JOURNAL OF AL-QALAM UNIVERSITY COLLEGE

Interpellation is one of the most important tools Parliament uses to exercise its oversight role over the government's actions. It inherently carries the meaning of accusation and accountability for the government's actions and may lead to a vote of no confidence in the entire government or one of its members if wrongdoing is proven—a process known as ministerial responsibility. This study sheds light on this important topic, highlighting that parliamentary interpellation is an effective tool for monitoring and scrutinizing the actions of ministers, alerting them to their shortcomings, holding them accountable for their negligence, and deterring them from overstepping their bounds. Ultimately, it is a tool with its own principles, rules, procedures, and justifications, all of which strengthen the parliamentary system.

Judicial proceedings require the judge to activate and employ his intellectual and philosophical faculties in order to arrive at a truth that is as close as possible to factual reality, which constitutes the objective sought by all procedural legislations.Among the means to which the judge resorts, within the framework of procedural laws and for the purpose of achieving the highest possible degree of procedural effectiveness in the context of civil litigation, are the concept of legal fiction and the idea of purpose (teleology). Through these mechanisms, the judge confronts certain technical difficulties related to the drafting of some procedural rules, as well as practical difficulties associated with the application of the provisions of those rules.

This research aims to study the domestic service contract in Iraq in light of the existing legislative vacuum, as the Iraqi legislator has not established specific regulations for this category, whether in the amended Civil Code No. (40) of 1951 or in Labor Law No. (37) of 2015. This has weakened the legal protection provided for domestic workers.
The research compares this situation with the legal frameworks in both Kuwait and the UAE, which have established specific legislation for domestic service contracts, defining the rights and obligations of the parties, working hours, vacations, housing conditions, and mechanisms for monitoring and inspection, The research relied on the comparative analytical method to study the domestic service contract in terms of its definition, parties, characteristics, and practical boundaries.
The study showed that the domestic worker remains a natural person providing a permanent or regular service to the employer or their family. The description of the employer is also limited to a natural person, and the scope of work is confined to the home or equivalent settings, taking into account the privacy and confidentiality requirements associated with family life. The research also highlighted the characteristics that distinguish the domestic service contract from a general employment contract, particularly regarding the organization of working hours, continuity, the nature of physical or mental work, the obligation to provide housing, food, and drink, and the limits of inspection and supervision.
The research concluded that regulating the work of domestic workers in Iraq is an urgent legislative necessity imposed by social and economic developments, either through issuing a specific law that takes into account the nature of the domestic service contract and defines the rights and obligations of its parties, or by amending the Labor Law to include this category, in a way that ensures the protection of the worker from exploitation, guarantees their basic rights, such as rest periods, vacations, and setting a minimum age, and achieves balance and justice between the parties to the contractual relationship.

Documentary credit is a common international transaction based on the concept of commercial credit. The numerous and interconnected relationships between the parties involved necessitate that they fulfill the obligations arising from the documentary credit contract Therefore, if one party breaches its obligations under this contract, the other party has the right to claim its rights arising from this contract. Thus, in order to protect the bank's rights, support banking activity, and strengthen commercial credit The project surrounded the bank's rights against its clients with a set of guarantees, including commercial mortgages, as it allowed the bank, in the case of a letter of credit, to receive the documents that represent the goods, especially the bill of lading and the insurance policy. The bank retains possession of the goods as a secured creditor, and is considered the possessor of these goods upon receipt of the documents. Therefore, the bank may seize the goods as a secured creditor. The legislator also permits other creditors to seize the goods to recover their dues from the debtor. However, the legislation does not stipulate the seizure of the seller's and beneficiary's rights, represented by the value of the letter of credit, which has led to disagreement among legal scholars on this matter. ..

The increasing concentration of harmful gases resulting from human activities within the atmosphere has enhanced the atmosphere’s capacity to retain heat, thereby causing an abnormal rise in global temperatures, known as the “greenhouse effect.” This development has produced serious climatic consequences, most notably climate change as a direct result of the increased emission of greenhouse gases capable of absorbing and trapping heat. Although such gases occur naturally and play an essential role in sustaining life on Earth, their escalating release due to human activity has led to an unnatural rise in temperature, resulting in significant alterations to the global climate system. This situation has necessitated the establishment of legal mechanisms and international regimes capable of preventing further disruption to the components of the Earth’s atmosphere by limiting the greenhouse effect in order to preserve the planet’s temperature and climatic stability.
As the international community became increasingly aware of the gravity of this phenomenon, various global efforts emerged to curb the greenhouse effect. The 1992 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), the 1997 Kyoto Protocol annexed thereto, and the 2015 Paris Agreement on climate change constitute the most prominent international instruments and initiatives in this regard.
Accordingly, the central question of this research focuses on the extent to which these international agreements and mechanisms have succeeded in mitigating the greenhouse effect. Through our examination of the principal rules, principles, and mechanisms set forth in these international agreements, and upon reviewing their actual and practical significance, it has become evident that their success has been relative rather than absolute. While these instruments unified international efforts, raised global awareness of the dangers of the greenhouse effect, and obligated certain states to reduce their emissions, they nevertheless failed to fully achieve their intended objectives. This is evidenced by the continued rise in the Earth's surface temperature, the failure of several major states to reduce harmful emissions resulting from their activities, the absence of binding enforcement mechanisms within these international norms, and the persistent challenges related to financing global environmental initiatives. These shortcomings necessitate learning from the deficiencies of the existing environmental regime and continuing international efforts aimed at reducing the greenhouse effect.

Mandatory vaccination is a fundamental public health measure adopted by countries like Iraq and Egypt to prevent infectious diseases and protect public health. However, its implementation can, in some cases, lead to health problems for certain individuals, raising the need to study civil liability for such harm. This issue poses a significant problem regarding the extent to which the state or health authorities are obligated to provide compensation to individuals harmed by mandatory vaccination, and how to strike a balance between protecting society and protecting individual rights.
This research examines the legal foundations of civil liability in the medical field in both Iraq and Egypt, analyzing the relationship between the state's duty to protect public health and the right of individuals to compensation for health problems resulting from mandatory vaccination. The research also reviews the comparative legal systems of the two countries, including the health laws and regulations that define the extent of health authorities' obligation to provide compensation, and the legal frameworks established by each country to regulate this liability.

Al-Muadalah is a critical concept concerned with the study and analysis of the phenomenon of verbal structure and the interweaving of meanings within selected texts from the poetic heritage. This concept has been observed to manifest in a number of poetic verses, which has drawn the attention of several scholars and researchers, prompting them to examine this phenomenon closely, study it, analyze its instances, and highlight its features. This interest stems from and extends the critical and rhetorical observations recorded by classical Arab critics regarding a number of ancient poetic texts. They pointed out that al-ta‘āḍul (the act of contending or vying in an affected manner) represents an anomaly and a departure from the conventions of the early Arabs, who are the very source of eloquence and the fountainhead of rhetoric in the Arabic language.

This study raises a key question: \"To what extent is a foreign arbitration award effective in producing its legal and enforceable effect under Iraqi law, given the legislative and judicial challenges and Iraq\'s obligations under international arbitration conventions?\"
The choice of research methodology depends on the nature of the topic and the study\'s objectives. Accordingly, an analytical-deductive approach will be adopted, examining relevant legal texts and judicial rulings. The study will also employ a comparative approach, focusing on the legal position established by the Iraqi Code of Civil Procedure whenever possible, while also drawing upon relevant scholarly opinions and judicial precedents.
This study is divided into two main sections, each addressing a pivotal legal aspect related to the grounds for refusing to enforce a foreign arbitration award under Iraqi law and the 1958 New York Convention.

The Iraqi Penal Code includes crimes committed through publication that require publicity for their establishment. These crimes arise from the criminal liability arising from defamation of public institutions through one of two offenses: slander and insult. Both Iraqi and Jordanian legislators have defined these crimes, and the common denominator among them is publicity. However, slander requires attribution. It is established by attributing a punishable act that, if true, would subject the accused to punishment or contempt among their fellow citizens. Insult, on the other hand, is established by accusing someone of something that damages their honor or reputation or wounds their feelings, even if it does not involve attributing a specific act. Publication in both crimes, when it occurs through newspapers, magazines, or other media outlets, is considered an aggravating circumstance. To shed light on the subject under discussion, it is necessary to clarify the criminal liability arising from defamation of public institutions and then to outline some examples of this liability.

This study, entitled “The Constitutional Powers of the Prime Minister in States of Emergency: A Case Study of Iraq amid tensions between Iran and Israel \"examines the constitutional framework governing the powers of the Iraqi Prime Minister during times of crisis, within the interplay of domestic factors and regional tensions. The research adopts an analytical approach to constitutional texts and actual practices, while also exploring the impact of the Iran–Israel conflict on Iraq’s national security and the independence of its political decision-making.
The main findings reveal that the Prime Minister’s powers are constrained by parliamentary and judicial oversight, and that the parliamentary nature of the political system limits the centralization of executive decision-making, rendering the Prime Minister dependent on party-based agreements. Moreover, the declaration and extension of a state of emergency remain contingent upon parliamentary approval, which constitutes an important safeguard against the overreach of the executive branch. At the same time, domestic political fragmentation and party pluralism impose practical constraints on governmental stability during crises, especially when taking into account the influential role of armed factions and external pressures as real-world limits parallel to constitutional provisions. Finally, despite its supervisory mandate, constitutional adjudication continues to exert only a limited effect in restraining executive authority during emergencies.
The study recommends enacting a special Emergency Law that precisely defines the Prime Minister’s powers, amending the Constitution to introduce a clear definition of “national security,” and strengthening the role of the Federal Supreme Court.

This research aims to study the rise of the BRICS group and its recent expansion in the context of the structural transformations witnessed by the contemporary international system, especially with regard to the redistribution of power and the erosion of the foundations of unipolarity .the research proceeds from a theoretical problem that ( does the rise of the BRICS represent a structural transformation capable of reshaping the international system, or does it reflect a relative redistribution of power within the existing framework).
The research has concluded that BRICS represents a manifestation of a transitional phase in the liberal international system, characterized by flexible and unstable multipolarity, where shifts in economic power do not necessarily lead to parallel shifts in the economic and political structure of the international system, and also concludes that the ability of BRICS to become an influential structural actor remains hostage to transcending its internal contradictions, and complete milestones.

Semantic contrast and its mechanisms in this research represent one of the robust and profound stylistic structures upon which the poetics of discourse in poems are based. It serves as a linguistic/verbal-semantic/conceptual mechanism that transcends the boundaries of rhetoric to perform syntactic and expressive functions that contribute to shaping the poetic vision and producing meaning. In the perspective of modern stylistics, semantic contrast is not merely the existence of opposites, but rather a syntactic-semantic organization based on repetition and difference. Through this organization, the dynamism of the text is realized, and the continuous relationship between linguistic, structural, contextual, and psychological levels is embodied.

In the poetry of captivity by Abdulkarim Al-Qaisi, semantic contrast possesses a distinctive stylistic dimension, stemming from the nature of the genuine and existential experience that the captive poet expresses with utmost sincerity, having endured the bitterness of this experience. Here, the conflicts between the self and the universe, and between the oppressive and sorrowful reality and the imagined positive horizon, are intensified. This experience demonstrates the presence of opposing semantic dualities, sometimes contrasting and sometimes harmonious, such as freedom/prison, light/darkness, life/death, and silence/noise. These dualities serve as major semantic axes around which the contrasting semantic structure is organized in the contexts of praise.

Given that legislative silence constitutes aphenomenon that affects the effectiveness of legislative and constitutional work, this research addresses the topic of legislative silence as form of total legislative neglect which is represented by the passive behavior of the legislator reflects the weakness of the parliament’s legislative role in regulating matters stipulated in the constitution, given that legislative silence is a modern legal concept, it is similar in substance to some other concepts ,similar to it, such as legislative inadequacy, abstention, and legislative deviation, legislative silence may also have a range of consequences that vary according to the nature of the issue that the legislator has remained silent about regulating, leading to this leads to a legislative vacuum that undermines the effectiveness of constitutional provisions, violates the legal guarantees provided by the constitution for individual rights and public freedoms, and may ultimately result in the political accountability of parliament.

This study proceeds from a fundamental premise that the disciplinary accountability system for the forensic expert in Iraq, regulated by Experts Law No. 163 of 1964, suffers from a structural crisis that renders it incapable of striking a balance between the necessities of professional accountability and the guarantees of a fair trial.
The central problematic lies in the fact that this historic legislation has failed to keep pace with scientific and legal developments, transforming into a "legislative island in isolation." This crisis is exacerbated by a stark contradiction within the Iraqi legal system itself: while Evidence Law No. 107 of 1979 imposes high standards of accuracy and transparency on the expert and provides opponents with strong procedural safeguards (such as the right to object and debate), the old disciplinary system tries the expert himself under procedures lacking the most basic of those guarantees, notably the absence of public hearings and scant opportunities for an effective defense. Furthermore, the system is fundamentally at odds with the philosophy of Protection Law No. 58 of 2017, creating a legislative rupture that places the expert in a state of fragile legal certainty.
Consequently, this study aims to provide a comprehensive critical analysis of this system, focusing on three main axes: the institutional defect in the formation of the Experts Committee, the substantive shortcoming in penalties and ambiguous legal concepts, and the procedural flaw represented by the weakness of investigation and appeal safeguards. It will conclude that reform requires moving beyond partial amendments toward enacting modern legislation that reconciles the philosophies of accountability and protection. It must also redesign institutional structures and procedures to ensure a fair and effective disciplinary trial, ultimately contributing to enhancing the credibility of justice and the integrity of the judicial expertise profession in Iraq.

Social security is a major concern for citizens of any country. It is the means to ensure a comfortable life for families, both now and in the future. Social security is considered a service to society, and we can say that the greatness of a state is measured by the services it provides to its citizens. In this research, we examine social security in Iraqi constitutions. It is no secret that the constitution outlines the general guidelines for these types of security. Therefore, we will focus on Iraqi constitutions, from the Basic Law of the 2Kingdom of Iraq of 1925 to the Constitution of the Republic of Iraq of 2005, and the articles therein that refer to social security for the aforementioned cases. We will compare these articles with articles in some constitutions

The concept of public policy is one of the most controversial ideas in private international law. It is a flexible concept that changes over time and place. What is considered public policy today may not be so after a period of time, and what is considered public policy in one place differs from another. Public policy is a set of supreme values and principles in a given society. This important topic has been examined in three sections: the first section addresses the nature of public policy, the second section deals with the mechanisms for invoking public policy, and the third section discusses the position of contemporary Arab legislation on this subject. Conclusions and recommendations have been reached to formulate the optimal framework for this concept and achieve contemporary international cooperation.

This research aims to study and investigate the chapter on exceptions in a scientific analytical study based on Ala’ al-Din Ali ibn Muhammad al-Shahroudi’s explanation of the book “The Hundred Factors” by Imam Abd al-Qahir al-Jurjani, through investigating the manuscript text and detailing its grammatical topics, and clarifying the position of this chapter in the general structure of Arabic grammatical studies.The importance of the research is highlighted by the fact that it combines the verification of a heritage text that has not been published before, with the analysis of the linguistic issues that the commentator addressed, and linking them to the methods and doctrines of the grammarians, starting from Sibawayh and Al-Kisa’i, up to Al-Mubarrad and all the other prominent figures who contributed to building the grammatical theory.The research addressed the roots of the concept of exception in language, the development of its technical definition, then it explained its major divisions, the rules of the exception, and the forms of the empty exception.The rules of work after (except) and its sisters, with a focus on the grammatical interpretations that have caused disagreement among the grammatical schools. The research relied on Qur’anic and poetic evidence, as it represents the basic reference for controlling and directing the rule.The research came in two parts: The first was devoted to the study, and included an introduction to Al-Jurjani and his book, then a translation of Al-Shahroudi and an explanation of his methodology, followed by an analytical study of the manuscript of the commentary.The second section contains the verified text, collated with the manuscript copy, along with the necessary annotations. This research aims to provide a scholarly contribution that combines accuracy in verification with depth in analysis.This contributes to highlighting the linguistic and rhetorical value of the chapter on exception in the Arabic literary tradition.

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This study examines the attitudes of public relations practitioners toward Artificial Intelligence (AI) as a contemporary digital transformation that has reshaped the nature of communication work and the professional roles of practitioners within organizations. The importance of this study arises from the increasing reliance of organizations on intelligent systems, and the accompanying professional, organizational, and human implications for public relations employees.
The study adopted a descriptive-analytical approach, using a questionnaire as the main tool to collect data from a sample of 370 public relations professionals in both governmental and private institutions. The questionnaire covered five main dimensions: the level of AI utilization in public relations, its impact on the nature of work and professional tasks, its effect on professional skills and job satisfaction, and the professional challenges associated with its use. Data were analyzed statistically using SPSS software.
The results indicated that the use of AI contributes significantly to enhancing the job performance of public relations professionals by accelerating task completion, reducing routine workload, improving communication accuracy with audiences, and supporting decision-making. The findings also revealed a positive relationship between AI usage and job satisfaction, due to its role in improving the work environment and enhancing the sense of achievement and confidence in professional performance. Conversely, the study highlighted an increased need for new technical and professional skills, alongside real professional challenges, most notably limited technical training, job security concerns, privacy issues, and resistance to change.
The study concluded that AI does not replace public relations professionals but rather serves as a supportive tool that reshapes their professional roles, emphasizing the necessity of retraining and skill development to align with the demands of the digital age. The study recommended adopting specialized training programs, establishing clear organizational and ethical policies for AI use, and enhancing the integration of human expertise with intelligent technologies to ensure the development of the public relations profession while preserving its human and professional dimension.

However, in some incidences, a litigant may be having a litigation capacity, but he or she may voluntarily choose to have someone act as an agent to represent him or her in undertaking litigation procedures before the able court. When a party becomes a litigant in a lawsuit, it takes up a unique legal status, being subject to some obligations and procedural burdens, and at the same time, having procedural rights and guarantees that are required due to the litigation processes.

It becomes clear that stylistic study represents one of the important critical approaches in analyzing literary texts, because it has the ability to link language and artistic meaning, relying on three levels: phonetic, rhetorical, and syntactic. At the phonetic level, rhythm, meter, and sound repetition were revealed, which enhanced the collective effect of the poem. At the rhetorical level, the effectiveness of figurative language and expressive techniques in deepening meaning was highlighted. As for the syntactic level, fronting, delaying, interrogation, and negation were examined. The integration of these levels contributes to knowing the stylistic features of the text and highlighting its aesthetic qualities, and it plays a role in deepening understanding and strengthening the relationship between language, literature, and meaning

This research aimed to identify the level of social discrimination and its relationship to the formation of aggressive behavior among female students at the College of Education for Women, University of Kirkuk. The research stemmed from the problem of increasing manifestations of aggressive behavior in university settings and its potential connection to feelings of discrimination. The researcher used a descriptive correlational approach. The research population consisted of all female students at the College of Education for Women, University of Kirkuk, during the 2023-2024 academic year. A stratified random sample was selected, and a questionnaire was administered to the participants. The questionnaire comprised two scales: the first measured social discrimination (material, regional/tribal, academic, and service-related), and the second measured aggressive behavior (psychological feelings associated with discrimination and deviant behavioral tendencies).

The research results showed a statistically significant positive correlation between feelings of social discrimination and the emergence of aggressive behavior among the students. The results also indicated that discrimination based on affiliation (regional or tribal) was the most influential factor in triggering feelings of anger and aggression. The research concluded with a number of findings, most notably that a university environment lacking perceived justice contributes to fostering aggressive behaviors as a defense mechanism. In light of these findings, the researcher recommended the implementation of guidance programs to promote tolerance and social justice on campus, and the establishment of workshops to develop dialogue skills and acceptance of others.

This study examines the role of complaints and reports as essential mechanisms for enhancing the effectiveness of the Iraqi Commission of Integrity in combating corruption. It analyzes the legal framework governing these mechanisms, with particular focus on the Integrity and Illicit Gain Law and the Law on the Protection of Whistleblowers, Witnesses, Experts, and Victims. The research highlights how these laws establish a formal structure for receiving, verifying, and processing corruption-related information, while also providing legal safeguards to encourage public participation in reporting misconduct. The study further evaluates the practical performance of the Commission of Integrity in handling complaints, including the diversity of reporting channels, the procedures for preliminary verification, and the criteria used to assess the credibility of submitted information. Despite the existence of a relatively advanced legal framework, the findings reveal several operational challenges, such as limited public awareness, insufficient human and technical resources, bureaucratic delays, and weak institutional coordination.
Additionally, the research identifies social and cultural barriers—particularly fear of retaliation and the absence of incentives—that hinder individuals from reporting corruption. The analysis concludes that strengthening the complaint and reporting system requires comprehensive reforms that integrate legal, institutional, and technological improvements. These include enhancing whistleblower protection, modernizing digital reporting platforms, expanding awareness campaigns, and improving inter-agency cooperation.
Overall, the study affirms that an effective reporting system is a cornerstone of national anti-corruption efforts and a critical factor in reinforcing transparency, accountability, and public trust in Iraq’s governance institutions.

Digital security has become a central concept in contemporary legal studies due to its direct connection with protecting cyberspace, which now hosts a significant portion of administrative, economic, and social transactions. This concept goes beyond merely protecting devices or networks; it encompasses an integrated system of policies, legislation, and technical procedures aimed at safeguarding data and systems from intrusion, manipulation, or disruption.
Access to the Internet, which is considered a right guaranteed by the laws of many countries, has led to the emergence of digital freedoms. As mentioned above, this term describes the right of individuals and groups to express their opinions in various ways through the use of Internet-connected devices and social media platforms. These freedoms include digital freedom of expression, digital assembly in virtual forums, and the freedom to exchange information within digital content.
It is no longer possible to separate digital security from the constitutional framework, because any attack on data, communications, or electronic systems may directly affect the exercise of fundamental rights, the stability of public institutions, and individuals’ trust in the state. This requires reconsidering how traditional constitutional texts are interpreted and linking them to the new digital reality, in order to ensure effective protection of digital security without compromising the essence of rights and freedoms.

The Effect of Early Intervention Using Virtual Reality on Empathy Development in High-Functioning Autism Children
This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of a Virtual Reality (VR) intervention program in improving empathy among children with High-Functioning Autism (HFA) aged 10 years..
- Design: Quasi-experimental (two groups: experimental/control)
- Sample: 20 children (10 per group) from Al-Rahman and Al-Basmla Autism Centers
- Tools: VR program) 12 sessions, 30 min/session
Empathy Quotient (EQ-C)
Behavioral observation checklist =
Conclusions & Recommendations:
VR is a promising tool for empathy development in autism –
Results require periodic booster sessions for sustainability –
Study recommends integrating VR with traditional therapies –

This research addresses the issue of irregularities in fatwas and their contradiction of the objectives of Islamic law, and the impact of this on hindering those objectives. This is a contemporary issue whose importance stems from the significance and gravity of issuing fatwas in the lives of Muslims, as it serves as a tool for clarifying the rulings of Islamic law and applying them to reality.
This research clarifies the concept of fatwas and their legal parameters, and sheds light on the meaning of irregularities in fatwas and their causes. It also refers to the objectives of Islamic law, explaining their categories and their role in regulating fatwas. Furthermore, it examines the impact of irregular fatwas on hindering the general and overarching objectives of Islamic law, and the resulting negative effects on preserving the five necessities (of life).
The research concludes that a fatwa is neither sound nor effective unless it is based on the texts of Islamic law and its objectives. Because the objectives of Islamic law are a criterion for the validity of a fatwa, and because deviation from established legal principles represents a departure from the methodologies of scholars in ijtihad (independent reasoning) and deduction, it threatens the essential interests that Islamic law was revealed to protect.

This research deals with the study of the loss of Iraqi nationality as a legal reason for the dismissal of a public employee from the public service, because of the fundamental importance of nationality in the formation of the legal status of the public servant, as one of the main pillars on which the employee's relationship with the state is based, which reflects the bond of loyalty and belonging to it. The research relied on the descriptive analytical approach by studying the constitutional and legal texts related to Iraqi nationality and civil service laws, as well as analyzing the opinions of legal jurisprudence and the relevant administrative court rulings, and the researcher concluded that the loss of Iraqi nationality leads to the disappearance of one of the basic conditions for occupying a public office, which justifies the dismissal of the employee In order to preserve the public interest and the principle of state sovereignty, however, this effect requires careful regulation that takes into account legal guarantees and prevents abuse of power, and the research concludes with a number of findings and recommendations that call for enhancing legislative clarity and unifying the provisions related to the dismissal of public employees due to the loss of Iraqi nationality

This study focused on an important aspect of the administration work, the effects of revoking the administrative decision on acquired rights. This study, dealing with the statement of the concept of revoking the administrative decision, showed the principles that influence the revocation of an administrative decision and the acquired right. It also showed the destructive and constructive effects of the revocation of the administrative decision and the position of the Iraqi judiciary from the cancellation of individual and organizational decisions.
The researchers found that the acquired rights require strong legal protection to ensure the stability of the legal centers of individuals and prevent any damage resulting from the illegal revocation of administrative decisions. One of the most important recommendations is to conduct a periodic evaluation of administrative decisions to ensure their legitimacy and not the need to revoke them and this contributes to the stability of the legal centers of individuals and management.