of the main reservoirs in the field, to study the microfacies and to evaluate the petrophysical properties. This study estimates shale volume, distribution (dispersed, laminar and structural), and formation effective porosity from well log data and cross-plots. The distribution of shale is mainly dispersed,
and an increase in effective porosity values indicates the quality of the reservoir. The microfacies analysis and the Lucia plot demonstrate that the Mishrif Formation consists of four main Microfacies (Lime mudstone, Wackestone, Packstone and Grainstone) in wells Zb-40 and Zb-114 containing only the core. The logs interpretation shows that the Mishrif Formation consists mainly of clean limestone rocks. The composition was divided based on the qualitative and quantitative interpretation of the logs into three reservoir units (MA, MB1, MB2). MB2 was divided into MB2.1 and MB2.2 based on oil and water saturation ratio. The results of the petrophysical analysis showed that MB1 and MB2.1 were the best reservoir units in terms of oil saturation and porosity in the study wells.

A brand-new generalized derivative operator ℍ????,????????????(????) is presented in this study. This operator was created by convolution or (Hadamard product) the generalized Mittag-Leffler function's linear operator with the homologue of the Ruscheweyh operator defined by the widely studied ????Ψ???? function.
ℍ????,????????????(????)=????????,????????(????)∗ℜ????????(????)=????+ΣΓ(????)(????+????−1)!Γ[????(????−1)+????] ????!(????−1)!????????????????,∞????=2
where ????∈ℕ0 and ????????????{????????(????),????????(????)}>0. Through utilization of ℍ????,????????????(????), a class of analytical functions is introduced through their use. It is possible to obtain the nonlinear |????2????4−????32|, (commonly known as the Second Hankel functional). There are also clear parallels between the findings provided here and those in earlier research.

This study intends to investigate the effect of rotation on the peristaltic transport of non-Newtonian Sutterby fluid through wave channel. The equations are non-homogeneous and non-linear partial differential equations. The equations have been resolved using approximation long wavelength assumptions. The results have been examined through graphics using the “Mathematica 13” program. Therefore, it has been noticed that the effect of the flow rate, amplitude ratio, density of the fluid, viscosity of the fluid, rotation and tube's average radius on the distribution of velocity, pressure gradient, pressure rise, friction forces and stream function. It has been noticed by increasing the flow rate, amplitude ratio, density of the fluid and Sutterby fluid parameter, the velocity of fluid increases, but the fluid’s velocity decreases while the viscosity of the fluid increases.

This paper introduces approximate estimators for the scale parameters, reliability, and hazard rate functions of the exponential Rayleigh distribution using Modified Maximum Likelihood and Bayesian method. The Modified Maximum Likelihood estimator requires iterative techniques such as the modified Newton–Raphson method due to the unavailability of closed-form expressions. Bayesian estimators are derived using both symmetric and asymmetric loss functions, and Lindley's approximation method is employed for integrals that lack closed-form solutions. Finally, the estimators obtained are compared through Monte Carlo simulation study

Let ???? be a finite simple connected graph of order ????, size ????, and block ????=????(????). The semifull graph of ???? is a graph that has a vertex set ????(????)∪????(????)∪????(????). So that any two vertices in the semifull graph of ???? are adjacent if any two vertices are adjacent in ????, or any two edges are adjacent in ????, or any two blocks are adjacent in ????, or any vertex incident on edge or block. It was found that Hosoya polynomial, Wiener index, and average distance of a semifull graph are for some special graphs such as star, wheel, path, and cycle graphs, in addition to specifying the diameter for each of the resulting graphs.

In this paper, the homotopy perturbation method will be used in connection with Laplace transformation method to give a hybrid approach as a modification of the homotopy perturbation method to find the approximate solutions of random ordinary differential equations. The approximate solution is proved also to converge to the exact solution, in which the analysis of the proof is based on mean square convergence of the sequence of a random process. The proposed hybrid approach is effectively used to find the exact solution for the considered examples, which are simulated and solved using two generations of Brownian motion with a total length of signal processing, namely 500 and 1000 generations.

A submodule A of an R− module ???? is R−Annihilator−small submodule (R????????−????????????????????????????????????) if whenever ????+????1=????, A1is a faithful submodule of ????, implies that ???????????? (A1) =0. In this paper, we introduce the notation of ℛ????????−projective as a generalization of projective modules. Also, we define and present some properties of ℛ????????− epimorphism.

In this research, a new weighting method was presented based on the truncated fractional Mittag-Leffler function. Alternatives to Jacobi polynomials represented by the Chelyshkov polynomial with the orthogonal property and the fractional degree were relied upon. This approach is based on weighted residual methods. The differential equations are converted into a system of linear or nonlinear algebraic equations. Accurate results were obtained in various applications, and the convergence of the proposed method was studied and the Chelyshkov polynomial was compared with other functions. In addition, weighting methods were compared. In comparison with other methods, the results showed the efficiency of the proposed method in solving such types of fractional equations.

This paper studies the mixed triple optimal control vector problem (MTOCVP) controlled by nonlinear system of triple elliptic PDEs (or for short TNES) under appropriate hypotheses. The existence theorem of a unique triple state vector solution (TSVS) for the weak formulation resulting from the TNES is demonstrated by employing the Browder theorem, with fixed mixed triple control vector (MTCV). The Lipshcitz operator between the MTCV and its conforming TSVS is demonstrated continuous. The existence theorem of a mixed triple optimal control vector (MTOCV) controlling by the TNES is stated and demonstrated, under suitable assumptions.

The research presents a proposed model for the role of using waiting queue models in improving the performance of health institutions in Iraq, Baghdad. The proposed model relies on a set of numerical methods, the most important of which is the quantitative programming method (QM for Windows). The model analyzes the stability of the system and simulations are performed to evaluate its performance. The main goal of this paper is to improve the performance of these government medical institutions in Iraq in a scientifically sound manner, so that the proposed model is applied to reduce crowding and waiting in health centers. This study was applied in one of the health centers in Baghdad, Palestine Street (Al-Idrisi neighborhood) during the period extending from 1/3/2019 to 3/1/2019. The study concluded by presenting an alternative model to improve the current situation in the institution under study, as this contributed the alternative is to improve all performance indicators. Other models can be evaluated using artificial intelligence, which enables us to enhance the system and improve prediction accuracy in different health center scenarios.

Analytical studies of finite projective spaces of interest make understanding space objects much easier. In this paper, an analytic study is given of the finite projective space of dimension seven. Formulas of some combinatorial properties and details are found like, number of ????-spaces through ????-spaces, ????>????, spaces resulting from the intersection of two spaces, ????-space with ????-space ????≠????, and the relation between lines and skew lines. Also, the basic conditions to spread the space by lines were also found. All obtained results were implemented on the finite projective space of dimension seven over the finite field of order two as an example

Crime classification and prediction represents a contemporary societal trend aimed at reducing or preventing criminal activities. One such crime is domestic violence, a global phenomenon known as the shadow pandemic or the hidden pandemic. This study aims to analyse data related to domestic violence crimes in Iraq and compare the effectiveness of the Random Forest (RF), Decision Tree (DT) and Naïve Bayes (NB) models using different metrics to develop an accurate model for classifying or predicting the type of domestic violence (physical or non-physical). The research employs a methodological framework that includes several stages. Subsequently, the three classifiers RF, DT, and NB are applied to the dataset to facilitate classification and prediction. The experiment results showed the superior performance of the RF classifier, achieving an accuracy score of (99.77%), compared to the DT classifier (99.07%) and NB (97.69%). For validation, different classification metrics were used. RF exhibited superior performance in all metrics compared to DT and NB algorithms, whose performance capabilities varied.

In recent decades, the identification of faces with and without masks from visual data, such as video and still images, has become a captivating research subject. This is primarily due to the global spread of the Corona pandemic, which has altered the appearance of the world and necessitated the use of masks as a vital measure for epidemic prevention. Intellectual development based on artificial intelligence and computers plays a decisive role in the issue of epidemic safety, as the topic of facial recognition and identifying individuals who wear masks or not was most prominent in the introduction and in-depth education. This research proposes the creation of an advanced system capable of accurately identifying faces, both with and without masks. The suggested system incorporates a multi-layer neural network (CNN) and a gray-level co-occurrence matrix (GLCM). It also uses techniques for preparing and preprocessing data. These additions aim to enhance the efficiency and accuracy of the system's identification algorithm. The YOLO5 neural network algorithm was utilized in the post-processing phase, with the addition of a new layer consisting of six phases. We formed this layer by integrating two algorithms, GLCM and CNN. The algorithm has become effective for real-time object recognition. The obtained accuracy results showed that the proposed system successfully combined the face mask (0.975) and face datasets. (0.925).

The present world depends on communications. The increasing dependence on communications means that information security is more important than ever. Every user wants to keep the data secure by applying a strong data encryption concept. Strong data encryption can be achieved by utilizing a robust encryption algorithm and strong keys. In this research, a method is proposed—the Key Generation Method (KGM)—to generate strong, unique keys for the cryptographic algorithm. This method involves using 22 different types of hash functions to generate 22 strong unique keys with different lengths (128-bit and 256-bit), and then applying these keys with the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) algorithm. Analysis tools (entropy and autocorrelation) in addition to 4-NIST tests (frequency test, run test, long run test, and serial test) are used in addition to the poker test to evaluate the strength of AES ciphering. The results confirm that the proposed method for key generation can effectively satisfy the criteria of strong encryption against attackers.

In recent years, the rapid rise of the population and urbanization have raised the issue of air pollution. Because of its impact on human health, air quality monitoring is a crucial problem. Air pollution impacts our daily lives and quality of life. It presents a threat to the planet's environment and quality of life. Because industrial operations have grown in recent years, there is a clear need to monitor air quality. People must realize how their actions affect the quality of the air. With advances in sensing and embedded technology, the Internet of Things (IoT) has emerged as a cost-effective alternative to costly and stationary air quality monitoring stations for implementing air quality monitoring systems (AQMS). By developing an air pollution monitoring system, it will be possible to count the main pollutants and their sources with accuracy. Data is processed and cleaned close to IoT nodes' ends in the Fog computing paradigm, which is effective for addressing these problems and enhancing the quality of service (QoS) of IoT networks. The major reason for using fog computing in the suggested solution is to reduce network use and latency for the entire air pollution monitoring system. To solve the inadequacies of current methods, we suggest a three-phase pollution monitoring system. To demonstrate the effectiveness of the suggested technique for lowering latency and network consumption, the outcomes of simulations in iFogSim have been compared to those of the system's cloud-based application for monitoring air quality. Experimental findings demonstrate a considerable reduction in delay with the recommended fog-based deployment of an effective air quality monitoring system.

The Code-Talker Paradox concept is applied to test the ability to achieve differential privacy while maintaining an acceptable level of machine learning accuracy. A real-world dataset for heart failure patients is used to test the accuracy. Four different machine learning algorithms, namely: decision tree, logistic regression, random forest, and Naïve Bayes, are employed. Laplace noise is added to the raw dataset to protect private and sensitive user data. This research aims to: first, find a balanced noise scale where differential privacy is achievable with an acceptable accuracy result. Second, evaluate the four machine learning classifiers and introduce the one that best fits the current heart failure dataset. Hyperparameter tunings have been applied to the employed algorithms. Different levels and scenarios are tested with the Laplace noise scale and added to the raw data. The accuracy results are recorded and compared. Laplace noise between 1 and 4 does not affect accuracy, while 5 to 7 results in regularization and increases the accuracy accordingly. A Laplace noise value of 28 and above significantly reduces the accuracy value. Finally, the decision tree shows the more stable algorithm regarding the added noise. While logistic regression is the more fluctuating algorithm, it still presents the highest accuracy. Potential future research and study limitations are discussed in order to contribute to a more comprehensive study.

Image compression is a suitable technique to reduce the storage space of an image, increase the area of storage in the device, and speed up the transmission process. In this paper, a new idea for image compression is proposed to improve the performance of the Absolute Moment Block Truncation Coding (AMBTC) method depending on Weber's law condition to distinguish uniform blocks (i.e., low and constant details blocks) from non-uniform blocks in original images. Then, all elements in the bitmap of each uniform block are represented by zero. After that, the lossless method, which is Run Length method, is used for compressing the bits more, which represent the bitmap of these uniform blocks. Via this simple idea, the result is improving the compression for the bitmap's size by reducing it, then reducing the bit rate further with a high ratio in compression and high speeding in the transition or storage while also retaining the reconstructed image quality.

The phenomenon of the drug trade has become a concern for the whole world, due to its negative effects on societies and the frustration that it caused when spreading to all parts of the society after being prevalent among young people only. The purpose of the study is to detect and identify the presence of drug dealers' gangs and the possibility of their presence and spread according to the neighboring areas and the number of residents. According to the data of the Iraqi Ministry of Interior for the period 2020-2021, organized gangs of the drug trade have become rampant in Iraqi society and are not confined to a specific group or place, but are practiced by many due to the multiple entry and exit outlets for this trade and the lack of control over it. There are many reasons for this organized attack. It was processed using remote sensing techniques and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) ArcMapV10.4 and the use of shapes that simulate reality (shape files) as the study area, which is the city of Baghdad, the capital of Iraq, which was made according to satellite images of the Landsat Satellite, to provide a model to help decision-makers make a set of measures to reduce the spread of the phenomenon of drug trade in Baghdad, confine, and restrict it. The results of the study were that the population had the highest probability of gang spread (1.983-61.52) in the areas of Rashydea, Husseiniya1, Al-Shaab, and Rafydean (Al-Sadr) sub-districts, and the least probability (61.53-189.4) represented the rest of the study areas. The highest probability of spreading the work of drug gangs in relation to the city of Baghdad was (255.52-1,004.3) in Al-Sadr City 1, Al-Sadr City 2, and Rafydean sub-districts. Our study has pioneered in giving results that we believe are the first to be proposed at the level of researchers in the world using modern technologies that simulate reality according to contemporary analysis.