IRAQ JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH

The effect of roasting time on the quality of peeled and unsalted peanut seeds treated with microwave heating for (3, 4, 5 and 7 minutes). Color and taste of roasted seeds for 5 minutes were the most suitable for roasting. Partially defatted peanut flour (PDPF) was prepared from the previously roasted seed and applied in the preparation of low-Calories peanut butter (LCPB) product contained 20, 25 and 30% oil. No significant difference was observed between treatment contained 30% oil treatment and control sample .However peanut butter contained 20 and 25% oil was preferable as compared to control sample regarding to hardness. Other properties characterized showed no significant differences between 20 and 25 % oil treatment compared to control sample. The effect of addition of Tehinah contained 60% sesame oil to (LCPB) on its shelf life was studied during storage at room temperature up to 12 weeks. The results showed that the peroxide value of (LCPB) at the end of storage were 1.28, 1.30, 1.35 mM Eq. /kg compared to the peroxide value of control sample 1.10 mM Eq. /kg. This indicated that (LCPB) which contained 25% oil with addition Tehinah was the most appropriate combination to achieve the object of this study for being the closest to the commercial control sample.

The present study aimed to extract the mucilage from brown flaxseed locally cultivated in Iraq and analyze its chemical composition. The percentages of moisture, ash, protein, fat and total carbohydrate in raw flaxseeds were: 5.07, 3.80, 25.66, 40.20, 25.27%, respectively. The mucilage was extracted from defeated flaxseeds via three methods. The first (A) included extraction with boiled water, while ,the second method (B) included extraction with distilled water and pH adjustment to 9 at 25°C. The third method (C) uqriel with the latter by reducing pH to 4.8. The mucilages of each method were dried seperatly at 40°C for 24 hours. The dried products were grounded and kept in a sealed coutainer until used. The results of amino acids analysis for mucilage treatments showed that asparagen is the main amino acid in mucilage A, while tyrosine is the main amino acid in mucilages B and C, the values were:14.57, 11.51, 12.47%, respectively. The percentages of monosaccharides in mucilage A were: 11.22, 19.42, 18.38, 16.32, 8.92 and 5.4% for D-glucose, D-galactose, D-xylose, D-galacturonic acid, L-rhaminose and L-arabinose, respectively. The values for mucilage B were: 19.42, 10.36, 21.38, 21.34, 12.9 and 7.5%, respectively and for mucilage C were: 8.15, 10.46, 7.12, 19.14, 10.12 and 17.47%, respectively. The major minerals were magnesium, sodium, potassium and calcium for mucilage A were: 9.2, 154, 121.4 and 2.9 ppm, respectively and for mucilage B were: 1.8, 288, 16.1 and 0.82 ppm, respectively and for mucilage C were: 0.4, 360, 9.3 and 10.4 ppm, respectively. The results showed that mucilage A, B and C contain low amounts of micro elements iron as were: 0.18, 0.82 and 0.03 ppm, respectively and manganese, 0.27, 0.25 and 0.25 ppm, respectively.
The mucilages were used in processing of yoghurt. The sensory evaluation of treated yoghurt were significantly differed as compared with control, mucilage A being the best since it gained the highest score (91.82) for sensory evaluation. These results confirm the possibility of using flaxseed mucilage as stabilizer in processing of yoghurt.

The optimal condition for production of cellulose from local isolate Acetobacter xylinum FEA 48, isolated from date syrup vinegar were studied . The obtained results revealed that 4% fructose and 3% glucose were the best carbon sources, the produced cellulose were 4.75 g/l and 2.15 g/l respectively. It was also found that organic nitrogen was the best for producing cellulose, as yeast extract with 0.8% concentration represented best nitrogen source .The productivity was 6.5 g/l and 9.0 g/l using the aforementioned carbon source respectively.
The optimum temperature for cellulose production from the isolate was 30c◦, the optimum initial pH was 6.5 and 7 for both fructose and glucose media respectively. It was also found that using 60 ml of media contained fructose and 80 ml of media contained glucose resulted an increase in produced cellulose that valued 6.95 and 4.98g/l respectively. The effect of aeration on cellulose productivity was studied using shaking incubator at 150 RPM, and caused productivity drop for both fructose and glucose and valued 4.5 and 2.2g/l considering the above mentioned optimum condition. The effect of enrichment of production media with organic compounds that were ethanol, acetic acid, malic acid, succinic acid. It was found that 1.2% ethanol resulted high increase in produced cellulose that valued 12.9 and 10.5g/l for fructose and glucose respectively. It was also found that highest productivity was achieved on the fourth day of incubation in fructose media, the increase valued 36%. The optimum productivity with glucose media achieved at the third day of incubation and valued 38.8%.

Azospirillum brasilense and three isolates of Rhizobium spp.were used as dual biofertilizer for wheat with reducing in the chemical, fertilizer to 50% of the wheat fertilization recomandation the effect of these combinations of biofertilizers on wheat quality and rheological properties were conducted .
Results showed that the combination of Az.+RL2 was the best treatment for enhancing wheat quality parameters recorded such as protein 12.84 % ,ash 0.67% and dry glutein 9.44% in comparison with the control (100% chemical fertilization) which were 11.76%, 0.52%, 9.39 respectively. Rheolgical properties were also studied using farinograph, the results showed that the combination Az.+RL2 with 50% chemical fertilizer was computable as control in quality and reological properties with on significant differences

Azospirillum brasilense and three isolates of Rhizobium spp.were used as dual biofertilizer for wheat with reducing in the chemical, fertilizer to 50% of the wheat fertilization recomandation the effect of these combinations of biofertilizers on wheat quality and rheological properties were conducted .
Results showed that the combination of Az.+RL2 was the best treatment for enhancing wheat quality parameters recorded such as protein 12.84 % ,ash 0.67% and dry glutein 9.44% in comparison with the control (100% chemical fertilization) which were 11.76%, 0.52%, 9.39 respectively. Rheolgical properties were also studied using farinograph, the results showed that the combination Az.+RL2 with 50% chemical fertilizer was computable as control in quality and reological properties with on significant differences

Fifteen of locally isolates among 100 isolates were obtained from different sources of potato fields and storages in College of Agriculture and potato refrigerated storage in Abu –Grab markets. These isolates were distinguished as a clear colony, Shine leather surface, white -yellow color, rod and gram negative. These isolates were subjected to primary and secondary screening to obtain more efficient isolates that have high ability for producing asparagines. It was found that the isolate A88 had the highest enzyme activity and specific activity being 52.7 unit/ml and 8.0 U/ mg respectively, in comparison with isolate A73 which had the lowest of enzyme activity 33.4 U/ml and the specific activity was 1.1 U/mg. A morphological and Biochemical tests were performed for isolate A 88 to identify and evaluate it's origin.The results indicated that this isolate belong to Erwinia carotovora, and designated as Erwinia carotovora ssp. AH88.

This investigation was carried out to detect The effect of environmental conditions on bacteria ability (Pseudomonas fluorescenceSK) to degrade phenol as sole Carbone source was studied. The bacterial count increased from 122 x 104 to 187x104. The optimum incubation period was 48 hours at 25˚C and pH 7-8. The cultural media composed of mineral, phenol and yeast extract which was the best for bacterial growth and phenol consumption.

This study concenered of extract pectin from some fruit and vegetable and its waste such as Modification of pomegranates peel pectin highesterification by 3.5 and 4.5 N of hydrochloric acid and used ammonium hydroxide 1,2 N and study the chemical and physical properties of pectin.
The results showed that the best modification was in use of hydrochloric acid 4.5N compared to 3.5N through the properties of pectin to peel the pomegranate as shown free from ammonia and the percentage of moisture and ash 2.3 and 0.16%, respectively and total alkaline ash 24.2% and with a equivalent weight 450g/equivalent. Methoxeyl content and the degree of esterification of about 3.5% and 38%respectively, followed by the values of the force reduction 2.80equivalent/g. The content of thegalacturonic acid reached 50.6%, relative viscosity molecular weight 1.1237 and 120315 Dalton, respectively, and the setting time 11 min.
While at the modification ammonium hydroxide 1 and 2 N for the pectin peel pomegranate showed better adaptation using a phase standard ammonium hydroxide showed samples containing ammonia and high rates of moisture and ash 2.7 and 1.22%, respectively compared hydrochloric 4.5 N and with an alkaline 24.8 and weight of equivalent low 380g/equivalent, and content methoxeyl and the degree of esterification low 2.0 and either 26% power increase reductive 2.70equivalent/g The proportion of galacturonic acid while 41.4% showed the molecular weight andrelative viscosity100641 Dalton 1.0978. The microscopic examination of pectin showed a convergence of forms between them in terms of the size of pectin particle. Samples diagnosed infrared active groups the sample studied. The effect of addition of calcium ions to form gels was also studied the samples effect with calcium ion hydrochloric acid and pectin 4.5N ammonium hydroxide 2N where the best start for 24.3 mg calcium ions and low time 15min of the contract.

The chemical composition of grapes seed of black and white varieties was studied. The main compounds were as follows , 10.65 and 8.04%, moisture, 5.63 and 5.87% protiens,. 80.43 and 82. 21% carbohydrates, 0.36 and 0.39% fat. 2.93 and 3.49% ash, 60.72 and 67.83% fiber respectively.
Catechins were extracted separately with water from both varieties by (10:1), (water:solid) w/w respectively, filtered and concentrated by ethyl acetate (1:1) v / v respectively and dried at 40 C0.
The activities of both extracts towards seven bacterial types Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus cereus, Bacillus stearothermophilus, Escherishia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhimurium and Pseudomonas fluorescens and two type of yeast which were Candida albicans and Kluyveromyces marxianus. The diffusion method was employed.
The effect of three type of thermal treatments were examined that were HTST (72C0/15 seconds), Autoclaving (121C0/15 minutes) and cold pasteurization. both extracts showed positive results as for inhibitory effect toward gram positive and gram negative bacteria, Yeast showed less respond toward both extracts.

This investigation was carried out to utilize sheep tail fat for shortening processing. Sheep tail fat was mixed with linseed oil (ω3 source) and sesame oil (ω6 source).
Sheep tail fat was rendered to obtain fat that was separated into solid part and liquid part at 28ºc. The latter was used for shortening manufacture. Some preliminary trials were conducted to determine the optimum mixes for three oils sources that are sensory acceptable. The taste panel stated that the following mix represents the threshold for sensory rejection and composed of 60 part of liquid oil tail fat 1:20 part sesame oil 20 part linseed oil.
The tail fat characterized and contained large number of fatty acids with different ratio as the GLC revealed. The dominant fatty acids in descending orders were as follows: C 18:1, C16:0, C18:0, C18:2, C14:0, C16:1, C21:0, C17:0, cis-10-C17:1 and C18:3 while rated 44.2, 24.15, 9.53, 4.53, 3.55, 3.51, 2.8, 2.18, 1.35 and 1.25 %, respectively. Linseed oil contained highest amount of linolenic acid (C18:3) and rated 51.82%, followed by oleic acid (C18:1) with 19.62% and linoleic acid (C18:2) with 16.86%. While sesame oil had high linoleic acid content with 46.64% followed by oleic acid (C18:1) with 38.64%, palmitic acid (C16:0) with 7.45%, stearic acid (C18:0) 2.89% and linolenic acid (C18:3) 1.03%.
The physicochemical for raw tail fat, liquid tail fat, solid tail fat, linseed oil, sesame oil shortening contained 60% liquid tail fat. The following values were obtained. The refractive indexes at 40ºC were 1.4580, 1.4645, 1.4542, 1.4778, 1.4714 and 1.4699, The melting points were 41.3, 33.7, 46.2, 21.4, 12.7, and 30.2 ºC. The peroxide values were 0.92, 1.52, 0.97, 1.57, 1.13, 1.89 and equ.\kg oil.The free fatty acid were 0.12, 0.23, 0.13, 0.21, 0.16 and 0.22 mg. KOH|gm.The P-anisidinevalues 1.68, 1.80, 1.42, 1.77, 1.46 and 1.88 mole\kg oil. The Thiobarbituric acid values were 0.006, 0.008, 0.003, 0.01, 0.004 and 0.007 malonaldehyde\kg oil.

The qualitative chemical test of the active groups in the in the curcumin rhizomes (Curcuma longa L.) that extracted by Hot watery, ultrasonic and ethanolic alcohol. The results showed that the curcumin extracts contain the major active groups, while the extracts were varied with quantitatively and qualitatively in their active groups, and Tannic acid was further analyzed to determine their total phenolic content by using the Folin- Ciocalteau method, the ethanolic extract was exerted highest percent of total phenolic content, and the inhibitor activity of the curcumin plant extracts in some fungi tested strains, which includes Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus Flavus and Fussarium spp. using the agar diffusion method. It was noticed that the inhibitory activity was varied according to the extraction method and solvent employed methods and and the microorganism. The ethanolic extract of curcumin plant at 2.5% and 5% showed significant effect (P ≤0.05) in accordance to the two other extracts in the inhibition of the fungi tested isolates as the diameter of the growth areas of tested fungi isolates was 0, 0.66 and 0 mm, and 1.6, 2.83, 1.86 mm respectively and the Asp. flavus showed higher resistance in comparison to the other tested strains, and the ethanolic extract activity in concentration 1, 0.5 and 0.25% at alone in fungi tested isolates to select the optimums concentration to the activity and appeared with 1% concentration, and when treated with the grains samples that includes yellow maize, rice and pun nut that’s treatment with fungi cells in number 1x106cell/ mm2 for incubation 28 and 36 days at alone at 28 ±1 C° comparison with positive control samples, and Appeared don’t showed fungal growth that or differences in grain samples texture before incubation period for 28 days.

This study was carried out at the College of Agriculture and Forestry- University of Mousel to identify the phenolic compounds for ten plant species that used for plant identification. The crude lipid free extract was prepared by using soxhlet extraction with Petroleum ether and Ethanol. High performers liquid Chromatography (HPLC) was used to determine phenolic compounds in the extract. The results showed differences in the number of these phenolic compounds among the species, some of phenolic compounds were identified the remaining compounds were unknown, Glycosides, Salicylic acid was the highest percentage in Fabaceae, genus Onobrychis, three important phenolic compounds in the Poaceae varied according to the species including (Gallic acid, Coumarin, Hydroquinon, while in Rosaceae the results identified four types of phenolic compounds, three compounds were identified and were (Quercetin, Thymol and Hydroquinon). Quercietin was evidence between the two species of this family. These differences in chemical compounds could be used as an indicator for plant identification

This study has been performed to study the inhibitory effects of crude plant extracts of Taramira (Eruca sativa) leaves against some bacterial isolates represented by Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermids, Bacillus subtilis, Proteus vulgaris, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa in vitro. The results showed that percentages of essential chemical of Eruca sativa leaves which represented by moisture, total oil, total ash, crude protein, crude fibers, carbohydrates and caloric values in dry weight are: 6.68, 12.69, 16.6, 28.87, 13.8, 35.16 % and 370.33 kcal/100g, respectively, the percentages of some major and minor mineral elements of Eruca sativa leaves powder which represented by Mn, Fe, Cu, Pb, Cd and As, are: 0.223, 0.232, 0.035, 0.008, 0.0007 mg/g and 3.465 ppm, respectively, while Co did not appear in the Eruca sativa leaves. The aqueous extract of the plant was acidic, its pH 5.53. The results of initial detection (precipitation) showed that ethyl acetate and aqueous extracts of Eruca sativa leaves contain all active compounds represented by tannins, saponins, flavonoides, glycosides, phenols, terpenoids and sterols, while alcoholic and hexane extracts contain also the some compounds except saponins, hexane extract contains no phenols. Through the study of the effect of Eruca sativa leaves extracts against growth of bacteria in vitro a significant difference at the degree of freedom 0.05 was observed, It was found that ethyl acetate and alcoholic extracts more were effective on the bacterial species than the other remaining extracts against the growth of bacteria, inhibitory activity was of all bacterial species at a concentration of 3.125 mg/ ml and it was more effective on Escherichia coli for ethyl acetate and alcoholic extracts giving inhibitory zone estimated 14.5,15.5 mm respectively, while hexane and aqueous extracts were contrasted their influence against all bacterial species had been impacted Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa only at a concentration of 3.125 mg/ml and diameter 11 mm from the extract of hexane, while appeared the effect of the bacterium Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa were effected only at a concentration of 50 mg/ ml and diameter 15, 13 mm, respectively, Bacillus subtilis was not affected in all concentrations of aqueous extract. When measuring the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for each bacterial species at a concentrations of 6.25- 50 mg/ml for ethyl acetate and alcoholic extracts have high inhibitory activity compared with the other concentrations, but the hexane and aqueous extracts have affected bacterial species at 50- 100 mg/ ml, except for Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis, which was not affected by any of the concentrations of extracts.

Aim of the research: is to identify the relationship of each of the factors guiding and processing limitations of the scope of the spread of agriculture in greenhouses in the province of Najaf, which included the research community farmers all users of the system of agriculture in greenhouses in this province, and the sample consisted of 125 farmers , and to achieve this goal, a researchers a questionnaire and identified the factors guiding and processing factors and service factors related to the limited scale of the system of agriculture in greenhouses and collected data in a way the personal interview.
The results showed that the process of deploying a system of agriculture in greenhouses took place in the absence of the plan to deploy an integrated, which is the basis for building plans the activities of the publishing process (sub-plans), whether indicative or processing and lending, and their organizations and their linkages is the index in the publishing process and the standard basis for the evaluation and directed the basis for the activities and efforts of all as well as to it is the basis for the monitoring of the financial allocations needed, did not reach the peasants are all non Almtbakan system of agriculture in greenhouses so far to the decision to apply the system and that the peasants all Almtbakan system of agriculture in the greenhouses of who drop out and the ongoing application of the system did not apply the recommendations of the scientific mission in the management of this system that affect productivity. Accordingly, the researchers recommended the preparation of a development program for the dissemination of this agricultural system and activate the work of agricultural extension and provide technology greenhouses.

The aim of this research was to identify the training knowledge needs for the agricultural personnel in the field of sheep nutrition in An Najaf Al-Ashraf province. Identification the relationship between the levels of training knowledge needs for the agricultural employers and some independent variables (age, experience in the field of sheep nutrition, training courses in the field of sheep nutrition) were also involved. Furthermore, identification the extension problems faced by the agricultural personnel to make the producers more understand with sheep nutrition were included in this study. Data were collected from random samples harvested by proportional stratified sampling method, as 70% from 130 personnel working in the Agricultural Directorate and Extension Center in An Najaf Al-Ashraf province. Data analysis involved 91 personnel’s answers. To achieve these aims, a quadratic scale has been prepared to measure the training knowledge needs. The scale was composed of different categories (I don’t need, little need, medium need and great need). The highest score on the scale was 150, whereas, the lesser score was 32. The scale involved 36 items distributed on three different three main areas (essential knowledge in sheep nutrition, pre-mating nutrition and post-mating nutrition). Higher percentage of respondents (67.7%) was listed within the great training knowledge needs with average score of (88.01) the lesser percentage of respondents (9%) was listed within the little training knowledge needs with the average score of (36.62)
The study summarized that the general training knowledge needs for agricultural personnel in the field of sheep nutrition were medium. Many training courses in the field of sheep nutrition in An Najaf Al-Ashraf province are recommended via participation of all agricultural personnel regardless. These courses should be follow up, diagnose the outstanding.