Journal of Misan Researches

This study aims to present and critically analyze the hermeneutic project of the Quran by Nasr Hamid Abu Zayd, offering a comprehensive and balanced critique of this intellectual endeavor that sparked wide controversy in modern Islamic circles. The research begins by clarifying the theoretical concept of hermeneutics and its significance in interpreting religious texts, then moves to examine Abu Zayd's intellectual biography and his approach to rereading the Quran as a historical and human text. The study discusses the outcomes of this project, including the transformation of Quranic understanding, the undermining of traditional interpretive authority, and the revival of reason in interpretation. It also presents the views of supporters and opponents, providing a critical analysis highlighting the strengths and weaknesses of the project. In conclusion, the research emphasizes that Abu Zayd's project represents a bold step towards renewing religious thought, with recommendations for developing the interpretive methodology to suit Islamic

In the name of Allah, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful Allah, send Your blessings upon Muhammad and the family of Muhammad, as You sent blessings upon Abraham and the family of Abraham. And bless Muhammad and the family of Muhammad, as You blessed Abraham and the family of Abraham in all the worlds. Truly, You are Praiseworthy and Glorious.
The critical term occupies a central place in Arabic literary thought due to its fundamental role in shaping critical vision, guiding judgments, and evaluating texts. No critical approach can be complete without a precise understanding of the terms that form its core and determine the standards of aesthetic perception and artistic taste. Since early times, Arab critics have recognized the significance of terminology, employing it within various intellectual contexts-ranging from rhetoric and poetry to philosophy, linguistics, and religious discourse. Thus, critical terms in Arabic reflect a rich interplay of diverse disciplines and aesthetic, logical, and theological perspectives.
Arabic critical terminology has undergone profound transformations. From its rhetorical origins in early literary writings, it gradually evolved into a sophisticated system for interpreting, analyzing, and evaluating texts. This evolution became more apparent during the third and fourth Islamic centuries, as distinct critical schools began to emerge, and artistic criteria were increasingly grounded in precise terminology. These terms were used to assess meaning, measure linguistic expression, and differentiate between naturalness and artificiality, strength and weakness, and elevated versus trivial diction.
Critical terms were often developed and understood through explanation and application, rather than rigid definitions, which lent them a certain semantic flexibility. They were shaped by the contexts in which they appeared. This led to interpretative challenges, as critics sometimes disagreed on the meaning and application of certain terms. Yet, this diversity did not diminish the value of terminology; rather, it highlighted its dynamic nature and capacity to reflect intellectual and aesthetic shifts within the Arab-Islamic culture.
One of the distinguishing features of Arabic critical terminology is its strong connection to literary texts. These terms did not arise in isolation, but rather as a result of continuous interaction between criticism and poetry, evolving aesthetic taste, and the changing modes of literary expression. Thus, the study of critical terms is essential for understanding the deeper structure of Arabic critical discourse and uncovering its intellectual and artistic underpinnings. Such a study goes beyond word-level analysis to examine broader semantic, contextual, and cultural implications.
Moreover, a critical term is not merely a descriptive or classificatory tool; it reflects a comprehensive worldview regarding poetry, art, and language. Therefore, working with terminology is not just a linguistic endeavor but an interpretative and evaluative one, as terms shape literary taste, guide critical judgments, and distinguish between different artistic schools and methodologies. Some critics even generated new terms or redefined existing ones to align with the evolving poetic experience, making the study of terminology crucial for understanding the dynamics of conformity (ittibāʿ) and innovation (ibtidāʿ) in Arabic literary criticism.
Within this framework, it becomes necessary to examine critical terms as they appear in texts—especially in critical works that combine poetic evidence with analysis and judgment. A prime example is Al-Anwār wa Maḥāsin al-Ashʿār by al-Shamshāṭī, a work that offers rich insights into the diversity and function of terminology. Although not a formal critic by scholastic standards, al-Shamshāṭī demonstrates a clear critical sensibility in his selection and evaluation of poetic excerpts. This enables a close textual study of terminology as it functions within his work, rather than through comparison with other critics

In this research, two variables were used: the scientific culture scale and the astute thinking scale on the research sample. The research sample was (750) mathematics teachers, and the research population was (4438) mathematics teachers for the academic year 2021-2022, and the two scales were used.
It reached the following recommendations
- Applying the scientific culture scale to applications in secondary schools and colleges.
- Interest in scientific culture in the time of the outbreak of the Corona epidemic
- To increase the efficiency of mathematics teachers.
- Encouraging thinking and functioning in daily life
- Finding experimental solutions based on the results of measures (scientific culture and clever thinking)
- New perceptions about the nature of the thinking process
- Skillful thinking is something that requires a lot of work to demonstrate, and does not appear naturally in stages of growth and maturity, or implicit experiences from reading and writing academic subjects.
Direct teaching of thinking skills gives the student and teacher a sense of control during the course of the educational process, thus achieving the desired educational goals.
The results of the current research were:
- Low scientific culture among mathematics teachers
- Decrease in clever thinking among mathematics teachers
- There is a correlation between scientific culture and clever thinking

نُقَدِّم اليوم للقُرّاء الأفاضل مخطوطة في علم التَّجويد وهي من المخطوطات النَّادِرَة والقيِّمة؛ لأنها تكشف لنا عن حقبة مجهولة من حُقبِ البحرين في القرن الحادي عشر الهجريّ، إذ أن مؤلفها كان من فضلاء الحوزة العلمية في البحرين وقرّائها، ولم تذكر لنا المصادر التي ترجمة له أنه خرج منها، إذ بقي مقيمًا فيها مشغولًا بالتبليغ والتَّدريس، وهذا الأمر يَكشِف لنا أن البحرين كانت في القرن الحادي عشر الهجري عامرة بالحوزات العلمية ودور القرآن الكريم وذلك في ظل حكومة الدَّولة الصَّفويَّة، واعتمدتُ في إخراج هذا السِّفر على مخطوطة فريدة تحتفظ بها مكتبة الإمام الحكيم العامَّة في النَّجف الأشرف، وقد عرَّفت بالمؤلف، ثم عَرَّفت بالمخطوطة ومنهج المؤلف في تأليفها، والله أسأل أن يوفقنا لما يُحبّ ويرضى

The issue of understanding the Qur'an is of particular concern to all Muslims, regardless of their different orientations and intellectual and doctrinal beliefs. Since the dawn of Islam, Muslims have been interested in understanding and interpreting the Holy Qur'an. This was prompted by questions directed to the Noble Messenger (may God bless him and his family) regarding the interpretation of a number of Qur'anic verses. He was considered the primary interpreter, as God Almighty says: "And We have sent down to you the message that you may make clear to the people what was sent down to them and that they might give thought." The Commander of the Faithful (peace be upon him) said: "Whoever understands the Qur'an interprets the entirety of knowledge." However, scholars differed regarding the understanding of the Qur'an. Is understanding the Qur'an limited to a specific group of people, namely the infallible ones (peace be upon them), or does it encompass all people? This research will reveal that understanding the Qur'an is not limited to specific groups. The infallible ones (peace be upon them) are also included, as evidenced by the Quran, hadiths, and practical experience.

This research addresses the issue of intellectual violence against women from an Islamic perspective, clarifying that violence is not limited to physical harm but includes the suppression of thought, marginalization of opinion, and the devaluation of women in societal consciousness. The study examines the various forms of violence against women—particularly intellectual violence—and explores its social, cultural, and psychological causes. It then highlights the elevated status Islam grants to women through Qur'anic and Prophetic texts, which affirm their equality in dignity, responsibility, and intellect. The research presents notable female figures from Islamic history—such as Bilqis, Asiya, Khawla bint Thaʿlabah, ʿAʾishah, and Umm Salamah—who demonstrated wisdom, leadership, and critical thought. The study concludes that Islam honors women’s intellect and firmly opposes any form of mental or ideological subjugation. It affirms that current practices of exclusion are rooted in cultural distortions, not in Islamic principles, and calls for renewed awareness of women's intellectual rights in Islam

The research aimed to identify the reality of the use of blended education from the point of view of the teachers of the College of Basic Education at the University of Duhok, and the research sample consisted of the teachers of the College of Basic Education at the University of Duhok, who numbered (120) teachers. For the purpose of achieving the goal of the research, the researcher prepared the research tool and five-point alternatives in front of each paragraph, which applies to a degree (very large, large, medium, few, very few) and by (22) paragraph.
1- There are no statistically significant differences at the level of significance (0.05) between the average grades of teachers in the College of Basic Education in the level of use of blended education.
2- The teachers of the research sample have knowledge that is not at the level of ambition in the use of blended learning

The aim of the research is to identify the extent to which quality standards are available in the sociology textbook prescribed for fourth-year literary stream students, from the perspective of the subject teachers, by answering the following questions:
1. To what extent are the quality standards of the objectives of the sociology textbook, prescribed for fourth-year literary students, available from the perspective of the subject teachers?
2. To what extent are the quality standards of the content of the sociology textbook, prescribed for fourth-year literary students, available from the perspective of the subject teachers?
3. To what extent are the quality standards of the educational activities in the sociology textbook, prescribed for fourth-year literary students, available from the perspective of the subject teachers?
4. To what extent are the quality standards of the assessment implementation process in the sociology textbook, prescribed for fourth-year literary students, available from the perspective of the subject teachers?
5. To what extent are the quality standards of printing and layout in the sociology textbook, prescribed for fourth-year literary students, available from the perspective of the subject teachers?
The researcher followed the descriptive method, and to achieve this goal, selected a random sample of sociology teachers representing the original population, consisting of (100) male and female teachers from the General Directorate of Education in Basra. The researcher relied on a questionnaire as the research tool, which consisted of (36) items distributed across five areas: (objectives, content, educational activities, assessment implementation process, and printing and layout). To process the data statistically, the researcher used (percentages, Chi-square, Pearson correlation coefficient, Cronbach’s Alpha equation, weighted means, standard deviation, and percentage weights)

يهدف البحث الحالي الى معرفة (اثر استراتيجية التسريع المعرفي في تحصيل مادة الفلسفة وعلم النفس لدى طالبات الخامس الادبي )
ولتحقق من هدف البحث قامت الباحثة بوضع الفرضية الصفرية الآتية :
1_ لا توجد فروق ذات دلالة احصائية عند مستوى دلالة (0,05) بين متوسط درجات طالبات المجموعة التجريبية الآئي يدرسن مادة الفلسفة وعلم النفس باستعمال استراتيجية (التسريع المعرفي ) , ومتوسط درجات طالبات المجموعة الضابطة الائي يدرسن مادة الفلسفة وعلم النفس بالطريقة الاعتيادية في اختبار التحصيل البعدي.
اعتمدت الباحثة المنهج التجريبي الذي يعتمد على المجموعة التجريبية التي تدرس باستعمال استراتيجية التسريع المعرفي , والمجموعة الضابطة التي تدرس باستعمال الطريقة الاعتيادية .
واختارت ثانوية ام ورقة وثانوية اليمامة التابعة لمديرية تربية ميسان . وقد تكونت عينة البحث من (54) طالبة بواقع (28) طالبة في المجموعة التجريبية و(26) طالبة في المجموعة الضابطة, وقد كافأت الباحثة بين المجموعتين في ( العمر الزمني, والتحصيل الدراسي للأبوين, والذكاء والاختبار القبلي للمعلومات السابقة ) , ولغرض اجراء التجربة صاغت الباحثة الاهداف السلوكية البالغ عددها (52) هدفاً على وفق مستويات بلوم وعدد من الخطط التدريسية كما اعدت الباحثة فقرات الاختبار التحصيلي المكون من (40) فقرة موضوعية من نوع الاختيار من متعدد, اذ تم استخراج الصدق والثبات والقوة التمييزية له , ولتحليل النتائج استعملت الباحثة عدد من الوسائل الاحصائية التي دلت على وجود فروق دالة احصائياً في متغير الدراسة ولصالح المجموعة التجريبية . وفي ضوء ذلك قدمت الباحثة عدد من الاستنتاجات والتوصيات والمقترحات

Malik Ibn Alrayb al-Tamimi's (Ya )-Ending Poem is considered one of the most exquisite self-elegies and a unique example of classical Arabic poetry. It offers a precise depiction of feelings of pain, nostalgia, alienation, and loneliness. These emotions were not merely an expression of individual grief but a complex fabric that reveals underlying cultural patterns shaping Arab identity. This study will analyze and comprehend the cultural and cognitive connotations of the text by delving into its subtext, moving beyond the surface structure to the deeper layers. Given that cultural criticism is concerned with studying texts (including literary ones) as cultural products that reflect and shape social relations and prevailing ideologies in a society by monitoring the manifestations of power and identity, we will adopt it as a method to analyze Malik Ibn Alrayb’s (Ya )- Ending Poem. The study questions what cultural and systemic values of the era in which it was composed the poem might reflect, what features of those values appear in the formation of identity, and whether the poem was a space for negotiating identity as a cultural discourse produced within power contexts and reflecting social, ideological, and class structures that shape the identity of the creator

The nature of water scarcity was manifested, whether through mismanagement or the upstream control water resources to the geopolitical constraints of the country with upstream states, along with population growth, which increased the demand for water for household needs and other uses. This negatively affected the reduction of cultivated vegetable areas in the center of Ali Al-Gharbi district. The research revealed that summer vegetables had the highest water consumption, recording a high yield of (440,194,350 and 441,399,062) (m3/dunum) according to the variables (Kharrufa and Monteith), each accounting for (97.7% and 98.7%) of the total water consumption for the two seasons amounting to (449,695,228 and 446,146,882) (m2/dunum) respectively for the period (2013-2023). The yield of peas for the winter season and watermelon for the summer season recorded the highest totals among vegetable areas, each reaching (4,019,593 and 4,015,164) (m2/dunum) and (332,358,411 and 333,268,001) (m2/dunum) according to the aforementioned variables and in order

يهدف البحث الحالي الى التعرف على أثر استراتيجية ريتشارد بول في التحصيل لدى طالبات قسم اللغة العربية في مادة النقد الادبي الحديث ولتحقيق اهداف البحث تم بناء اختبار التحصيل المتكون من (43) فقرة تم إيجاد الصدق والثبات له . تألفت عينة البحث من (70) طالبة من طالبات المرحلة الرابعة في قسم اللغة العربية جامعة البصرة قسمت الى مجموعتين الضابطة والتجريبية وتكونت المجموعة التجريبية من (35) طالبة تم تدريسهن على وفق استراتيجية ريتشارد بول وتكونت المجموعة الضابطة من(35) طالبة تم تدريسهن على وفق الطريقة التقليدية ، وأظهرت نتائج البحث على وجود فرق دال احصائيا لصالح المجموعة التجريبية التي تم تدريسهن باستراتيجية ريتشارد بول مقارنة بطالبات المجموعة الضابطة. وهذا يؤكد وجود اثر إيجابي لاستراتيجية ريتشارد بول في رفع التحصيل لدى طالبات قسم اللغة العربية في مادة النقد الادبي

The sciences of the Arabic language are one of the most beautiful and finest sciences, because it is the language of the Holy Qur'an, and the tongue is straight, and the early scholars raced to serve this honorable language, so they made great efforts in this field, immortalized their memory, and the heritage that we have in our hands is the best evidence of their great giving, which is a source of pride and pride for every Arab. Based on this principle, I have chosen to study and investigate the book: (alwasit fi al'iierab) authored by: (Ibrahim bin Muhammad Abi Talib), and this study aims to shed light on two important researches in the book, namely: First: his position on the terms contained in the book, and secondly: his position on the definitions contained in the book. At the end of the study, a set of the findings of the study was reported

Thecurrent research aims to identify (the effect of Yakir’s model on the academic achievement of fifth-grade students in the subject of Islamic education and developing the values of coexistence and tolerance in them). The researcher adopted an experimental design with partial control, with two equal experimental and control groups, to suit the conditions of the current research, as the researcher intentionally chose students The fifth literary grade of Science Secondary School in the Department of Science Education for the academic year (2023-2024), and in a random manner followed by the researcher, the selection fell on Section (B) to be an experimental group (30) students whose students are taught using the Yakir model, while Section (A) became ( 32) Students in a control group whose students were taught in the usual way. Before starting the experiment, the researcher made sure that the students of the two research groups were statistically equal in a number of variables that he believed might affect the integrity of the experiment. These variables are: (the chronological age of the students calculated in months, last year’s average for the fourth year of middle school) “Raven” intelligence test, educational level of fathers, educational level of mothers, scores on the coexistence and tribal tolerance scales.
In light of the content, the researcher prepared behavioral objectives within five levels, and (16) model teaching plans were prepared for both groups. The researcher prepared two research tools, represented by the multiple-choice achievement test, consisting of (40) items. The values of difficulty, discriminatory power, and effectiveness of the alternatives were calculated for each item of the achievement test, as well as its stability, measuring the values of coexistence and tolerance, consisting of (20) items, and calculating honesty. And discrimination, and its stability was extracted. The research experiment was applied in the first semester 2023-2924, and the researcher taught the research groups himself. After completing the application of the experiment, the researcher applied the two research tools (the achievement test and the scale of the value of coexistence and tolerance) to the two research groups. After collecting the results, the data was processed using appropriate statistical methods and the following results appeared: -
1- There is a statistically significant difference at the level of (0.05) between the average scores of the experimental group students and the average scores of the control group in the achievement test, in favor of the experimental group.
2-There is a statistically significant difference at the level (0.05) between the average scores of the experimental group students and the average scores of the control group on the coexistence and tolerance scale, in favor of the experimental group

This study offers a geographic and political analysis of the phenomenon of illegal migration from African countries to European countries. It seeks to understand the causes and motivations that lead to it, as well as the various repercussions on the sending and receiving countries. Economic crises, poor living conditions, and high unemployment rates are among the most prominent economic drivers motivating African youth to migrate. Political factors such as Internal conflicts and civil wars, as well as ethnic, religious, and lInguistic factors, fuel conflict and divisions within a single country, are also factors that drive populations to migrate in search of a safer environment. The study also examines the repercussions of illegal migration, as this phenomenon Impacts the economic, security, social, and psychological aspects of both the receiving European countries and the sending African countries. Among the economic benefits for receiving countries are the benefits they receive from migrant labor and new skills, while the sending countries benefit from remittances and the transfer of expertise. In terms of negative repercussions, receiving countries face security challenges, the emergence of slums, changes in social and cultural structures, and healthcare costs associated with treating migrants with endemic diseases. Sending countries suffer social losses such as high divorce rates and the absence of one parent from the family, which causes educational and psychological disruption. This study aims to shed light on the root causes of illegal immigration, analyze its consequences and their reciprocal impact between African and European countries, and provide a comprehensive understanding that will help formulate policies that address Its causes, while proposing realistic solutions to mitigate its worsening repercussions

من الواضح أن كل مسألة فقهية في بحوث علم الفقه، تفرض دراسة وجوه الاستدلال المعتمدة في عملية الاستنباط. والغرض الأهم الذي تطلبه التحقيقات الفقهية استكشاف صلاحية كل وجه للاعتماد عليه. وفي بحوث الفقه الإمامي - الذي يزدهر بانفتاح باب الاجتهاد - وقعت مناقشات مختلفة لوجوه مطروحة في الاستدلالات الفقهية، وكان من بينها ردّ بعض الوجوه بأنها من مصاديق الاستحسان الذي ترفضه مبادئ الفقه الإمامي بشكل قاطع.
وتهدف هذه المقالة لدراسة تحليلية لنموذج من هذه الوجوه، وهي دراسة مبتكرة تقوم على أساس التحقيق في انطباق الاستحسان فيها. وقد تناول البحث شرحاً لبعض المفردات المهمة، ثم بيان الموقف من الاستحسان، وبعدها تعرّض للتحقيق في نموذج من دعوى الاستحسان وقع في مسألة من كتاب في موسوعة السيد الخوئي.
ومن النتائج التي ظهرت من خلال الدراسة أن دعاوى الوجوه الاستحسانية محدودة، كما ظهر منها أن الاستحسان يمكن نفيه في بعض الوجوه، إذ يمكن أن يدخل الاختلاف حول تمامية الاستدلال تحت الاختلاف المعهود في مسائل الفقه الذي يرجع غالباً للاختلاف في استكشاف الظهور أو الاختلاف في حجية النص أو الاختلاف حول حدود موضوع الحكم

Surah Al-Tariq includes continuous knocks on the senses، strong loud knocks، and shouts to people deep in sleep، and successively on their senses. These knocks call to them: Wake up، be alert، look and contemplate. There is a God، a reckoning، a reward، a severe torment، and a great bliss. Among these cosmic scenes and objective facts in the surah there is absolute and precise harmony. It is evident from the review of the surah in its beautiful Qur’anic context، and that this research sheds light on the study of Surat Al-Tariq، an analytical study

The messenger was the primary means of conveying news from one person to another. The first party was known as the sender, while the second party, the receiver of the messages, was known as the recipient. The "qurbūtu" were among the important groups who worked in the palace. They were divided into two groups: the first was known as the royal guard, who were chosen by the king. The second group represented the link between the king and the cities and provinces under his control

Lexical appropriateness is divided into two types:
1.The complete type, which is based on the agreement of the two words in meter and rhyme.
2. The incomplete type, which is based on the agreement of
the two words in meter but not in rhyme; what is meant by ‘meter’ here is the morphological meter.”
In this study, I examined selected samples from the poetry of Lami’a Abbas Amara and the psychological effect and connotation she seeks to convey to the recipient

The present study aims to identify the extent to which the )English for Iraq( textbook for the sixth grade of primary school meets the standards of the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR). The researcher employed the descriptive method, with the research sample consisting of the sixth-grade English textbook. A content analysis checklist was used as the research instrument, comprising 50 items distributed across four skills: listening, reading, speaking, and writing. For statistical analysis, the researcher relied on frequencies and percentages. The findings revealed that the CEFR standards were achieved at a rate of 52%

The research aims to study the role of Web 0.5 technologies in developing interactive information services in higher education institutions. The research adopted the descriptive survey approach. To achieve the research objectives, a tool was prepared consisting of (20) paragraphs distributed over four areas, focusing on (the level of knowledge of these technologies, the reality of their use, their impact on developing services, and the obstacles that limit their application). After completing the preparation of the tool by verifying its validity and reliability, it was applied to a sample consisting of (38) lecturers and (9) employees from the College of Information Technology at the University of Basra. The results showed that Web 0.5 represents a qualitative shift towards more humane and interactive services, but its application is still limited due to institutional and technical challenges. No statistically significant differences were found according to gender or certificate. The study concluded that activating these technologies requires comprehensive institutional strategies that include training, modernizing infrastructure, and adopting policies that support digital transformation

This study aims to investigate the impact of climate on milk production in Al-Qurna District. The surrounding climate plays a fundamental role in livestock productivity and fertility, as climatic conditions for cows and buffaloes lead to increased production and enhanced biological activity. Milk production varies across the agricultural divisions within the study area, as each climatic element contributes to determining both the quantity and quality of milk produced. Climate is one of the main factors affecting animal health and productivity. The most important climatic elements—solar radiation, temperature, wind, rainfall, and relative humidity—each influence the comfort, activity, growth, and high-quality milk production of livestock

The current research aims to identify cognitive motivation among students of Arabic Language Departments in Colleges of Education. The researcher adopted the descriptive approach as the method that suits the current research. The research community consisted of (490) male and female students from the Arabic Language Departments for the third year in the Colleges of Education/University of Basra. The research sample amounted to (127) male and female students from the Colleges of Education for Girls, the College of Education for Human Sciences, and the College of Education Al-Qurna. The researcher built the research tool, the cognitive motivation scale, which consisted of (40) items distributed over (6) fields. The researcher adopted the following statistical methods: discrimination coefficient, Pearson's correlation coefficient, the second test for one sample, and the Cronbach's alpha coefficient. After analyzing the data, the researcher reached the following results: Students of Arabic Language Departments have a good level of motivation for knowledge

The prophecies of the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him and his family) represent an important aspect of the Prophetic biography and Islamic studies. They are among the topics that combine faith-based, historical, and analytical dimensions. the nature of the research titled "The Fulfilled Prophecies of Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him and his family) during the Prophetic Era" necessitated its division into five main sections, followed by a conclusion summarizing the most important findings of the study.
The first section focused on the prophecies of Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) that were manifested during the Battle of Badr.The second section addressed his prophecy regarding Quraysh not launching any further attacks against the Muslims after the Battle of the Trench (al-Ahzab).The third section explored his prophecy about the conquest of Khaybar at the hands of Imam Ali (may Allah be pleased with him).The fourth section covered the prophecy concerning the death of the Negus (al-Najashi).The fifth and final section included the prophecy about a violent windstorm.The study concluded with the most significant results reached

This research examines the general parliamentary elections held in Turkey on December 24, 1995, which represented a significant turning point in Turkish political life. The research focuses on analyzing the Republican People's Party (CHP) position in these elections, noting the rise of the Welfare Party (RP), led by Necmettin Erbakan, and its achievement of first place with 21.4% of the vote, despite its inability to form a government alone. In preparation for this, the research reviews the political, economic, and social conditions that preceded the elections, including: the severe economic crisis (inflation exceeded 150% and the lira's exchange rate plummeted), increasing party divisions, the weakness of coalition governments, and the failure of centrist parties to address voters and solve intractable problems. The research then goes on to explain how the CHP attempted to regain its position after its merger with the Social Democratic People's Party (SHP) in 1995, under the leadership of Deniz Baykal. However, this attempt was unsuccessful, as the party obtained only 10.7% of the vote, or 49 seats, a percentage that is Weak compared to its history as the first party in the Republic, the research also focuses on Deniz Baykal's election speech, in which he presented a new concept of the left called the "New Left," emphasizing modernity, social democracy, and openness to the market, without achieving a broad popular resonance. In contrast, the Welfare Party was able to attract voters, especially in poor and marginalized areas, through slogans such as: Turkey will be reborn and a just system, with an emphasis on economic reform and independence from the International Monetary Fund. The research concludes that the Republican People's Party failed to keep pace with social and political changes, while the Welfare Party exploited this political vacuum, which led to a shift in the party map and the decline of leftist parties due to weak organization, the fragmentation of the popular base, and the new generation's reluctance to traditional discourses

This study examines the feminist struggles and victories within the novel Jane Eyre by Charlotte Brontë. It delves into a deep study of the quest for identity independence, morality, and equality of one character within the backdrop of high-pitched Victorian patriarchal society. The research work takes into account how Brontë's innovative use of the first-person narration gives deep psychological insights into Jane's character, thus making this novel seminal in any bibliography on feminist literature. The key themes of social class, gender inequality, and critique of patriarchal power structures are looked at in context with feminist literary theory. It is also noted the way in which Jane Eyre remains a text that is both inspirational for further feminist discussion and influential for feminist literature

This study explores the vision of Martyr Muhammad Baqir al-Sadr (may he rest in peace) regarding the event of Ghadir as a pivotal turning point in Islamic history—marking the inauguration of the divine and historical role of the Imamate. The research problem lies in examining the underlying rationale behind the Prophet’s (ﷺ) extraordinary measures on that day: halting the pilgrims, erecting a pulpit, proclaiming the authority of Imam Ali (A), and insisting on the public announcement of this message. These actions, as interpreted by al-Sadr, extend beyond their immediate historical context to establish and crystallize the very foundations of the Imamate.
The significance of this study emerges from its focus on the doctrinal, social, and political dimensions of the principle of wilayah (divinely ordained authority). Al-Sadr’s analysis demonstrates both the depth of his intellectual vision and the breadth of his foresight, considering the declaration at Ghadir as the most decisive divine act after the Prophet’s mission.
The study pursues several key objectives: analyzing the philosophy of the Imamate within al-Sadr’s thought; exploring the historical circumstances surrounding the appointment of Imam Ali (A) at Ghadir; examining the intellectual authority of the Imam; and assessing the role of Imam Ali (A) in addressing intellectual and spiritual challenges, as well as his practical influence on the community.
The research faces significant challenges, notably the scarcity of sources that directly discuss al-Sadr’s position on Ghadir, and the intricate interplay between political, historical, and theological dimensions. This necessitates a careful and critical analytical approach.
The study is organized into three sections: the first discusses the concept of Imamate in al-Sadr’s thought through its two dimensions—man’s vicegerency of God and the principle of testimony; the second investigates the political and historical context preceding and following the appointment of Imam Ali (A); and the third examines Imam Ali’s (A) role within the ummah from psychological and social perspectives, focusing on diagnosis and remedy.
In doing so, the research contributes to highlighting al-Sadr’s renewed interpretation of the doctrine of Imamate and its future implications