magazine aldhakwat albedh

Intellectual and scientific evidence reveals that the universe operates according to a precise and organized system, which could not possibly be a result of chance, reflecting the existence of a wise Creator. This system is evident in the movement of the planets, the alternation of day and night, and the balance of nature, all of which indicate God’s infinite wisdom and power in creating the universe. The supplications of Imam Ali emphasize that everything in the universe operates according to divine measure and deliberate planning. These intellectual and textual proofs affirm the existence of an eternal Creator, God Almighty, who created the universe and governs its affairs with wisdom and creativity. The cosmic order and the need for a primary cause provide definitive evidence of the existence of God, who is unlike anything else.

This research examined and analyzed eight narrators mentioned in Sahih Ibn Khuzaymah, describing them with the phrase «I do not know him to be trustworthy or untrustworthy.» This phrase indicates a state of ignorance about their status and the inability to definitively classify them as trustworthy or untrustworthy. The investigation revealed that these narrators fall into two main categories: two of them have been proven trustworthy and trustworthy by a number of scholars of hadith criticism and validation, while six of them remain unknown in terms of trustworthiness and invalidity, and no definitive rulings have been issued regarding them. The research also demonstrated that Ibn Khuzaymah›s approach to evaluating narrators is characterized by caution and care, as he avoids definitive invalidation and absolute validation, preferring to leave the narrator unknown until proven otherwise. The research also highlighted the need to complete comparative studies between the statements of scholars of hadith criticism and validation regarding such categories of narrators, to enhance a deeper understanding of the methodology of hadith criticism and its impact on the authenticity of the hadiths discussed.

The research dealt with studying the age and gender composition of the population of Basra Governorate according to population estimates in 2023, by calculating indicators of the age and gender composition of the population of the governorate to obtain numerical values that cannot be tabulated or doubted to help decision-makers and planners of all development projects to make correct decisions In order to sign these projects to serve the residents of the governorate and study the needs of the age groups in the governorate and provide them, such as schools, hospitals, nursing homes, and other needs related to all age groups of the governorate’s residents, the research concluded that the percentage of zero age (0 - 14) years recorded (36.1%) of The total population of Basra Governorate decreased to (34.8%) in the urban areas of the governorate, while it increased in the countryside to (42.3%) Which makes reaching the threshold of demographic growth in the governorate difficult, and the dependency ratios in urban areas for the population of Basra Governorate were lower than those in rural areas in the governorate, which explains the expansion of the population size of the breadwinner group (15 - 64) years in urban areas compared to rural areas The median age in the governorate’s countryside reached (18.6), which explains the youth of the aforementioned community, which can compensate for the deficiency resulting from old age and death, while the median age in the governorate and its urban areas indicates the average youth of the population community, the value of the presumption of old age in Basra Governorate confirmed the youth of the community in Rural and urban areas and throughout the governorate, but the rural community is characterized by being more youthful than urban areas and the total population of the governorate The gender ratio also increased in the rural areas of Basra Governorate compared to its counterpart throughout the governorate and in its urban areas.

The aim of this study is to determine the effectiveness of using the (TBL) learning strategy in acquiring artistic skills among students of the Institute of Fine Arts, studying perspective, and developing their creative skills.
The original study population consisted of (51) female students from the Institute of Fine Arts for the academic year (2024-2025). To implement the study, a simple random sample of (30) students was selected from the original population, divided into two groups: a control group of (15) students, and a second experimental group of (15) students.
The researcher followed the experimental method for two groups: a control group and an experimental group. The control group studied using the presentation and blackboard strategy for the perspective subject, while the experimental group was taught the (TBL) strategy.
To achieve the objectives of the study, a multiple-choice achievement test (pre-post) was designed. To arrive at the study results, the study tool (the achievement test) was standardized by presenting it to the expert judges in curricula and teaching methods. Pearson’s correlation coefficients were used.
The researcher used the t-test to compare the two groups during the experiment. The results showed that the experimental group, which studied the perspective material using the task-centered learning strategy, outperformed the control group, which studied the same material using the traditional method, at a significance level of 0.05.
The researcher used the t-test to determine the mean differences between the control and experimental groups. The researcher used the statistical software (SPSS) to analyze the study results.

Health services are a set of preventive services that, if implemented, will prevent individuals from contracting many diseases. They include proper nutrition, comprehensive periodic medical examinations, prevention of infectious diseases, safety, first aid, care for the body and maintaining it for disabled and normal individuals, providing compensatory devices and tools for disabled individuals, and therapeutic services. The services are considered Health is one of the concerns that countries give a lot of care and attention to, because it has a great impact on caring for human health, taking care of them, preserving them, and working to prepare their experiences and positively influence their habits, behavior, and information so that their health level and performance can be raised in many levels that are closely related to their health and preserving their bodies. It is also considered It is one of the important community services in the city, because it provides the basic medical services that the residents of this city need. Most Iraqi cities, including the study area, face a number of problems and challenges, represented in the poor distribution of public services in general and health services in particular, and also their concentration in the middle of cities and the lack of consideration of planning standards in their distribution in a manner that keeps pace with Population increase, urban expansion and the population’s needs for these services. Therefore, the importance of the study and its goal came to study the health reality in the city of Fallujah and measure its efficiency in relation to the population’s requirements. It has been shown through the results of the study that there is a clear shortage in the size and distribution of services provided to the city’s residents in the center of Fallujah city, and this shortage is not only a result of the shortage in their presence, but also It is also a result of the lack of planning vision and the absence of future plans that take into account the increase in the city’s population through the city’s natural growth.

This study examines the manuscript “Al-Qānūn al-Wāḍiḥ fī ʿIlm al-Bayzara” by Muḥammad ibn Ibrāhīm ibn Jamāl al-Kutubī, known as al-Waṭwāṭ (d. 8th century AH), as one of the most important classical sources in the field of bayzara (the hunting of birds of prey). The study is descriptive and analytical in nature, aiming to uncover the scientific, methodological, and technical aspects of the manuscript through an analysis of its internal structure, content, the types of birds of prey it addresses, the methods used to train and tame them, as well as its specialized terminology and the sources upon which it relies

In Iraq, procedures before the administrative judiciary constitute a fundamental component of the judicial system, as they enable individuals to challenge administrative decisions and actions that are believed to violate the law or infringe upon their rights. The administrative judiciary is competent to adjudicate disputes between individuals and administrative authorities, whether these disputes pertain to individual administrative decisions or general regulatory measures issued by state institutions. At the outset of the case, the plaintiff must submit a petition to the competent administrative court. This court adjudicates matters concerning administrative actions or decisions, such as administrative sanctions, the issuance or revocation of licenses, or other governmental measures that may adversely affect the individual. The plaintiff is required to support their claims with appropriate documentation in accordance with the applicable legal framework. The administrative court evaluates the case, and if either party is dissatisfied with the ruling, they may appeal the decision before the administrative appellate court. It is important to note that the appellate court examines only the legal aspects of the case and does not reassess the factual circumstances. The primary objective of this system is to ensure administrative justice and to safeguard individuals from arbitrariness or abuse of power by administrative authorities in the decision-making process.

This research addresses a critical phase in the history of modern Egypt, during which the country found itself caught between the growing ambitions of European colonialism on one side, and the pressures of major maritime projects—foremost among them the construction of the Suez Canal—on the other. The study focuses on analyzing the political, economic, and strategic dimensions that led colonial powers, particularly Britain and France, to strengthen their influence in Egypt under the pretext of supporting global navigation and trade. It also discusses how these projects contributed to deepening Egypt’s economic dependency and laid the groundwork for its occupation in the late 19th century. The study adopts a historical-analytical methodology based on contemporary documents and sources from that period, in an effort to gain a deeper understanding of the dialectical relationship between colonialism and maritime projects in shaping the features of modern

Self-efficacy among second-grade intermediate students in the General Directorate of Education in Al-Diwaniyah. To achieve this objective, the following null hypothesis was formulated
“There is no statistically significant correlation at the 0.05 level between coordinated thinking and perceived self-efficacy among second-grade intermediate students”
The research sample consisted of 400 second-grade intermediate students from morning preparatory and secondary schools affiliated with the General Directorate of Education in Al-Diwaniyah. To collect the required data, two instruments were developed as follows:
1. A Coordinated Thinking Skills Test, which, in its final form, consists of 40 items—30 multiple-choice (objective type) and 10 essay-type (subjective) items.
2. A Perceived Self-Efficacy Scale, which includes 33 items based on a five-point Likert scale.
Appropriate statistical analyses were conducted, including item discrimination indices, difficulty and easiness levels for the Coordinated Thinking Skills Test, in addition to verifying the psychometric properties of both the test and the scale.
After adopting suitable statistical tools for analyzing the results of the two instruments, the following were employed:
• The paired-samples t-test,
• The independent-samples t-test,
• Pearson’s correlation coefficient,
• Cronbach’s alpha,
• And the t-test for significance of correlation.
The findings revealed a statistically significant positive correlation between the two variables—coordinated thinking and perceived self-efficacy—indicating that the relationship is direct and positive.

This research examines Iran›s position during the Cold War and highlights its sensitive geopolitical location, which made it a key arena for the rivalry between the two superpowers—the United States of America and the Soviet Union—throughout the period from 1945 to 1979. As a pivotal state in the Middle East, Iran sought to balance the opposing pressures but gradually leaned toward an alliance with the West due to political, economic, and security considerations .
The study focuses on analyzing the factors that led Iran to move closer to the United States, including the 1953 coup against the government of Mohammad Mossadegh, American support for the Shah›s regime, and Iran’s stance against Soviet influence in the region, especially with the presence of the Iranian Communist Party (Tudeh). The research also explores the shifts in Iran’s foreign policy and the internal consequences leading up to the Islamic Revolution of 1979, which ended the Shah’s rule and reshaped Iran’s relations with both global powers.

All praise is due to Allah, Lord of the Worlds, and may the most perfect blessings and peace be upon our Master Muhammad (peace be upon him), his family, and all his companions .
This study explores the virtues of one of the chapters of the Holy Qur’an—Surah Al-Fatiha—under the title: “The Hadiths Concerning the Virtues of Surah Al-Fatiha in the Six Canonical Books: A Study and Analysis.”
The research consists of an introduction, three main sections, and a conclusion:
The introduction presents the significance of the topic and the rationale behind its selection.
The first section is dedicated to hadiths that highlight the unique status of Surah Al-Fatiha among the other chapters of the Qur’an .
The second section examines hadiths that indicate the invalidity of prayer without its recitation.
The third section discusses hadiths demonstrating its use as a spiritual healing (ruqyah) for the ill.
The conclusion summarizes the key findings derived from the research. I have exerted sincere effort in conducting this study, seeking only the pleasure of Allah Almighty, and I ask Him for success and correctness in my endeavor.
TheResearcher

This study explores the methodology of Fakhr al-Din al-Razi (d. 606 AH/1209 CE) in Quranic interpretation, focusing on his transformation from intellectual debate to a spiritual and philosophical dimension in his renowned exegesis, Mafatih al-Ghayb (Keys to the Unseen). The study addresses three main axes that reflect the uniqueness of al-Razi’s approach and his contribution to enriching Quranic exegesis. First, it analyzes the concept of interpretation (ta’wil) in al-Razi’s work, which relies on linguistic, religious, and cultural tools to uncover the deeper meanings of Quranic texts. Al-Razi demonstrates his ability to balance literal and figurative meanings, particularly in interpreting terms such as “hand” and “face,” using figurative language (majaz) to affirm God’s transcendence over anthropomorphism, grounded in Arabic linguistics, rhetoric, and principles of jurisprudence. Second, the study examines al-Razi’s dialectical approach to the disjointed letters (huruf muqatta‘a) at the beginnings of Quranic surahs, where he presents opposing views—whether they are divine secrets or carry comprehensible meanings—supporting each with textual evidence from the Quran and Sunnah, as well as rational arguments that foster critical thinking. This approach reflects his ability to create an intellectual dialogue that respects diverse perspectives. Third, the study focuses on al-Razi’s use of the philosophical imagination, which bridges the realms of the visible and the unseen by crafting mental images rooted in sensory perception and cognitive imagination, thereby deepening the understanding of ambiguous texts and ensuring their relevance across eras. The study adopts a critical analytical approach, analyzing al-Razi’s texts in Mafatih al-Ghayb, comparing his views with those of Islamic theological schools such as the Mu‘tazila and Ash‘arites, and examining the influence of linguistic and cultural contexts. The study concludes that al-Razi’s Subtract: al-Razi’s methodology represents a unique model in the Islamic tradition, blending linguistic precision, philosophical depth, and spirituality, rendering the Quranic text vibrant and relevant to contemporary contexts. The study contributes to reviving the Islamic heritage and activating it in contemporary intellectual discourse, emphasizing the role of interpretation as a bridge between the text and reality, and its capacity to deepen religious and intellectual awareness.

The study aimed to reveal the effect of the adaptive flipped learning strategy on developing cognitive flexibility among second-grade intermediate female students in biology. The study sample amounted to (71) students from Al-Khansa Intermediate School for Girls. An experimental design with partial control was adopted, which included two groups: experimental and control. The two groups were rewarded in a number of variables: chronological age in months, academic performance in the previous year, intelligence level, and parents’ academic achievement. To achieve the study’s goal and test its hypothesis, the researcher prepared a main tool represented by a cognitive flexibility scale consisting of (30) paragraphs in its final form, and the data were statistically analyzed using the t-test for two independent samples. The results showed statistically significant differences in favor of the experimental group, which learned according to the adaptive flipped learning strategy, compared to the control group, which was taught using the traditional method, on the cognitive flexibility scale.

This study aims to identify the level of personality maturity among students at Sumer University and to analyze the differences in this maturity according to certain demographic variables, such as gender, academic level, and major. The researcher used a descriptive-analytical approach, and a scale for mature personality was applied to a sample of students randomly selected from different colleges at the university.
The results showed that the level of mature personality was average among the majority of students, with statistically significant differences according to gender in favor of females. No significant differences were found according to academic level or major. The study concluded that it is important to enhance personal maturity skills through counseling and educational programs that focus on developing self-awareness, assuming responsibility, and making independent decisions.

The current research aims to identify the executive authority according to the Iraqi Constitution of 2005. The parliamentary system is one of the representative systems adopted by democratic countries. One of the principles upon which this system is based is the principle of dual executive authority, meaning that two individuals head the executive authority: the president and the prime minister, each exercising their powers independently. However, the powers of each differ from the other, as the prime minister enjoys broad primary and actual powers, while the powers of the president are restricted, both constitutionally and practically. Iraq adopted the parliamentary system after 2003 under the Transitional Administrative Law of 2004, as well as under the 2005 Constitution, which explicitly referred to the adoption of this system. The Iraqi Constitution of 2005 devoted Articles (66-86) to the executive authority, in which it clarified the conditions and powers of both the President of State and the Prime Minister. In order to understand the approach followed by the Iraqi Constitution in clarifying the conditions and powers of the executive authority and to clarify the ambiguity, problems and overlaps in the constitutional texts related to the subject, we decided that this research should be the subject of our research, and we addressed it in three sections. The first section dealt with the structure of the executive authority, and we divided it into two requirements. The first included a definition of the president, and the second requirement defined the ministry. As for the second section, we addressed the structure of the executive authority according to the Iraqi Constitution of 2005, and we talked in it about the President of the Republic, the Prime Minister and the formation of the executive authority. As for the third section, we devoted it to the powers of the executive authority according to the Iraqi Constitution of 2005, and we mentioned in it the powers enjoyed by the executive authority according to the Iraqi Constitution of 2005. In various fields, including politics, warfare, administration, judiciary, and legislation, we have outlined in the conclusion the most important findings and recommendations that we deem necessary to be taken into account when amending the Iraqi constitution.

This study investigates the impact of technological tools on English Language Learning (ELL) within Iraqi secondary schools. Even if technology›s potential is acknowledged, its successful introduction is marred by serious barriers there. Relying on a descriptive methodology which compiles recent literature, this study intended to find out the tools used, evaluate the effectiveness on language skills, in addition to exploring teachers And students› attitudes and some of the challenges Facing them. A scan of studies (e.g., Al-Fahad, 2015; Al-Fatlawi et al., 2022; Algarawi, 2022; Al-Jubouri, 2020; Al-Obaidi, 2023a, 2025; Hassan, 2023; Hussain, 2018; Hussein, 2024; Kareem, 2017; Mohammed, 2022; Mukhlif, 2022; Stockwell, 2013) reveals minimal and inconsistent use of technology, despite major infrastructure and resource challenges, including limited teacher training, insufficient devices, unreliable internet, and electricity outages. Although technology is often welcomed by teachers and students, adoption by teachers seems cautious due to low perceived competence (TPACK), lack of professional development and access. Technology, such as CALL, MALL, and blended learning, is believed to be of moderate effectiveness, mainly for vocabulary and receptive skills, but not so much for productive skills, such as speaking. On the positive side, students access an otherwise inaccessible space (either academically or physically), are motivated, and have time flexibility; while on the negative side, there are technical problems, students are distracted, and it is costly. Important recommendations were to invest in infrastructure, provide in-service pedagogical training (TPACK) for teachers, offer technical support, develop appropriate digital resources, listen to learners, and realize blended environments. Responding to systemic barriers is essential in order to leverage the power of technology to improve ELL outcomes in Iraqi secondary education.

Construction contractor liability insurance is a form of liability insurance, whereby the insurer undertakes to bear the guarantee and remedy the consequences of the insured risk by paying the insurance amount specified in the insurance policy or the compensation amount to the beneficiary. This insurance provides dual protection for the insurer, the insured, and the beneficiary alike, even though the latter is not a party to the relationship.
Since construction contractor liability insurance is a contract, it has the same characteristics as contracts in general. However, its special nature distinguishes it from other contracts, requiring specific procedures to be taken when concluding it, as the contract goes through a series of stages.

By examining the production of the conditions of renewal in the new science of theology of Sayyid Muhammad Baqir al-Sadr, which is scattered here and there in most of his books, we can discover basic methodological shifts, including: relying on the established Islamic principles, combining authenticity and modernity, facing modern intellectual challenges, using new methods for analysis and understanding texts as an integrated unit, understanding texts as an integrated unit, and addressing contemporary man in an understandable language, with To achieve these important methodological shifts that we detailed in the research, theology had to be renewed not only in research mechanisms but also in content and concepts, so that it can be said that (theology) has become, in its definition as a theory of man, life and revolution, the closest thing to a basis for renaissance, progress and change. But how do we study the serious contents and concepts resulting from the innovative method? Especially since the doctrine, in light of this new perspective, intersects with the worldview.

This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of the Collaborative learning strategy on the academic achievement of second-grade intermediate students in biology. The research sample consisted of (61) male students Al- Thawra Al-Arabia Secondary School for Boys in Tal Afar District, Nineveh Governorate (Tal Afar Education Department for the academic year 2024-2025). The sample was divided into two groups: an experimental group (30 students) taught using the Collaborative learning strategy and a control group (31 students) taught using the traditional method.
To achieve the research objective, the researcher prepared a multiple-choice achievement test comprising 30 items, validated for reliability, psychometric properties (difficulty index, discrimination index, and effectiveness of distractors). After implementing the experiment during the first semester and administering the test on (7/1/2024), data were analyzed using an independent samples t-test. The results revealed:
«A statistically significant difference (at α ≤ 0.05) between the mean scores of the experimental group (Collaborative learning) and the control group (traditional method) in favor of the experimental group».
Based on the findings, the study concluded with recommendations and suggestions for educational practice.

Repetition is an artistic phenomenon that has received great attention from rhetoricians and writers, who call it repetition, sometimes reiteration, or reiteration. In this research, we will examine morphological repetition, or what is called word repetition, where nouns or verbs are repeated in a single morphological pattern in the collection of poems by Al-Sharif Al-Murtada, the research sample. We will explore the morphological system that provides sublime aesthetic and expressive values to the artistic performance of language, whether this performance is poetry or prose. In light of our examination of this collection, we will uncover morphological repetition in its various forms.

This study aims to shed light on the phenomenon of violence against children, particularly non-verbal violence, and its negative impact on this vulnerable group. It also explores how this phenomenon is represented in Iraqi novels after 2003, based on the premise that literature reflects the social and human realities surrounding the writer.
Violence has long been rooted in Iraqi society; however, it witnessed a significant surge after the events of 2003, evolving into a widespread and dangerous collective phenomenon. Children, being the weakest and least capable of confronting life’s challenges, have borne a considerable share of this violence.
Childhood is considered a critical stage in human development, during which behaviors and habits are formed and often persist into adulthood. Moreover, children at this stage are highly dependent on others to meet their essential needs and sustain their lives.

There is no disagreement about the extraordinary encyclopedic mindset that the esteemed scholar Ibn Jin possessed; his star shone in the fourth century AH, which represented the peak of cultural brilliance and intellectual luxury. He presented us with diverse linguistic opinions, some of which followed in the footsteps of his predecessors, while he also distinguished himself with a set of innovative views that researchers cannot do without. Due to the abundance and richness of his linguistic opinions across all levels of language, I have decided in this article to shed light on a phonetic topic that he dedicated a chapter to in his book Al-Khasais, which he labeled (A Chapter on Shifting from the Heavy to What is Heavier as a Kind of Undue Lightness). This chapter fulfilled the Arab need for ease of speech and simplicity of articulation. The term that modern scholars have agreed to use, synonymous with the chapter above in which Ibn Jinni expressed his valuable phonetic opinions, is the term ‹phonetic deviation,› which represents an important phonetic law that many phonetic phenomena have adhered to, perhaps the most prominent of which is the phenomenon of substitution among letters to facilitate articulation and achieve phonetic harmony.

The Holy Qur’an is a magnificent book characterized by profound eloquence and a unique style. For this reason, scholars have delved deeply into its study and analysis, each extracting pearls of wisdom according to their own understanding. Sayyid Musa al-Sadr was deeply immersed in the Qur’an, uncovering diverse meanings with intellectual and educational depth. The interpretations varied according to the diversity of words in the Qur’anic chapters. Sayyid Musa interpreted the short surahs from the 30th part of the Qur’an, beginning with Surah An-Nas and ending with Surah Al-‘Alaq. His interpretation of the Basmala (In the name of God, the Most Compassionate, the Most Merciful) carried a new meaning that no one before him had proposed — as did his interpretations of other words. The researcher selected eleven specific words due to their novel and insightful connotations.

This study examines the use of augmented reality (AR) tools in teaching English idioms, using a quasi-experimental design to measure the impact of these technologies on student learning. The study focused on analyzing AR applications that enable the creation of interactive learning environments in foreign language learning. Analytical and practical approaches were employed by integrating AR applications into English idiom lessons. The sample included a group of learners who underwent a digital learning experience.
The results showed that employing AR tools enhances learners’ understanding of idioms and contributes to improving comprehension and recall skills by linking meanings to visual stimuli and interactive activities. The study suggests that incorporating AR technologies can be a valuable addition to foreign language teaching methods, particularly with regard to vocabulary and figurative expressions.