Journal of Almaarif University College

This research addresses the topic of the sanctity of public funds in light of the Prophetic Sunnah and Islamic Sharia, as it is one of the fundamental issues that touch on the essence of justice and public rights in Islam. Islamic law emphasizes the necessity of safeguarding public wealth and strictly prohibits any form of transgression against it, considering it a form of ghulul (embezzlement), for which severe warnings have been mentioned in both the Qur’an and the Sunnah. The study focuses on clarifying the concept of public funds, distinguishing them from private property, and highlighting their importance in ensuring state stability and achieving the welfare of society. It also examines Prophetic texts and statements of the Companions that emphasize the inviolability of Muslims’ wealth, particularly state-owned assets, where negligence in their protection is considered a breach of trust. The research also discusses the Sharia-prescribed penalties for transgressing public funds, and the individual and societal consequences of such violations. It shows how Islamic law established strong safeguards to protect public wealth—through deterrent warnings, as well as through mechanisms of accountability and oversight. The study concludes that the Prophetic Sunnah complements the Holy Qur’an in stressing the sanctity of public funds, and that preserving them is one of the higher objectives (maqāṣid) of Islamic law, given its vital role in maintaining public order, promoting justice, and preventing financial and administrative corruption.

Praise be to Allah, and may blessings and peace be upon His Prophet and Chosen One, his family and companions, and those who follow his path until the Day of Judgment. This research consists of an introduction and four chapters. The first chapter defines some of the terms used in the title, and consists of two sections. The first defines the terms used in the title. The second section examines the categories of trust sales and defines each category. The second section examines issues of murabaha sales. The second section examines issues of tawliyyah sales. The third section examines issues of lowly sales. Finally, I conclude with a conclusion and a list of references and sources used in this research.

The nature of this research falls within the framework of applied linguistic studies, as it takes Ka'b ibn Malik's poem "On the Day of the Trench" as the subject of morphological and syntactic analysis. It explores the semantic dimensions generated by the linguistic structure of the text by examining the word forms and their structures, and linking them to the meanings and connotations they convey within the poetic context. It is therefore a descriptive and analytical study that aims to demonstrate the role of morphological and syntactic structures in enriching and directing poetic meaning, and to demonstrate the impact of semantics on poetic texts. The study relied on the descriptive and analytical approach, observing morphological and syntactic phenomena in the poetic text, analyzing them according to established linguistic rules, and then deducing their contribution to constructing meaning. The research tools consisted of the poetic text under study, in addition to a number of authentic linguistic sources, such as: Al-Kitab by Sibawayh, Al-Shafiyyah by Ibn al-Hajib, Al-Munsif by Ibn Jinni, and Sharh Shafiyyah by Ibn al-Hajib by al-Istrabadi, as well as modern references in semantic, morphological, and syntactic studies. I reached the following results: First: The morphological weights used by the poet strengthen and reinforce the meaning in the recipient’s mind. The poet used simple triliteral verbs to reflect simplicity and clarity in the events. Second: The poet used augmented verbs to reflect complexity and detail in the events and to highlight the great challenges faced by Muslims. Third: The poet used the present tense to emphasize continuity. He used the negative present tense verb with "ma" in the phrase "ma nawadi'" to indicate the present, and he used the present tense verb with "lam" in the phrase "lam yahfiz" to indicate the past. Fourth: The poet used the conjunction in his poem to demonstrate his skill in using this technique, to show the connection between the verses, and to reinforce the meanings and feelings. It also lends the text a musical and aesthetic effect, making the text more impactful for the recipient.

The research, entitled (The Reasons for Exaggeration in Andalusian Poetry), deals with exaggeration as an ancient artistic phenomenon used by poets to exaggerate expression and exceed the limits of reason to attract the recipient's attention. The research is divided into two sections: The first: Political reasons, such as the tyranny of rulers, suppression of freedoms, fluctuations of power, and the deterioration of conditions in the late Almohadeen era, which prompted poets to exaggerate in praising the rulers in the hope of gifts and fear of punishment. The second is characterized by social reasons, which included: tribal boasting, poverty, multiple sects, alienation, and poets being influenced by the beauty of nature. The corruption of society led poets to feel despair, which prompted them to exaggerate in depicting reality, whether in praise or criticism. The combined political and social conditions made exaggeration a prominent artistic and expressive tool in Andalusian poetry.

Pain is the emotional feeling that moves the poet. It is like fuel for the poet’s psyche. The more his pain increases, the thinner and thicker his poetry becomes. It is as if it is fuel that moves his poetic heart. The motive for pain in poetry is many things. There is no doubt that pain in some philosophical schools of thought has a great benefit. It is What happened to our poet, from the womb of pain and suffering his poetry was born. He was in love with a Christian woman and she abstained from him because of her love for her religion, so he continued to wander in her and flirt with her, and he showed that state of pain, and although poets show pain at death, our poet was not one of them. Poets of lamentation. I only came across one poem in lamentation for Al-Mu’tasim’s mother only. Nothing hurt him as much as that woman’s refusal from him. He even called her Nuwara from the Fire, as if a fire had ignited in his heart with her love.

The aim of the current research is to evaluate the Arabic language book for the second intermediate grade from the point of view of teachers in Anbar Governorate, for the academic year 2022-2023. The researcher used the descriptive approach, and the research sample consisted of male and female Arabic language teachers for the second intermediate grade. To achieve the research objectives, the researcher selected a sample of (175) male and female teachers, and constructed a questionnaire consisting of (36) paragraphs distributed over seven areas, and it was distributed to the members of the research sample after ensuring its validity and reliability. The researcher relied on statistical methods, namely the weighted mean, percentage, and percentage weight, to deal with the research results statistically. The research results concluded that the content of the book did not take into account the mental levels and age group of second intermediate grade students.

The poet's interest in the openings with which he begins his poetic texts is evident, as he seeks to gain the audience's admiration and convince them, since this is the essential basis for the acceptance of any literary work. What the creator offers in structured words is subjected to the audience's scrutiny because it serves as the measure for evaluating creative works. Therefore, the acceptance or rejection of texts is dependent on them, highlighting their role and mission in persuading and accepting these works. One of the necessities that the audience must possess is the ability to imagine the verbal images that the poet aims to portray in the opening of these texts, allowing them to accept these works. When the imagery improves and beautifies in the audience’s imagination, they become more inclined to engage with it and enjoy reading these texts. This is what poets strive for by placing considerable effort and attention in ensuring that the openings of the poems contain imagery that resonates with the reader's emotions. This is particularly emphasized by Andalusian poets, particularly the poet Safwan bin Idris. We notice this through the ongoing reading of his poems in his Diwan. This study highlights the importance of these necessities and the imagination in the audience in order to comprehend the imaginative image presented by the poet.

Education Outside the Classroom (EOTC) is a teaching method in primary schools in which teachers move some of their mandatory curriculum-based learning activities to settings outside the classroom, such as parks, museums, school grounds, and even factories. Many subjects can be taught in this way, and EOT can generally be considered school-based learning in outdoor settings. EOT is characterized by inquiry-based, place-based teaching that complements classroom lessons and often incorporates teaching methods such as group work, cooperative learning activities, a focus on practical skills, physical activities, and play and games. It has measurable social, emotional, academic, and well-being benefits and should be integrated into every child's school experience, taking into account their local context. Teacher education and training throughout their academic careers should focus on how to use natural environments effectively for learning. The value of natural environments in developing children's self-identity and social skills has long been recognized, and the potential of nature-related outdoor learning for academic outcomes has recently been explored. Connecting children to natural spaces has been shown to benefit their physical and mental health; however, the usefulness of nature-linked outdoor environments as a setting for formal and informal learning has yet to be clearly established. The aim of this overview was to analyze international evidence on regular, nature-linked outdoor learning and its benefits for personal and social development, well-being, and academic progress.

Poetry is one of the most prominent forms of human expression, reflecting individual and collective concerns, joys, and sorrows, while also portraying the political and social transformations experienced by societies. Both the Arab and Kurdish peoples have long relied on poetry as a vital means of expressing their inner worlds and communal experiences. One of the notable artistic features shared by Arabic and Kurdish poetry is the phenomenon of repetition, which plays a significant aesthetic and semantic role in shaping poetic texts. This study explores the use of repetition in the poetry of two leading figures: The Palestinian poet Mahmoud Darwish and the Kurdish poet Hemn Mukriyani, examining how this stylistic device functions within their respective poetic structures. The research aims to uncover the functions of repetition in the works of both poets and to analyze its impact on the structure of the poem and its ability to convey emotion and cultural identity.

Andalusian poetry is considered a rich field for the manifestations of human emotion, where heartbeats merge with personal concerns, the passions of love, and the representations of longing. This produced a poetic discourse charged with emotion and symbolism. At the heart of this creation, emotions emerge as existential echoes that express loss, longing, passion, and sometimes rebellion and brokenness.

Time and place are considered among the most important elements on which the novel depends, because they contribute to the course of its events and their close relationship with the rest of its elements on the one hand and its themes on the other. This research deals with the elements of time and place, revealing their semiotics and their relationship to violence in the novel *The Mountains We Carry*. This study was conducted through two main sections: The first section: The semiotics of time in terms of flashback and anticipation, in addition to studying narrative time techniques such as acceleration and narrative frequency. The second section was about the semiotics of spatial patterns that fall under the category of closed and open space and their semiotic significance.

The world today is witnessing an unprecedented advancement in technology, with Artificial Intelligence (AI) emerging as one of the most influential fields shaping the balance of international power. AI is no longer merely a tool for enhancing efficiency or accelerating processes; it has evolved into a strategic element that impacts national security, the global economy, and the foreign policies of states. In this context, major powers such as the United States, China, and Russia are racing to develop AI technologies as a means to achieve technological and military superiority, reshaping the global order and redistributing influence among nations. Advancements in AI enhance states' ability to improve their defense systems, develop autonomous weapons, and collect and analyze vast amounts of data to strengthen decision-making. It also has a direct impact on the economy by boosting productivity, fostering new industries, and controlling data markets. Consequently, countries that lead in this field enjoy significant strategic and economic advantages that reinforce their position on the global stage. This study aims to explore the geopolitical and strategic implications of AI by analyzing how this technology is altering the balance of international power and examining the key challenges and opportunities it presents. Additionally, the study delves into the technological rivalry among major powers and the impact of AI on national sovereignty, human rights, and cybersecurity.

Irony is a beautiful rhetoric form in which a hidden meaning contrasts to the apparent meaning. Irony often requires the use of reasonable and deep insight, to understand and reveal its effects, and to determine the difference between the apparent meaning and the hidden meaning buried deep in the text and its far-reaching effects. This study is a serious attempt to observe the phenomenon of Irony or Paradox, the word and its opposite in the literary writings of Azad Anz, one of the most prominent and different writers of Syrian Kurdish. His writings are characterized by their openness and freedom from the restrictions of the poetic column and without weight and rhyme. This style of writing has enabled the author to beautifully express the inner contradictions and mental conflicts that plague ordinary people in a paradoxical way. God willing, in this study, we will try to observe and analyze these paradoxes.

Pain is the emotional feeling that moves the poet. It is like fuel for the poet’s psyche. The more his pain increases, the thinner and thicker his poetry becomes. It is as if it is fuel that moves his poetic heart. The motive for pain in poetry is many things. There is no doubt that pain in some philosophical schools of thought has a great benefit. It is What happened to our poet, from the womb of pain and suffering his poetry was born. He was in love with a Christian woman and she abstained from him because of her love for her religion, so he continued to wander in her and flirt with her, and he showed that state of pain, and although poets show pain at death, our poet was not one of them. Poets of lamentation. I only came across one poem in lamentation for Al-Mu’tasim’s mother only. Nothing hurt him as much as that woman’s refusal from him. He even called her Nuwara from the Fire, as if a fire had ignited in his heart with her love.

This research examines the impact of taxes on the Iraqi national economy by analyzing their impact on key economic activities such as production, consumption, and investment. It also examines the challenges that hinder the efficiency of the tax system. The research highlights the weak contribution of taxes to public revenues compared to oil revenues, the absence of tax justice, and widespread tax evasion. The research concludes that administrative, legislative, and structural reforms, along with improving collection and oversight mechanisms, are necessary to strengthen the tax system, reduce dependence on oil, and achieve financial stability.

The positive behavior of the accused has a significant impact on the variance of punishment. Among these behaviors is mitigating the harmful consequences of the crime he committed. The desired behavior of the offender may be embodied in repairing the damage caused by his crime or restoring the situation to what it was before the crime. If the above is achieved, the accused is entitled to compensation related to the punishment, which may be embodied in stopping legal proceedings against him in the criminal case, stopping the execution of the judgment issued therein, or by exempting him from the punishment or reducing it.

Physics is considered one of the foundational scientific subjects that plays a pivotal role in developing students' cognitive abilities and their analytical and interpretative skills. Understanding physical phenomena requires logical reasoning and advanced quantitative thinking, which contributes to achieving academic success in various scientific fields. However, the educational reality in Iraq presents significant challenges, as there is a noticeable decline in student interest in learning and understanding physics, reflecting a weakness in the associated cognitive skills, such as quantitative sensibility. Previous educational reports and studies have revealed a close relationship between the development of quantitative thinking and better performance in physics, as improving quantitative sensibility skills aids students in solving physical problems with confidence and efficiency. Through the researcher’s field experience and direct observations in Iraqi high schools, it was noted that a significant number of students are reluctant to engage with complex physical problems requiring quantitative reasoning and high-level logical thinking, indicating a need for a deeper study of this phenomenon. Consequently, this research aimed to explore the relationship between quantitative sensibility and physics thinking skills among secondary school students (scientific branch) in Iraq, utilizing a correlational descriptive methodology to achieve this goal. After developing two separate scales—one to measure quantitative sensibility and the other for physics thinking skills—the research results indicated a statistically significant correlation between the two, highlighting the importance of enhancing quantitative abilities in students to support their achievement in physics. Based on this, the research recommended the necessity of integrating interactive teaching strategies that contribute to developing quantitative thinking within physics curricula, as well as suggesting the development of training programs for teachers to enhance these skills among students and deepen their understanding of physics concepts, ultimately leading to an inevitable increase in academic achievement and preparing students to face future scientific challenges.

The aim of this research is to assess the impact of digital transformation on the financial performance efficiency of Iraqi commercial banks, focusing on three main dimensions of digital transformation: technological infrastructure development, enhancement of the digital customer experience, and automation of operational processes. The research adopts a descriptive-analytical methodology that combines both quantitative and comparative approaches, based on a quantitative analysis of secondary financial data from a sample consisting of "Al-Rafidain" and "Al-Rasheed" banks for the period from 2014 to 2023. The data is derived from annual financial reports, official databases, and published economic indicators. On the statistical side, the research employs a multiple regression model to examine the causal relationship between digital transformation variables and financial performance indicators. Additionally, the non-parametric Mann-Whitney test is used to uncover significant differences between the two banks. The results show a statistically significant positive relationship between digital transformation and improved financial performance. Operational process automation had the greatest impact on enhancing profitability (β = 0.51) and reducing expenses (β = -0.49), followed by technological infrastructure development, and then the digital customer experience. The comparison also highlights the superiority of Al-Rasheed Bank due to its intensive investment in advanced digital solutions, with statistically significant differences (p < 0.05) noted for the ROA and CIR indicators. The study recommends the need to develop technological structures, unify regulatory frameworks, and adopt emerging technologies to maximize the benefits of digital transformation in Iraqi banks.

The research aims to measure and analyze the impact of the economic failure trilogy (poverty, unemployment, and corruption) on the migration of Iraqi talent during the period (2006-2023). To achieve the research objectives and prove its hypothesis, the researchers adopted an approach that combines descriptive and analytical methods to investigate the nature of the relationship between the economic failure trilogy and the migration of Iraqi talent. The inductive approach based on economic measurement was used by applying the autoregressive variable-lag (ARDL) model to measure the impact of the economic failure trilogy on the migration of Iraqi talent during the period (2006-2023), based on (Eviews.9). The long-term results also showed a direct and significant relationship between talent migration and each of the rates of corruption, unemployment, and poverty. It was found that a one-unit increase in the corruption rate leads to an increase in talent migration by (0.680), which reflects the impact of corruption on the deterioration of the institutional environment and the decline in fair job opportunities, thus pushing talent to emigrate. The results also showed that a rise in the unemployment rate leads to an increase in brain drain by 0.053, which is consistent with the economic vision that views unemployment as a primary driver of skilled migration in search of better job opportunities. The results also revealed that a one-unit increase in the poverty rate leads to an increase in brain drain by (0.203), in light of deteriorating living conditions and the desire to improve the standard of living. These long-term equilibrium relationships confirm the validity of the research hypothesis and support the economic interpretation of the brain drain phenomenon. Among the most important recommendations of the research is the provision of a set of strategies that can help break the vicious cycle of economic failure. This can be achieved by moving towards structural reforms in economic sectors, in addition to developing oversight and accountability systems to reduce the rampant corruption in the country, and developing programs to provide job opportunities.

This research aims to identify the impact of climate on human comfort and its relationship to traffic accidents in Anbar Governorate, by studying data on climate elements (climatic indicators), and trying to reveal how they affect the three elements of traffic accidents: (human, road, vehicle). Climate has a clear impact on whether a person feels comfortable or not, depending on the place where he lives and its climatic conditions. People respond to changes in weather conditions, but to varying degrees and in multiple ways. Some climatic elements and phenomena play an important role in a person\'s feeling of comfort or discomfort, such as temperature, humidity, wind speed, condensation patterns, etc. The research concluded that the climate factor has a clear impact on human comfort or discomfort according to the climatic indicators used, and this is greatly reflected in the occurrence of traffic accidents and the variation in their monthly numbers in Anbar Governorate from time to time, due to the prevailing climatic conditions there.

This study shows the geographical distribution of the printing industry in the city of Hit, focusing on its spatial pattern, number, area, workforce, capital investment, and machinery costs. The research highlights the significance of understanding these aspects to identify strengths, weaknesses, and opportunities for future growth in the sector. A descriptive and analytical methodology was adopted to examine the spatial concentration of printing presses in the city, alongside the geographical, economic, and social factors influencing their distribution. The study aims to provide valuable insights for decision-makers, investors, and researchers, contributing to the formulation of strategic development and investment plans. Given the limited size of the population only six printing presses, all operating in the private sector. the study employed a comprehensive survey and a structured questionnaire to collect data. The first printing press, named Al-Urjuan, was established in 2017. These six presses collectively employ 17 workers. The total cost of machinery is estimated at 30 million Iraqi dinars. The absence of public-sector printing presses and the prevalence of limited capital investment characterize the sector in Hit. The study concludes with a set of recommendations aimed at enhancing the development and spatial organization of the printing industry in the city.

Numerous English-speaking countries have implemented cooperative learning (CL) across various educational levels. Cooperative learning is an instructional strategy where students work in small, structured groups to achieve common academic goals, promoting interdependence, accountability, and social skills. Research indicates that students engaged in cooperative learning report reduced feelings of alienation, increased calmness, and balanced academic and emotional outcomes across classrooms. In Iraq, cooperative learning has not been widely adopted to teach English speaking skills to postgraduate students, prompting this study to explore its potential. The primary aim of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of cooperative learning in enhancing English speaking proficiency among Iraqi postgraduate students and to assess its impact on their perceptions of the learning process. This study employs a quantitative research methodology. Data were collected using adapted questionnaires distributed among 20 students based on their proficiency in speaking English from the Department of English, the Faculty of Modern Language and Communication of the University of Putra Malaysia participated in this research. A postgraduate programme of men and women aged 22 to 30 years of age constituted the samples of this study. The research settings included urban university campuses with diverse student populations. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Sciences) to determine frequency and percentage distributions. The findings revealed that 78% of participants expressed a positive attitude toward implementing cooperative learning in the university system, with 65% reporting improved confidence in English speaking skills due to the collaborative approach. Additionally, 82% of participants indicated that cooperative learning positively shaped their perceptions of the learning process. In conclusion, the study demonstrates that cooperative learning significantly enhances English speaking proficiency and fosters positive student perceptions among Iraqi postgraduates. A key implication is the need for Iraqi universities to integrate cooperative learning strategies into English language curricula to improve academic outcomes and student engagement.

This study examines how gender affects EFL students' communication strategies (CSs) at Iraqi universities. While communication strategies are crucial in overcoming language breakdowns during interaction, there remains limited research on how male and female learners differ in their application of these strategies, particularly in the Iraqi context. To fill this gap, the study investigates how male and female students employ CSs in spoken interactions. The study examines how male and female students differ in their use of CSs in spoken interactions employing Dörnyei's (1995) taxonomy for their categorization. A total of 40 participants, third- and fourth-year, English department, University of Anbar., Iraq. —20 males and 20 females are recruited using a stratified random sampling method. Interviews were used to collect data, which was then quantitatively examined. The findings show notable differences in the frequency and type of strategies used by both genders. Female students characteristically rely more on message abandonment, topic avoidance, appeal for help, and fillers, whereas male students exhibit greater use of approximation, circumlocution, and non-linguistic signals. The study shows the significance of gender-specific teaching methods in Iraqi higher education settings by highlighting how sociocultural norms and gender roles influence language use purposefully and have an impact on EFL instruction. Teachers are recommended to understand how gender affects communication skills to meet the needs of both male and female language students.

This study investigates how Iraqi EFL learners perceive English gliding vowels. The major goal is to determine the difficulties that learners struggle with when perceiving gliding vowels and come up with rank order that shows the nature of difficulties and to what extent these difficulties are interpreted based on L1 transfer. Although gliding vowels are fundamental in English phonology, their perception by Arabic-speaking learners particularly Iraqis remains poorly studied. To do this, thirty Iraqi learners from the University of Anbar, College of Education for Women, English language department. To exclude the potential effects of gender and age factors, all participants were females and ranged in age from 19 to 25. They participated in a perception test that featured 107 English words, each has one gliding vowel. The words were pronounced by a native speaker, recorded and played for the learners, who are supposed to listen and choose a word from a group of four written words. After gathering the responses, the data were statistically analyzed to find out which vowels were most frequently misidentified. Overall, the perception test findings showed a significant range in learners' ability to distinguish between various English gliding vowels. Some vowels were constantly accurately heard, while others presented substantial difficulty to the participants. The study found that certain vowels, particularly/oɪə/, /əʊə/ and /ɪə/, caused more confusion than others, while other vowels like /aɪ/ and /eɪ/ were among the easiest for learners to perceive. The learners' inability to perceive some diphthongs and triphthongs, especially those that are not present in their L1 inventory, indicates that native language phonology has a significant influence. This study offers a unique contribution by emphasizing specifically on the perception of English gliding vowels among Iraqi EFL learners, an area that has received little prior attention. The PAM and SLM framework are supported by these results, which emphasize the necessity of focused auditory training. Thus, to reduce the perceptual gaps, it is advised that Iraqi learners get EFL instruction that includes comparative phonetic analysis and targeted listening activities

A very successful tactic for influencing customer behaviour is hypnotic language, which is founded on subliminal influence and indirect suggestion. This study aims to examine the hypnotic language strategies used in KFC written advertisements and explore how well hypnotic language strategies work to change consumers' perceptions about the KFC brand. To achieve the objective of the study, Milton Erickson's (1979) hypnosis model has been adopted. Erickson's approach is an indirect form of hypnosis that uses linguistic patterns to communicate with the unconscious mind and influence cognition and behavior. The study uses Erickson's linguistic patterns, such as presuppositions, embedded commands, analogical marking, metaphors, and tag questions, to examine the verbal strategies used in KFC advertisements. The study highlights the modality-specific application of hypnotic language techniques in advertising. The findings suggest a differential application of these strategies, with analogical marking often emphasizing key words, embedded commands strategically prompting actions, presuppositions shaping consumer perception, and metaphors linking product benefits with consumer aspirations. Tag questions are used implicitly to be understood through context, while storytelling is primarily used in KFC's television advertisements.

Poetry, as a literary genre, is difficult to understand due to its distinctive features, including linguistic economy, sound devices, elliptical syntax, symbolism, metaphors, and intertextuality, which make its language unique. In most cases, understanding poetry relies on cultural and biographical contexts, which can make it challenging to comprehend without familiarity with these elements. In light of this, the current study is intended to contextualize selected poems by Anne Carson. It aims to demonstrate how contextualization enhances the understanding of the semantic complexity embedded in the complex language of Carson's poetry by placing her work within various contexts. The study is a qualitative research design utilizing documentation as an instrument for data collection. To achieve the objective of the study, two poems, "Nighthawks" and "Automat," have been selected from Carson (2000) collection Men in the off Hours using a purposeful sampling method. The study adopts Lawal's (2012) Aspect of Pragmatic Theory as a model for the analysis and it covers the types of contexts identified in this model including linguistic, situational, psychological, social, sociological, and cosmological contexts. The data obtained was analyzed using a qualitative content analysis method. The study reveals that Carson's Hopper-inspired poems encapsulate the American sociocultural and historical context of the early and mid-20th century. Furthermore, Carson's intentional manipulation of syntax, grammar, and punctuation often reflects uncertainty and disconnection, enhancing the themes of isolation, loss, alienation, and exploitation during war and industrialization. Finally, the cosmological context reveals that the themes of the poems go beyond personal experiences to tackle more significant questions about the nature of time, life, and the universe.

This paper critically investigates how women's empowerment is represented in Henrik Ibsen's A Doll's House. The problem raised in the study is the absence of discourse-based examination of how language in A Doll's House defines or constructs women’s empowerment. The study aims to examine the linguistic devices and discursive strategies employed to shape and undermine gender and power dynamics, especially with regard to Nora Helmer's role. Using qualitative method, 8 extracts were collected purposively from the paly A Doll's House. Adopting Fairclough's (2003) Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) approach, the data were analyzed qualitatively. The results reveal that in a patriarchal context, discursive reconfigurations of identity and authority along with narrative development help facilitate the empowerment of people. They show how Ibsen's language simultaneously criticizes and undermines prevailing gender ideologies by setting the text within its socio-cultural and ideological context. The study extends the use of CDA in feminist literary studies and contributes to the corpus of current work by presenting a linguistically based analysis of empowerment in literary discourse.

Many efforts have been made to translate the Holy Quran into various world languages, and many motives and objectives were behind these efforts. Some of them have attempted to distort the Quranic text, while others have strived to convey this message to non-Arab and non-Muslim readers. Over the centuries, the Quranic text has been subject to extensive Western, Orientalist, and other studies. Many Orientalists have produced translations of it in various languages, some of which have been successful, but many have failed to live up to the language and style of the Quran. Among these translations is that of the French Orientalist Kazimirski, which, although considered by some to be a good translation, is plagued by numerous flaws that the reader, from the first surah, can identify by comparing it with the original text. The translation of many words with Islamic connotations is inconsistent, with lexical and grammatical errors, in addition to the literal translation of many vocabulary terms, including altering the length and brevity of Sūrahs and changing the numbering of verses. These flaws diminish the beauty of the translation and affect its credibility, thus failing to convey the true meanings of the Quranic verses. Although he was able in some instances to accurately render the original text into the target language, he was unsuccessful in most instances. His translation appeared to have been hastily prepared without the aid of dictionaries and glossaries specialized in the language of the Quran or commentaries that would facilitate a precise understanding of the Quranic text.

Black people are mindful of what it means to be black in relation to whiteness, which is known as black consciousness. They are aware to white man's strategies of marginalizing and domesticating women due to their blackness and gender. The narratives of racial discrimination against the black women and the essentialist thought of domesticating them with their counter narratives are not investigated in Maya Angelou's poetry in light of the Critical Race Theory and Critical Race Feminism. Thus, this paper aims at examining the narratives of racial discrimination and essentialism against black women and their counter narratives in Maya Angelou's selected poems in light of the CRT's tenet of intersectionality and CRF’s tenet of anti-essentialism. The selected poems "Cage Bird" and "Woman Work" are textually analyzed in light of the assumptions of intersectionality and anti-essentialism to outline her strategies in the face of discriminative and racial strategies of the Whites. This paper concludes that "Caged Bird" introduces Angelou's counter-narrative through the singing of the caged bird which reaches the distant sky as a sign of the call for demanding freedom and un-domesticating women. In addition, Angelou's un-domesticating strategies are presented in her "Woman Work" through the rejection of the essentialist thought of householding women and the call for un-domestication via the natural world.

The current study aims to explore the extent of knowledge and skills of English teachers regarding augmented reality technologies, their importance in teaching, and teachers' attitudes towards their uses from one aspect. In addition, to investigate their impact on secondary grade students' achievement in short story from the other aspect. A descriptive and quasi-experimental approaches have been adopted, and the researcher has used a questionnaire and a test as instruments for collecting data. They have been applied to (33) English language teachers in Habaniya city as well as to (30) students from Ababil secondary school that relates to General Directorate of Education in Anbar Governorate. They have been divided into two groups: the control group, consisting of (15) students, and the experimental group, also consisting of (15) students. The obtained results have showed that the extent of knowledge and skills of teachers concerning augmented reality technologies has been at a medium level. It also reveals that these technologies have a great importance in education with a positive attitude towards their use in teaching. Farther more, it has been found that there was a significant impact on students' achievement in short story due to the use of augmented reality technologies.