journal of Basic Sciences

This research conducts an in-depth fundamental study of the legitimate discourses in the Holy Quran, highlighting their nature, connotations, comprehensiveness, and impact on those accountable. The research seeks to answer pivotal questions about whether Quranic discourses are specific to those present at the time of revelation or include those not yet born, and what their most prominent connotations are. The research emphasizes that Allah Almighty has favored this nation by sending a messenger who is the seal of all His messengers and prophets, ordering obedience, veneration, and emulation of him. Among the virtues of Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) is his uniqueness in being addressed in many Quranic verses. Hence, the importance of this research emerges in studying the types of discourses directed to Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) and the extent of their generality to the entire nation or their specificity to him alone. This study reveals the (disagreement) among scholars on this matter; some have gone to the generality of these discourses directed to the Prophet (peace be upon him), while others have gone to their specificity to him, not including anyone else. The research confirms that understanding Quranic discourses is the basis for inferring Allah's intentions from His words, identifying the addressees, and understanding the content of the message directed to those accountable. This understanding is fundamental in determining rulings and guiding actions, as understanding the connotations of the Quran and its hadiths is of utmost importance to every accountable person, as it defines and directs their actions, and through it, the duties, commands, and prohibitions that humans must adhere to become clear.

This research aims to analyze the nature of the Saudi-Iranian rivalry within Iraq during the period 2014–2025، and to demonstrate the impact of this rivalry on Iraqi foreign policy choices، particularly in light of Iraq's adoption of a policy of positive neutrality as stipulated in Article 8 of the 2005 Constitution. The study focuses on the three successive Iraqi governments: the government of Haider al-Abadi، the government of Mustafa al-Kadhimi، and the government of Mohammed Shia al-Sudani، as they represent a pivotal period that witnessed a clear expansion in the influence of the regional environment on Iraqi political decisions، and a notable evolution in Iraq's foreign policy discourse. The study reveals that the Saudi-Iranian rivalry within Iraq was not merely political، but took on multiple forms encompassing the economy، investment، energy، the services market، and security issues related to internal influence. The study also revealed that Iraq attempted during this period to shift from a position of competition to one of greater independence by adopting the principles of positive neutrality. This was evident in its stances on sensitive regional events، such as the recent Arab Summit and Saudi Arabia's absence from it، and the twelve-day war between Iran and Israel. The research findings confirm that Iraq's ability to successfully manage this competition was linked to the evolving performance of the three governments. The Sudanese government represented a more balanced and transparent phase in formulating a foreign policy based on national interests and a vision that positioned Iraq as a regional player capable of mediating during times of tension. The study concluded that Iraq's future depends on its ability to transform stalled economic issues into strategic opportunities and to leverage the competition between the two sides in balanced projects that enhance its decision-making independence and restore its regional role.

The concept of marketing encompasses a set of processes through which a company producing goods or providing services offers its products or services to a group of customers. The components of marketing are the marketer and the shopper، taking into account the spatial and geographical dimensions. The traditional concept of marketing refers to the activity that facilitates the flow of goods and services from producer to consumer. Therefore، marketing is the process by which individuals can obtain their needs through the exchange of products and their corresponding value. Marketing geography studies geographical factors as part of the marketing research methodology. It relies on field sampling، data collection، analysis، and presentation. Recently، there has been a trend toward applying the case study method in domestic trade areas to determine marketing influence، store locations، distribution routes، and related service activities. Furthermore، the study of shopper characteristics، including shopping patterns and behaviors، has recently garnered the attention of geographers who have attempted to describe this relationship and interpret its spatial and economic dimensions and consequences. This study analyzed the content of marketing geography publications in Arabic and foreign journals to identify current trends and understand the quantitative، qualitative، regional، and linguistic characteristics of published studies in this field. The scientific methods and approaches used in marketing geography studies were evaluated. The development of geographical thought within the field of marketing geography research was also examined. The study aimed to inform researchers about current trends in marketing geography، encouraging them to explore and delve deeper into these areas. It concluded by formulating a future vision for advancing the discipline based on defining the strategic objectives to be achieved.

Allah the Almighty has bestowed His generosity upon humanity when He sent down to them verses that purify the soul and purify this nation to bear upright morals and enlightened behavior that would make it proud of the nations. Allah sent down to the Messenger of Mercy verses that illuminate his path. The Almighty said in His Glorious Book: “O Prophet, indeed We have sent you as a witness and a bringer of good tidings and a warner (45) And one who invites to Allah, by His permission, and an illuminating lamp (46) And give good tidings to the believers that they will have from Allah great bounty (47) And do not obey the disbelievers and the hypocrites and leave And their harm, and put your trust in Allah, and sufficient is Allah as a Disposer of affairs. (Surat Al-Ahzab: 45-47), so the upright Islamic religion came after the Arabs were in a state of heedlessness in their time and misguidance, not knowing who to worship, so they worshipped idols, lived in pleasures and desires, ate dead meat, and buried their daughters alive. So the Lord of Glory and Majesty looked at them while they were in their time heedless and devoted to their ignorance, except for some of the people of knowledge of the Book, for they were still on the correct religion. Today we see many of our children in ignorance of their religion and beliefs, especially adolescents who have deviated from Islamic principles and values and their true religion. Therefore, the importance of Islamic education has been demonstrated by establishing fair standards and honest values for everything that a person encounters in general and adolescents in particular, since (adolescents) by nature do not give value to matters of society and family. Whenever the balance is disturbed, society is disturbed. Therefore, Islamic values have been found to be a correct path to change deviant practices that disturb Islamic balances and values by establishing rulings derived from the correct source of the essence of the human being. Because Islamic values represent the general framework for establishing the rulings of the human being and how he behaves in front of society and the family, we find that the role of Islamic values is represented in building the cognitive personality of the human being and shaping the national personality, as it determines the position, ability and value of the individual within the family and the society in which he lives. These are the standard rulings that a person relies on to evaluate his behavior and the behavior of others around him in order to create a barrier to protect him and those with him from external interference in Islamic values.

The following research aims to identify the dispositional mindfulness and occupational stress among middle school teachers, as well as identify the correlation between dispositional mindfulness and occupational stress. The sample is consisted of (333) teachers in government of Babylon city, in the course of study of (2024-2025). For achieving aims, the researcher adopted the dispositional mindfulness scale prepared by Rickert (2016), which consists of (15) items, and Abdali et al. (2022) scale for occupational stress, which consisted of (15) items. The research results that there are dispositional mindfulness, there are occupational stress, and there are no positive correlation between dispositional mindfulness and occupational stress. In light of the results, the researcher developed a number of recommendations and suggestions.

This study evaluates the spatial distribution efficiency of fuel stations in Al-Aziziya District, Wasit Governorate, in relation to population density, economic activity, and the Iraqi Ministry of Oil’s environmental and safety standards. Using spatial-geographical analysis and field data, the research found 13 fuel stations exceeding the local standard but unevenly distributed—concentrated in Al-Aziziya and Al-Dubuni, with shortages in Al-Hafriyah. Most stations meet environmental requirements, though safety systems like alarms and sprinklers remain weak, especially in rural areas. The study concludes that numerical efficiency is high but practical efficiency moderate, recommending a more balanced distribution, improved safety measures, and adherence to national planning standards

Ancient Arabic poetry carries reflections of the psychological state that the poet goes through and its impact on others. The poet is often an honest mirror of his society, and among the topics that affect the human psyche is the topic of identity and belonging. The aim of this research is to study these two concepts psychologically in the poetry of an Umayyad poet who has his place in thatAl-Asr is Tarih bin Ismail Al-Thaqafi.The research was divided into an introduction and two axes. The introduction was devoted to introducing the terms identity and belonging and their importance, as well as introducing the poet. The first axis was about the aspects of identity in his poetry, and the second axis talked about the presence of belonging in his poetry. The research concluded with a set of findings reached by the researcher and included at the end a comprehensive statement of the sourcesAnd the references he adopted.

The aim of the current research is to identify relational identification and organizational silence, as well as the correlation between identification and organizational silence among state employees. The research sample consisted of (240) male and female employees from the Babylon Education Directorate and the Presidency of the University of Babylon, were chosen randomly. To achieve the goals of the research, the researcher used the correlational descriptive approach and adopted two scales of Hakan & Jamel (2019) to measure relational identification, and Abd-Erhaman et al. (2022) to measure organizational silence. The findings were concluded that there is relational identification and organizational silence, and there is a positive correlation between relational identification and organizational silence. In light of the findings, the researcher developed a number of recommendations and suggestions.

This research examines the evolution of military doctrine and defense diplomacy in Egypt from the October War of 1973 to 1979, demonstrating how their integration formed the cornerstone of Egyptian national security strategy. It highlights the methods employed by the state, utilizing its evolving military doctrine and defense diplomacy tools to bolster national security, address the challenges stemming from the June War defeat, and navigate the changes that followed the peace treaty between Egypt and Israel. The research emphasizes that this integration extended beyond the purely defensive aspect, serving as a mechanism to ensure national stability and enhance deterrence and influence on the international stage. This reflects the maturity of the Egyptian vision in managing national security during a pivotal period in its modern history. Furthermore, the research underscores the importance of the interaction between military doctrine and defense diplomacy in understanding the state's strategic policies, and it underscores the lessons learned after the October War and the peace treaty in shaping modern national.

Omar bin Abdul Aziz is considered the eighth ruler of the Umayyads، as he assumed power in the year 99 AH and ruled until the year 101 AH، for a period of approximately two and a half years. Historians and biographers praised him and commended him، and some even went so far as to count him among the Rightly Guided Caliphs after Imam Ali، peace be upon him. They mentioned his stances and reforms that distinguished him from the Umayyad rulers who preceded him. However، what is important here is to study his stance towards the Shiites in order to see the extent of his rigidity regarding the Umayyad thought and Sunnah or his movement loyal to the Ahl al-Bayt، peace be upon them. We studied this subject using a descriptive and analytical approach، relying on reliable historical books. It was concluded from it that the position of Omar bin Abdul Aziz was neutral towards the origin of the Shiite call، as there was no mention of him attacking the Shiites or preventing the origin of the Shiite call، as it is known about him according to what was mentioned by historical sources that he respected the people of the house، peace be upon them، and he did not cause them any harm، and the pages of history pointed to the ideal position of Omar bin Abdul Aziz in returning Fadak to the people of the house، peace be upon them، despite the presence of some opposition from the Umayyads. Among his noble stances was his prevention of the Umayyads from attacking the Commander of the Faithful، Ali، peace be upon him، on the pulpits after it had become a common tradition among the Umayyads. He used to order the people of the house to have their rights from the public treasury، and he used to give them some money openly or secretly، according to what was mentioned in historical sources.

Classical Arabic criticism was largely based on intuitive aesthetic judgments, consisting of statements and evaluations stemming from innate taste. This approach persisted even into the era of authored works on poetry criticism, such as Al-Fuhūla by Al-Asmaʿi, Ṭabaqāt Fuḥūl al-Shuʿarāʾ by Ibn Sallām al-Jumahī, and Al-Shiʿr wa al-Shuʿarāʾ by Ibn Qutayba, among others. However, these works remained within the bounds of those subjective judgments and their nature.
When Qudāmah ibn Jaʿfar perceived the lack of a critical theory or a structured scientific approach among the Arabs, he authored his renowned book Naqd al-Shiʿr (Criticism of Poetry), which is considered the first explicit and systematic treatise on poetry criticism. In this work, Qudāmah established specific foundations and rules by which poets should abide. A text that conforms to these rules is considered of the highest quality, while one that contradicts them falls into the lowest level of poor quality. Texts that fall in between are evaluated to determine whether they lean more toward excellence or inferiority before a judgment is made.
Many classical and modern critics took a firm stance against Qudāmah’s critical theorization, due to its rigid logical framework that does not align well with the natural essence of Arabic poetry.

The study aimed to reveal the effect of using project-based learning strategies in developing decision-making skills among adolescent students. The study used an experimental method. The study sample consisted of 28 students from Al-Jumhuriya Secondary School for Boys in Iraq. The study tools include: a list of decision-making skills, a scale for decision-making skills, and a teacher’s guide to project-based learning strategies. The study results indicated the following:
1- There are statistically significant differences at the significance level (0.05) between the average scores of the experimental group and the control group in the post-test measurement to develop decision-making skills using project-based learning strategies in favor of the experimental group.
2- There are statistically significant differences at the significance level (0.05) between the average scores of the two applications (pre- and post-) for students in the experimental group that used project-based learning strategies in the decision-making scale in favor of the post-application.

This work included a comprehensive study to investigate the influence of adding polymeric materials on some properties such as the rheology of the asphalt mixtures and its thermal performance. A polymeric blend consisting of two different polymers was selected for addition to asphalt: styrene butadiene styrene (SBS) with polyethylene vinyl acetate. The polymer blend (SBS: EVA) was incorporated into the asphalt in equal proportions، with a gradual increase in the percentage of the additive to the asphalt and as follows: (1، 2، 3، 4، 5، 7، 6، 8، 9، 10) % by weight. The polymer-asphalt mixture was heated between (170 -180) °C for up to 60 minutes. Different tests have been applied on modified asphalt samples to determine the changes in the rheology of the asphalt samples which show changes in presence of polymeric material additives. Accordingly، the stability of the modified asphalt was determined through exposed it to different thermal and environmental conditions with continuous traffic. Tests conducted included ductility، penetration، softening point، Marshall stability and chemical immersion، as well as separation of asphaltene from asphalt samples and determination of the percentage of separated asphaltene.

Money is essential for the economy; it represents a country\'s power and shows how stable the state is. During the Second Abbasid Era (232-656 AH / 847-1258 AD), there was a decline in central authority, an increase in independent states, and rising political and economic chaos. This made the quality of money and the fight against counterfeit coins very important, as these issues posed serious threats to the stability of the state\'s financial system.
To maintain high-quality currency, mints enforced strict controls based on three key areas. First was the purity of the metal (karat): Gold dinars and silver dirhams had to have a high and consistent amount of precious metal. Experts called assayers carefully checked both raw ingots and finished coins to ensure they met standards. Second was precise weight: Coins were made to exact weights using special scales so that any shortage would not affect their value. Third was the quality of minting and inscriptions: The details on the coins, including the name of the caliph or emir, the date, and where they were minted, needed to be clear, accurate, and error-free. This clarity helped show off the authority\'s prestige and made it harder for counterfeiters to succeed. High-ranking officials supervised these mints; their involvement was crucial in keeping track of the quality of currency in circulation.
Despite these controls, the phenomenon of counterfeiting money worsened in the second Abbasid era, driven by the weakness of central authority, economic need, and unrest. Forms of counterfeiting varied between metal fraud, where gold or silver was mixed with cheaper metals to increase the number of coins, and the minting of counterfeit coins, which involved minting entire coins from cheaper metals and then coating them.The spread of counterfeit coins had dire economic consequences, most notably a loss of confidence in the currency, which hindered commercial transactions and made them more difficult. It also led to inflation, as the amount of money in circulation increased due to counterfeit coins without a corresponding increase in goods and services, leading to rising prices and a deterioration in purchasing power. This phenomenon was manifested in Gresham\'s Law, whereby good money (with pure metal) tended to disappear from circulation and be replaced by inferior money. This situation disrupted trade, increased its costs, and negatively impacted state revenues and stability
The authorities did not stand idly by in the face of these challenges. They relied on legislation and strict penalties against counterfeiters, which could reach the death penalty. They also tightened control over mints and attempted to monopolize the minting of coins. Money changers played a vital role in detecting counterfeit currency thanks to their expertise. Sometimes, the state resorted to withdrawing counterfeit currency and issuing new currency with guaranteed purity, although this process was costly and required stability.

The research aimed to investigate the effectiveness of the cognitive mobility strategy in enhancing the academic achievement and vivid memory of students in Colleges of Education within the subject of Educational Psychology. To achieve this goal, the researcher adopted the experimental method to measure the impact of the cognitive mobility strategy on students’ performance during the academic year 2024–2025. The sample consisted of 48 first-stage students from the Arabic Language Department, divided into two groups: 25 students in the experimental group and 23 in the control group. Equivalence between the two groups was ensured based on variables such as chronological age (measured in months), academic level from the previous year (first stage, first semester), intelligence (using the Hammond–Nelson test), and prior knowledge in Educational Psychology. The researcher personally taught both groups throughout the semester-long experiment. Two tools were developed to measure the dependent variables: an achievement test comprising 50 objective and essay questions covering Bloom’s six levels of learning, and a vivid memory test consisting of 30 items. Both instruments were validated for reliability, item difficulty, discrimination, and the effectiveness of distractors. At the end of the experiment, the tools were administered, and the data were analyzed using the t-test for independent samples. The results revealed a statistically significant difference in favor of the experimental group in both achievement and vivid memory scores, indicating the effectiveness of the cognitive mobility strategy.

This study examines the Hajj journey from Africa to Mecca from the perspective of the Swiss Orientalist John Lewis Burckhardt, one of the most prominent European travelers of the early nineteenth century. It highlights the religious, cultural, social, and political dimensions of this journey as documented in his writings. The study begins with a comprehensive definition of Hajj and its importance in Islam, as it is the fifth pillar of the religion and a manifestation of unity and equality among Muslims. It then examines the concept of Orientalism, its multiple definitions, and the diversity of its motivations, ranging from scientific to ideological.
The study focuses on Burckhardt\'s upbringing and biography, his involvement with the African Society in London, his planning of the journey by assuming the identity of a Muslim named \"Sheikh Ibrahim,\" and his meticulous documentation of his travels from the Levant to the Hijaz, via Sudan and Egypt, with the aim of penetrating Islamic and African societies. The research also highlights the anthropological, geographical, and religious dimensions of his journey, particularly his visit to Mecca and his performance of the Hajj pilgrimage while assuming the role of a Muslim, transcending the boundaries of exploration into a profound socio-religious interaction with the environment in which he lived.

This thesis introduces a novel and highly efficient numerical scheme, the Fibonacci Spectral Collocation Method (F-SCM), for solving the complex class of nonlinear Stochastic Fractional Integro-Differential Equations (SFIDEs), the core of the methodology lies in projecting the solution onto a finite-dimensional functional space spanned by shifted Fibonacci polynomials, we derive a new operational matrix for the Caputo fractional derivative corresponding to this basis, which, in conjunction with a spectral collocation strategy at Gauss-Lobatto nodes, transforms the original functional equation into a system of algebraic equations. For nonlinear cases, this system is effectively solved for each realization of the Wiener process using a Newton-Raphson iterative method within a Monte Carlo simulation framework, a rigorous numerical analysis is presented to validate the method, the results demonstrate that the F-SCM achieves spectral (exponential) convergence with respect to the number of basis functions and the canonical Monte Carlo convergence rate for the statistical moments, the method\'s exceptional accuracy, robustness in handling nonlinearities, and pathwise fidelity are confirmed through a series of benchmark problems, establishing it as a powerful and reliable tool for simulating systems with memory and stochastic effects.

Bayesian proportion models, such as Binomial and Beta regression, are widely applied in health sciences, social research, and digital analytics. While these models provide coherent uncertainty quantification, they are highly sensitive to contamination and outliers. Furthermore, traditional inference methods, particularly Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC), are computationally prohibitive for large datasets. This study develops scalable variational inference approaches for Bayesian proportion models under contaminated likelihoods. Two complementary strategies are considered: (i) mixture-based inference that explicitly models contamination via an ε-contamination likelihood, and (ii) divergence-based inference that employs β-divergence to reduce the influence of outliers. Both methods are implemented in a stochastic variational framework suitable for large-scale applications. Simulation studies demonstrate that the proposed approaches substantially improve estimation accuracy, posterior calibration, and predictive performance under contamination, while maintaining scalability. The results highlight that robustness and efficiency can be achieved simultaneously, providing practical tools for modern Bayesian analysis of proportion data.

Functional data analysis (FDA) treats observations as realizations of smooth processes evolving or space. In this work, we focus on spline representations because they capture broad trends while accommodating local departures in a controlled way. We present an end-to-end workflow—implemented in Python/Colab—that prepares raw series (cleaning, interpolation, and registration on a common grid), expands them in cubic B-spline bases, and estimates coefficients under a penalized least-squares criterion. Smoothing is chosen automatically (generalized cross-validation with a one-standard-error rule) to balance fidelity and regularity. A simulation with noisy signals confirms that the estimator recovers the latent trajectory, and a real-data illustration shows how fitted curves and basis weights aid interpretation. The pipeline is transparent, reproducible, and adaptable, and is relevant to applications in health, environmental monitoring, and finance.

The present study comprehensively tackles English loanwords of monolingual speakers, i.e. established loanwords, or bilingual speakers, i.e. spontaneous loanwords. English loanwords have become more widely used in speech as well as writings of Mosuli Arabic (henceforth MA). Therefore, it is important to know to what extent English loanwords are morphologically affected by Arabic paradigm. The problem of the study indeed is what the morphological changes English loanwords have undergone. This is considered as challengeable since English and MA are more typologically different. Thus, integration of many words from English into MA are said to be more complex. The study aims at investigating and analysing these lexemes from the morphological perspective. Data collection has been based on two genres: naturally occurring conversations of Mosuli Arabic participants and contemporary social medias. Qualitative method has been used to invigorate the descriptive analysis of 100 English loanwords as a representative sample, following Salem’s model (2015). The findings have shown that these loanwords have undergone significant morphological changes. Key patterns of integration have included assigning English loan lexemes to derivational and inflectional word-formation patterns. Again, English loan lexemes have been treated as roots for creating new other words. The light verb with indirect insertion processes has been used for generally merging many loan verbs. Additional strategies like compounding and clipping have been observed as well. English loan nouns have also been adapted to grammatical features like gender, number and possessive. Finally, it has been concluded that English loanwords have extensively been integrated, whether partially or fully, into morphological system of MA.

Standard high-dimensional predictive models, such as the elastic net, are agnostic to valuable external information available for the predictor variables. This paper introduces the feature-weighted elastic net (\"fwelnet\"), a novel framework designed to systematically integrate this \"features of features\" metadata directly into the model-fitting process; by assigning adaptive, feature-specific penalty weights derived from a learned function of the external information, our method transforms the regularization process from a static to an informed, dynamic procedure. We apply this framework to a large-scale, high-dimensional immuno-oncology challenge: predicting patient response to anti-PD-1 therapy in non-small cell lung cancer using pre-treatment transcriptomic data (n=1,500, p=18,500), the results demonstrate a substantial and statistically significant improvement in predictive performance, achieving a mean Area Under the Curve (AUC) of 0.91 compared to 0.82 for the standard elastic net, beyond superior accuracy, \"fwelnet\" provides a transparent mechanism for quantifying the relevance of different sources of prior biological knowledge and identifies a concise, biologically coherent genetic signature. This signature not only confirms known biomarkers but also uncovers novel, high-confidence candidates like CXCL13, thereby generating testable scientific hypotheses. Robustness analyses confirm that the framework gracefully handles noisy metadata, safely converging to the baseline performance in the absence of useful information. \"Fwelnet\" thus represents a powerful paradigm for building more accurate, interpretable, and scientifically generative models in complex, data-rich domains.