Journal Dawat

The Holy Qur’an employs a set of lexemes derived from the Arabic root h-q-q (ق-ق-ح), with diverse and varying meanings depending on their governing Qur’anic contexts. This study aims to enumerate the lexemes derived from this root that appear in the Qur’an, trace their semantic meanings, and record the frequency of each lexeme and each meaning within the Qur’anic text. The study will also determine the percentage of usage of each lexeme and each meaning within the Qur’anic context.
The research adopts a descriptive - statistical methodology to reach a semantic analysis of the functions and their correlation with their Qur’anic meanings.
Keywords: function, truth (al-haqq), the Holy Quran, meaning

This research addresses the distinction between the meanings of words and their parsing. It examines how early Arabs dealt with this matter, as it was among the most important aspects they recognized, paid close attention to, and cared for. Those who failed to recognize this distinction fell into linguistic errors and deviated from correct usage. The first to mention this distinction was Ibn Jinni (d. 392 AH) in his book «Al-Khasa›is» (The Characteristics). He confirmed that Sibawayh (d. 180 AH) also alluded to it in his book. This research demonstrates that those who came after Ibn Jinni did not recognize or fully understand this distinction, thus falling into error and failing to grasp Ibn Jinni›s intended meaning, as evidenced in the works of commentators, grammarians, and hadith scholars.

The theory of the grammatical agent is one of the most prominent resources that demonstrate the grammatical awareness and intellectual maturity reached by Al-Khalil and Sibawayh in their grammatical thinking. In our view, the agent is a theory concerned with sentence structure and extension. It differs from the views of both classical and modern grammarians in that it is a formative concept based on the idea that a sentence is a structure composed of two fundamental building blocks: the predicate and the subject.
According to Sibawayh, the verb behaves as the generating element in the sentence in a way it controls the extension of its functions and their relationship around it due to its strength in opening up multiple grammatical fields. Hence, we see that Sibawayh framed a group of nominal structures with the concept of verbality. Thus we have what we call verbal structures that behave like the verb in their ability to open up grammatical fields for multiple functions. This prompted us to investigate the generative function of verbs in this research, in light of the theory of expanding grammatical fields. Expanding a field means the ability of the first word, as a predicate, to open grammatical fields dependent on it and occupy them with categories appropriate to its lexical features, thus generating sentences that are grammatically and semantically acceptable. The aim of this theory is to understand the generative capacity of the agent, as the generating element that expands a field for the subject based on the predication relationship. This relationship is common to both nominal and verbal sentence structures. The subject generates a field for the predicate, and the verb generates a field for the agent. However, the verb also has the ability to generate multiple other fields, such as the direct object, the accusative of accompaniment, the adverb of time, the circumstantial qualifier, and other sentence complements. Therefore, we can distinguish between two sentence structures:
The minor hypothetical structure, which consists of:
{Predicate + Subject}
The major hypothetical structure, which is generated by the verb and consists of:
{Predicate + Subject + Verb Complements}
The choice fell on studying (expanding the Grammatical Fields in Structures Operating as Verbs) and we divided the study into an introduction and two sections preceded by a preface and followed by a conclusion. The first section dealt with: Nominal structures operating as verbs, and the second section included: Non-nominal structures operating as verbs.

This research examines some syntactic issues related to names in the Sayings of Imam Ali (PBUH). It does so by tracing the sayings of the Emir of the Rhetoricians and the Master of the Guardians in books of grammar and linguistics. The words of Imam Ali (PBUH) are the noblest and most eloquent speech after the words of God Almighty and those of His Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him and his family), due to their profound monotheistic verses and wisdom. The research methodology involves introducing the topic and defining it Then, it consults the opinions of scholars, followed by citing the saying of Imam Ali (PBUH) from syntax books or dictionaries. This leads to identifying the relevant passage, finally clarifying the meaning of the saying and its intended purpose concisely. The researcher did not attempt to examine all of Imam Ali›s (PBUH) sayings; rather an example is used from each topic to illustrate and demonstrate what he wanted to prove.
Keywords: Imam Ali (PBUH), Arabic Syntax, Abu al-Aswad al-Du›ali, Names.

This research deals with an analysis of the pronoun reference in the sermon of Lady Zainab (PBUH) in Yazid’s court, focusing on how pronouns are used to enhance the rhetorical message, and the emotional impact of the text by studying the different pronouns used in it to direct criticism and highlight religious and spiritual identity and solidarity. The research aims to provide a deeper understanding of the structure of the sermon and its historical and literary importance.
The sermon of Sayyida Zainab (PBUH) in Yazid’s court is considered one of the most prominent historical sermons that carried within it the meanings of strength, steadfastness, and eloquence in the face of injustice and aggression. Through her speech, Sayyida Zainab was able to use her words as a weapon for resistance and defending the truth. The research follows the descriptive analytical method based on Studying and interpreting words and sentences that contain pronoun references, to extract the meanings and connotations associated with them.
Keywords: referral, conscientious referral, conscience, the sermon of Lady Zainab, peace be upon her

The significance of the evolution of words is one of the prominent semantic aspects in all languages in the world. It is also one of the important phenomena in enriching the Arabic language with new meanings since the language gains its vocabulary and colors from different meanings that differ over time, and from one generation to another. According to the societal changes and demographic developments that affect a region and a society in a certain period of time, the development may be approximately every hundred years or more, and the like. The semantic development in the meanings of words may occur as a result of contact with different peoples and tribes through trade, travel, and tourism, in addition to emergency factors such as foreign invasion by other countries. His is observed over certain period of time, during which a change occurs in the meaning of the term, which is clear and understandable to users of the meaning of the word in terms of the old meaning and the modern meaning.
keywords :He returned the water to drink with a scoop

This article examines Arabic rhetoric as an integrated system of knowledge that has been shaped through a historical process and various cultural and intellectual transformations. It seeks to reinterpret this system in light of the governing patterns that shaped its formation and its rhetorical functions. The article begins with the premise that the multiplicity of definitions of rhetoric among the ancients does not stem from conceptual confusion, but rather from differing cultural contexts and pragmatic situations. This resulted in diverse rhetorical systems that later merged into more mature transformations, contributing to a more precise understanding of the relationship between word and meaning, and between the aesthetic and the functional meaninig.
The article highlights how rhetoric interacts with the discourse of the soul through its aesthetic and tasteful dimensions, where enjoyment and emotional impact are achieved through elegant composition, harmonious sound, and coherent expressive structure. This makes rhetoric an effective tool for engaging the recipient and maintaining the text›s vitality. Conversely, it reveals rhetoric›s engagement with the discourse of reason by establishing an argumentative structure based on inference, the arrangement of meanings, and consideration of context and situation, thus making it a means of persuasion, correcting misunderstanding, and constructing meaning. The article emphasizes that the contributions of prominent figures in Arabic rhetoric, particularly their theorization of composition, context, and the exigencies of the situation, have transformed rhetoric from a descriptive practice into a functional cognitive system that balances enjoyment and persuasion, granting Arabic discourse the capacity for adaptation and renewal. It is concluded that Arabic rhetoric, in its essence, is not a rigid science or a closed heritage; rather it is a dynamic analytical apparatus capable of absorbing the transformations of discourse and keeping pace with the questions of modern criticism and linguistics, thus qualifying it to operate within a contemporary scientific horizon that is open to discussion in global linguistic research.

This research is concerned with studying words parallel in the Supplication of Istiq lah (supplication for Release from Sins and Seeking Pardon) by Imam Al-Sajjad, peace be upon him. Parallelism is considered one of the rhetorical methods in the science of figures of speech (Badi’), and it occurs in the Qur’an, in poetry, in literature, in supplication, and elsewhere. Correspondence and contrast: confrontation, which is the presentation of a statement in contrast with another statement of similar meaning and wording, either in agreement or disagreement.». It means that a word appears in a sentence and is accompanied by another word in the same sentence that carries a connotation that agrees or contradicts the first word. As in the case of ‘intimacy’, there is opposite to ‘Desolation’. relief is opposite to distress, and help is opposite to abandonment. Opposition is one of the moral embellishments that is used to improve speech and has a profound effect on the recipient and gives the supplication an artistic dimension in terms of form, and it has an effect in terms of content.

Poets in the past sought in many ways to support their poetry and strengthen its argument to influence the recipient by extracting ideas and vocabulary, which is called intertextuality. Our research began to delve into the poetry of one of the poets of the Umayyad era, namely Nasib bin Rabah (108 AH), to search for areas of intertextuality in it and his argument in it.

This research aims to shed light on simile as one of the most prominent rhetorical arts in the Arabic language. It does so by analyzing selected similes in ancient literary texts, specifically in «Adab al-Ghuraba» (The Literature of Strangers) by Abu al-Faraj al-Isfahani.
The study seeks to reveal the suggestive, expressive, and influential capacities of these similes, which form semantic focal points from a rhetorical perspective. This approach adds an aesthetic character to the text. The research follows a descriptive-analytical methodology
Keywords: Simile, rhetoric, Abu al-Faraj, Literature of Strangers

The Abbasid era is considered one of the most refined and prolific periods in poetry. The minds of these poets were intertwined with the manifestations of civilization, leading them to embrace a communicative and dialogical approach that infused their poetry with vitality and dynamism. They employed this approach to explore connections between characters or to depict scenes that enriched the narrative events within the text. Thus, the importance of dialogue in Abbasid poetry is evident in its narrative functions. Poets utilized these functions to establish diverse dialogues with animals, birds, nature, time, and other elements. This research is structured with an introduction that highlights key milestones in the life of Badi› al-Zaman al-Hamadhani, followed by two main sections and a conclusion. The first section examines the types of dialogue, specifically internal (monologue) and external (dialogue).
The second section focuses on the participants in the dialogue, including dialogue with inanimate and animate nature, and dialogue with real and imaginary companions. The research concludes with a summary of the most significant findings. I pray that God guides us to all that is good, for He is the best of those who grant success.

There is no doubt that poetry is one of the effective tools for awakening society and the human race. All the rational purposes of man are achieved in the form of this magic word. One of the topics that poets have addressed is the topic of patriotism, which has attracted the attention of many contemporary poets and writers. One of the characteristics of this type of poetry is the poet›s sincerity and devotion to the content of the poem. The homeland and patriotism have always been the focus of attention of poets and writers in the world. In Arabic poems for the homeland and patriotism throughout different eras, there are different semantic synonyms, as concepts such as resistance, struggle, war, alienation and colonialism are included in them. In addition, love of the homeland and preservation of national identity lead to the achievement of human identity and has its own value. Dr. Saleh Al-Taie, as one of the poets of Iraq who is always in love and affection, has expressed his love for the homeland due to his poems and his call for unity in expressing the facts of the homeland, as he was always exposed to harassment and suffering, and their effects appear clearly in his poems and writings. This research, based on the descriptive analytical approach, seeks to understand the concept of homeland and study nationalism in the joint poems project of the poet Dr. Saleh Al-Taie. The results of this research show concepts such as homeland and nationalism in the poetry of the poets participating in the joint poems. The most important aspects of nationalism in these poems are: praising the homeland and its great status, commitment to religious values, religious identity, national identity, love of the homeland and urging the mujahideen to attend the fields of jihad, summoning traditional figures, calling for vigilance and unity and rejecting division.
Keywords: homeland, nationalism, joint poems, Saleh Al-Tai.

This research examines the manifestations of the culture of resistance in the poetry of the Saudi poet Jassim Al-Sahih, ensuring that his work reflects the genuine feelings of the people of the nation, rather than what others wish them to feel. Although the theme of resistance is not new in the literature of any people, especially the Arab world, it has taken on a particular character in recent years. The divisions within this nation have extended to all the established values and principles upon which they were raised, including the theme of resistance in all its forms: resistance against the occupier, the colonizer, the traitor, and the complicit ruler. The struggle of the Lebanese people—against the usurping Israeli entity and internal traitors—led by their great symbol, Sayyed Hassan Nasrallah (may God have mercy on him), and the Palestinian people, have provided fertile ground for the poet to address the themes of resistance and steadfastness. This research aims to analyze these themes by dividing them into sections, preceded by an introduction, followed by a conclusion, and then a list of consulted sources.

Stylistics is a critical approach concerned with studying style in literary and linguistic texts, and attempts to reveal the relationship between form, content, and function in discourse. Stylistics relies on three levels of text analysis: verbal, syntactic, and semantic. It uses three main mechanisms: structure, shift, and selection. The verbal level in stylistics refers to the level that is concerned with studying the sounds, letters, and words in the literary text, and how they affect meaning and expression. The verbal level includes several aspects, including, Phonetic repetition, which is the use of the same letter, movement, or tone in different places in the text to highlight an idea, feelings, or general atmosphere. The verbal level also includes: intonation and stress, which are ways of changing the strength, height, or fall of the sound in pronunciation to give a specific meaning or to show impact or exclamation or emotion. In addition, the verbal level includes phonetic significance, which is the study of the meanings carried by some sounds or syllables in the language, and how they contribute to creating an image or vision in the mind of the recipient. The verbal level is considered one of the important levels in stylistic analysis because it helps to understand the characteristics and creativity of the author in using his language as well as in appreciating the beauty and splendor of the literary text. The structural level in stylistics indicates the level that is concerned with studying the sentence in terms of its structure, elements, relationships, and connotations in the literary text. The structural level includes several aspects, including sentence length, verb and subject, object, adverb of purpose, adverb of time, circumstantial qualifier, specification, adverbial phrase, fronting and backshifting, genitive construction, subject and predicate, adjective and noun, relative clause, singular, dual, and plural, masculine and feminine, conjunctions, tense, verb form, surface and deep structure, active and passive voice. The syntactic level also includes the study of stylistic phenomena that occur in a sentence due to changes in the position, form, number, or movement of some of its elements, such as repetition, singular and plural, definiteness and indefiniteness, predication, specification, relation, and subordination. The syntactic level is considered one of the most important levels in stylistic analysis because it helps in understanding how sentences are formed in a literary text according to the author›s or speaker›s intention, as well as in assessing the quality of the text in terms of coherence and harmony.
Keywords: Stylistics, philological Circle, Al-Asadi›s Poetry, Application

This research study attempts to highlight the fantastic and the marvelous aspects in the novel “The Chalk Gate”, in accordance with the modernist revolution in narrative fiction. This revolution involves a departure from the traditional and a shift towards the modernist, which opens the way for narrative possibilities in all their forms and themes, plunging it into the realms of imagination through transgression and a celebration of magic and fantastical, even bizarre, atmospheres.
“The Chalk Gate” is one of the novels that share this departure from the familiar to the unfamiliar, while simultaneously arousing freedom, doubt, ambiguity, and suspicion in both the reader and the characters within the literary work. It addresses the dialectic of life and death through a fantastical and wondrous lens, transitioning from a world filled with death, destruction, and conflict to a more beautiful and better world through virtual gateways that facilitate the passage through seven realms, according to the concept of “Fantastique”. The novel represents an endless form of renewal and artistic creativity in expressing the familiar in an unfamiliar way. This is achieved through the invention of new mechanisms that necessarily contribute to training the reader›s taste to challenge the prevailing norms in expressing these mechanisms. The truly creative novelist is the one who skilfully manipulates these mechanisms.
The fantastic and the marvellous are among the prominent experimental and literary phenomena that have occupied the spaces of the contemporary Arabic novel, giving it an artistic and aesthetic dimension. This is accomplished by breaking with everything familiar, realistic, and natural, and creating another parallel world—albeit imagined, yet also real and possible. This simultaneously evokes bewilderment, wonder, and hesitation in the reader›s mind, compelling them to delve into the depths of the text to discover its profound and obscure aspects. Therefore, the fantastic or wondrous art is not a modern genre or narrative technique, but rather its roots extend to ancient narratives with which it intertwines and dissolves, most notably religious stories, myths, folk tales, and Sufi narratives. Furthermore, it represents a characteristic of the ancient Arabic narrative tradition, particularly the tales of One Thousand and One Nights and the collection of popular epics.
Given the unique nature and objective importance of this genre of literature, we chose to delve into it to uncover the impact of its thematic and artistic dimensions and to explore its application through the novel «The Chalk Gate» by the Iraqi writer Ahmed Saadawi, under the title «The Fantastic and the Marvelous Aspects in the Novel “The Chalk Gate”. We adopted an analytical and interpretive approach that serves both the thematic and artistic aspects. To fully grasp the subject and address all its facets, we developed a plan that attempted to identify the most important theoretical and applied aspects related to the topic of the fantastic and the marvelous. This necessitated dividing the research into:
First: An Introduction to the Concept of the fantastic and the Marvellous: This section defines the concept of the fantastic and the marvelous and outlines its most important foundations.
Second: The first section (An Objective Reading of the Novel The Chalk Gate): This section identifies the themes that the writer addressed in his novel in a fantastical and marvelous manner.
Third: The second section (A Study of the Artistic Structure of the Novel “The Chalk Gate”: This section identifies the artistic aspects that the writer employed in constructing the novel. The novel is structured in a wondrous and fantastical manner.
Conclusion: Here we present the most important findings we reached through our research into the fantastic and the wondrous in this novel.
Sources and References
In conclusion, we hope that we have succeeded in identifying the most important aspects that the author (Ahmed Saadawi) relied upon in his novel (The Chalk Gate) to produce it in this wondrous and fantastical form.

The paratexts surrounding a literary text are among the first entry points that determine how the text is read. In addition to their pragmatic value, their diverse representations—from iconic forms and titles to introductory prefaces—help to indicate the cultural references of the text. These references play a fundamental role in guiding the reader›s interpretation toward the semantic intentions of the discourse. Furthermore, they help to identify intertextual sources, which typically aid in understanding the text through the author›s direct references to their discourse or through quotations that refer to the source with which the discourse interacts. This is evident in Ayman Al-Atoum›s paratexts, where the extensive use of religious intertextuality in general, and Qur›anic intertextuality in particular, reveals the most important cultural references for the themes explored in his novels. After presenting the most important concepts upon which the study relies, the research attempts to identify the most significant paratexts in which religious discourse is manifested. This is observed in some book covers and main titles, as well as in the dedication and prefaces prefaces of some novels. The study focused on tracing the aesthetics of this use and its impact on Ayman al-Atoum›s narrative text and structure, as well as its effectiveness in opening up the text›s meanings and its primary purpose.
Keywords: Paratexts, Religious Intertextuality, Novel, Ayman al-Atoum

This research examines the novel «Shrougiya» (A term refers to people from southern Iraq and carries social and cultural connotations) by the Iraqi novelist Shawqi Karim as a narrative model reflecting the Iraqi reality with all its social and psychological transformations after the occupation. The study begins with the central hypothesis that the relationship between character and time in the novel is complex and not constructed according to a traditional sequence, but rather through an interwoven narrative structure in which timelines intertwine and narrative voices merge, revealing a crisis of identity and collective consciousness.
The research was divided into a theoretical introduction and two applied sections. The introduction focused on the concept of narrative and narrative structure, and the interplay between character and time in the novel. The first section examined the temporal structure of the novel by analyzing temporal techniques such as flashback, foreshadowing, pause, scene, and repetition, drawing on the theories of the Russian Formalists and Gérard Genette. The second section focused on character analysis and development, particularly that of «The Boy from the South,» who forms the central axis of the text and whose psychological and social trajectory reveals the tragedy of the Iraqi people.
The research concluded that ‘Shrougiya’ presents a non-linear narrative based on the deconstruction of internal time, and that her narrative tools contribute to constructing a symbolic confessional discourse that represents the memory of pain and suffering.
Keywords: Narrative, Narrative Structure, Shrougiya, Temporal Structure, Characters

The interpreters who adopted the complete approach to interpretation used to analyze the grammatical structure of the noble Qur’anic verses, because analysis plays a role in clarifying and explaining the interpretive meanings, and also to benefit from it in favoring or choosing a specific interpretive meaning.
Among those who were exposed to this was Mulla al-Qazwini (d. 1150 AH), who wrote with his beautiful pen pages of interpretation of the Holy Qur’an, which he called (The Light of Success and the Unveiling of Accuracy). He explained that the one who ventures into it cannot reach the shore of his safety without the light of God Almighty, who grants success to its owner according to his sincerity, devotion, and faith in his God and His Book, and according to his strength and effort.
Through studying this valuable book, the wealth of knowledge contained in this commentary became clear to us, encompassing various arts and sciences. In this research, the researcher will seek to shed light on the method the author followed in his grammatical explanation through the topic of the superlative adjective, and how he addressed and presented this topic. Thus, the research was entitled:
(The superlative form in the interpretation of the Almighty’s saying: “And do not be the first to disbelieve in it” in the interpretation of Nur al-Tawfiq and Kashf al-Tadqiq by Mulla Muhsin al-Qazwini - a study and investigation)
The research reached a set of results, including:
1- The author tends in his grammatical opinions towards the Basran school, so we see him sometimes mentioning that, and sometimes presenting the opinion of the Basrans as if it were a given.
2- In some grammatical cases, he chooses the opinion of the Kufan ​​grammarians due to the strength of their arguments.
3- He mentions the grammatical interpretations explained by earlier grammarians and exegetes, quoting their statements and commenting on some of them, or without comment or addition.
4- The genitive case must agree with the noun it modifies in the superlative form when it is followed by an indefinite noun.
5- The form of (أوَّل) is (أُولى) because its conjugation is (أُوَل) in the singular and in the plural, both being and, indicates that it is the superlative form, and the initial hamza is extra.
And from God comes success.
Keywords: “Superlative adjective, Mulla Qazwini, Tafsir Nur al-Tawfiq wa Kashf al-Tadqiq”

In the terminology of linguists, antonyms refer to words used in two opposing meanings. This treatise is one of a series of works on this subject, in which the author collected what he could of antonyms, and it was distinguished by its brevity and the arrangement of its words in the style of the rhyme school, which relies on chapter and section. In my research, I relied on a unique manuscript written in the author›s own handwriting, and I divided the research into two parts: the first, the study, and the second, the text. I hope that this research will contribute to the service of our Arabic language and benefit interested researchers and scholars.