Leadership Thought for Research and Studies

This study examines the dialectical relationship between fiscal sustainability and political stability in post-2003 Iraq, positioning both as interdependent pillars for modern state-building. It provides a critical analysis of Iraq’s experience within the constraints of a rentier economic model heavily dependent on oil revenues, and a fragmented political environment shaped by power-sharing arrangements and weak institutional capacities. The analysis demonstrates that the absence of sustained political stability, coupled with fragmentation of decision making centers, has impeded successive governments from adopting coherent and responsible fiscal policies. This dynamic has contributed to an expansion of recurrent expenditures, persistent budget deficits, and the erosion of non-oil revenues—ultimately locking public finances into a structural dependency on oil rents rather than leveraging them for productive development force. The findings further indicate that mismanagement of public resources, combined with entrenched corruption and inefficiencies, has undermined the legitimacy of state institutions and weakened public trust in the government’s capacity to allocate resources effectively. Employing a qualitative analytical methodology grounded in official data and reports of international institutions, the study elucidates the causal interplay between political configurations and economic outcomes in Iraq, revealing how the absence of institutional reform has disrupted the vital linkage between public finance and sustainable development objectives. The study concludes that Iraq’s fiscal crisis cannot be resolved through technocratic financial measures alone; rather, it requires a comprehensive political realignment that redefines institutional rules, enhances transparency and efficiency in Public Administration, and shields economic decision-making from factional interests. Genuine fiscal sustainability, the research argues, depends on the establishment of unified state authority, effective oversight and accountability mechanisms, and a stable institutional environment capable of translating fiscal resources into equitable growth and intergenerational development.

Although iraq has not yet joined the World Trade Organization, the agricultural sector is affected by the government support policy. The support policy (export support and local support, in addition to the issue of access to markets) is one of the most important issues facing any country to join the World Trade Organization. The main problem of the agricultural sector in Iraq is the weak competitiveness and penetration of international markets, which requires raising the competitiveness and addressing the imbalance in the agricultural trade balance in Iraq.

The budget is the most important strategic document for the state, as it is used to classify all State expenditures and revenues, in addition to setting economic and financial plans. In fact, it is considered the executive arm of the State’s national plan. Based on this, this research came to evaluate the three-year budget at the economic and financial level in the short and medium term, as a result of the Iraqi government’s reliance on a medium-term budget, This decision is considered a pioneering step in the Iraqi financial policy since the preparation of the first financial budget of the Iraqi state. Although preparing a medium-term budget carries with it many positives, these positives remain conditional on achieving a set of basic components and elements that are compatible with the implementation of this budget. The importance of the research stems from the importance of planning the general budget of the state, as preparing and implementing the general budget in an efficient manner will positively reflect economic growth and stability. The study concluded that the main objective of the Iraqi government in setting a medium-term financial budget was to overcome the problem of delays in approving the budget in many years. In fact, in certain years, Iraq was without a financial budget, which led to the procrastination of many economic plans in previous years. Hence, performance appraisal is a positive process, because it gives considerable importance for diagnosing problems and weakness points. Thus, outlining scientific indicators and budget assessment is essential identify alternative solutions for the country’s problems.

This research aims to provide a comprehensive analytical study of the Iraqi Development Road Project, also known as the Dry Canal, which represents an ambitious strategic initiative for Iraq to enhance its position as a regional and international trade and logistic hub. The study examines the geographical dimensions of the project, highlighting its vital route that connects the Grand Faw Port on the Arabian Gulf with Turkey and Europe through an integrated network of roads and railways. It also explores the strategic and economic significance of the project, including its expected role in diversifying the Iraqi economy, reducing dependence on oil, attracting investments, creating job opportunities, and shortening shipping times between Asia and Europe. In addition, the research analyzes the fundamental challenges that may hinder the implementation of the project, such as political instability, corruption, security threats, and regional disputes. The study concludes that the Development Road constitutes a historic opportunity for Iraq to transition towards a diversified and sustainable economy; however, its success remains contingent upon political will, security stability, Iraq’s ability to overcome challenges, and effective cooperation with regional and international partners in order to fully realize its geographical and economic potential.

The role of Communication and Media Commission (CMC) in regulating digital transformation through the preparation of regulations that regulate the work of information technology and communication (ICT) sector, which has become rapidly growing and developing, as it has affected most aspects of life. Due to the lack of an institution specialized in digital transformation in the country, and because the Communication and Media Commission (CMC) has Law 65 of 2004 in force. It is possible to fill the gap and take the regulatory role until an institution concerned with digital transformation is found, as well as legislating the necessary laws for information technology and the institution responsible for digital transformation. To highlight the importance of digital transformation in institutions, innovation and sustainable economy cannot be implemented without digital transformation.

This study seeks to implement the ration card automation system to measure citizens' satisfaction by simplifying procedures for citizens' transactions and for the purpose of delivering the ration share to those entitled to it, as automation and digital transformation of the ration and ration card distribution system are carried out by converting it from a traditional paper system to a smart electronic system. This includes developing a website and a mobile application for citizens, in addition to a comprehensive data center and specialized control panels for employees of the Ministry of Commerce. It also includes providing the necessary training for employees, technical support, citizen service around the clock, and a quick automated response service. Through automation, citizens can complete all ration procedures without the need to visit government institutions or stand in long queues. Instead of dealing with paper and moving among offices, the electronic system allows submitting applications and uploading documents easily online and from anywhere, whether from home or workplace. This transformation not only contributes to improving the user experience, but also enhances the efficiency of the services provided and helps achieve digital development goals.

This study explores the role of the Competition & Antitrust Council Sectors working in market supervision for the purpose of promoting fair competition and combating monopoly in Iraq. It sheds light on the regulatory, legislative, and applied challenges hindering the council's effectiveness, emphasizing the necessity to develop legislation, enhance coordination among Control agencies, and modernization of informatics systems to ensure achievement of the Council’s objectives. Drawing on global and regional best practices, the study proposes a series of recommendations aimed at improving the institutional performance and develop the strategic control organization of markets.

The digital challenge has posed a major challenge to countries and public policy makers from a security standpoint. Artificial intelligence is one of the products of that transformation as it is considered one of the most important recent challenges, as this dimension constitutes a serious threat to the national security of countries. Terrorist groups can exploit this dimension to attack the security of countries and threaten the lives of their societies. Thus, carrying out terrorist operations in this manner is a dangerous transformation and a major challenge to countries and security institutions. The use of artificial intelligence has made it much easier for terrorist groups to carry out their work, and thus the conflict has moved from being realistic to a virtual conflict. This places on countries very great responsibilities represented by the need to keep pace with technological development by creating administrative, security and military competencies that will take it upon themselves to confront this challenge, as well as paying attention to the international dimension by concluding regional and international partnerships with developed countries in this field to find modern formulas that would undermine this type of terrorism.

Contemporary studies in Islamic political thought address citizenship as a central concept in the construction of the modern state and a major axis in the organization of the relationship among the individual, society, and the state. Contemporary Islamic political thought emerges from the attempt to bridge between Islamic Shariah-based authority and modern state requirements. Islamic thinkers argue that citizenship does not conflict with Islamic values; rather, citizenship can be grounded in equality, justice, and respect for religion and cultural diversity within the framework of a unified Islamic identity. Different approaches emerge among those who adopt a traditional vision that emphasizes religious affiliation as the basis of political membership—and those who adopt an innovative vision who consider affiliation and participation in public interest a foundation for citizenship. Reformist currents also reinterpret classical notions such “Ummah,” “Dar, al-Islam,” and “al-wala’ wa al-bara’” in a way that aligns with the concepts of modern statehood and equal citizenship. Thus, citizenship in contemporary Islamic political thought represents a dynamic field of intellectual debate seeking to harmonize authenticity, modernity, identity and openness, religion, and the State.

Bosnia and Herzegovina has witnessed internal conflicts that have led to the deaths of approximately (100) thousand people, the injury and disability of approximately (200) thousand people, and the displacement of more than (2.2) million people. This conflict is considered one of the most violent events witnessed in Europe since World War II. Therefore, a solution to end this conflict was required, represented by the Dayton Peace Agreement of 1995. While this agreement contributed to halting the violent civil war, it established a complicated political system based on the principle of \\"ethnic power-sharing,\\" which produces dual outcomes. It may end the conflict and achieve a kind of peace, but it also freezes democratic dynamics and maintains the conflict of identities within the same State. Thus, even the resulting peace is fragile.

International trade contracts have occupied a significant status in societies taking into consideration their vital role in trade exchange, which requires establishing legal environment to resolve existing disputes among contractors and determine a law that is applicable to their contract. Autonomy of Will is the major regulation in designating the law applicable to international trade contracts, whether the choice of parties to the contractual relationships is explicit or implicit as inferred by the judge according to certain indicators. But when parties disagree on identifying the applicable law, here the judge’s role is highlighted to settle the dispute by depending on Rigid Rules of Conflict of Laws and Flexible Rules of Conflict of Laws. Rules of Conflict of Laws might specify the law applicable to international trade contracts, but the judge might refrain from applying it owing to a bar of application of foreign law.

The research examines the influential power of advertising media and its role in shaping audience awareness and guiding their behavior through the use of persuasive language and methods of visual and audio impressiveness. The researcher focuses on the fact that advertisements are no longer merely a means of displaying a product or service, but rather an intellectual and psychological tool capable of creating new needs in the recipient and building a specific mental image of the product or idea. The researcher reviews the concept of media persuasion language as it is the language that blends logic and emotion; it is based on effective words, vocal tone, visual suggestions, and symbolic movements that touch the recipient’s feelings and unknowingly affect her/his decisions. The research also addresses artistic and technological methods, such as high definition image, harmonious colors, creative direction, and rapid montage, as well as leveraging music and special effects that enhance the power of the message and make it more memorable. The researcher believes that modern advertising media is based on the integration of art and technology, leading us to the main research question: To what extent are advertisements, across various media outlets, able to achieve the desired impact on the target audience? Taking advantage of the digital revolution and social media to expand the scope of influence and make the future part of the advertising experience through interaction and participation. It emphasizes that the success of advertising depends on its credibility and attractiveness. The research reviewed the importance of advertising media in the modern era, the psychological foundations of advertising, audience targeting strategies, and the analysis of some important advertising samples. It also reviewed future trends in advertising media, and emphasized that a successful advertiser and producer is one who can balance intellectual persuasion with visual appeal, so that formal influences do not overwhelm the content. The research also indicates that a strong advertising message is one formulated according to a deep understanding of communication psychology and based on a study of the target audience in terms of age, culture, and interests, making the influencing process more precise and effective. All of this led the researcher to many important research findings, perhaps the most prominent of which is that effective advertising achieves a balance between strong writing and creative ideas, so that neither outweighs the other. This balance has been conveyed in more than one way, and is particularly reflected in the McDonald’s advertisement. He concludes that the art of influence in advertising is no longer random, but rather a science based on analyzing language, image, and emotion, and employing technology to create an integrated visual and mental experience that simultaneously convinces and astonishes the recipient.

In this research, we reviewed the electronic crimes involved through social media websites. In addition, the research dealt with criminal policy and its definition in terms of terminology and language, as well as we explained in this research the legal materials in this regard and presented the results and made some recommendations, and that the study titled (the relationship of criminal policy in electronic blackmail inside Iraq) was an important study because of the importance of this topic and direct contact with Iraqi society.