Journal of the College of Education for Girls for Humanities

This study attempts to uncover the approach followed by Sayyid Muhammad Mahdi al-Khorasan in dealing with Quranic readings by examining his views expressed in his published works.
This study attempts to answer a set of epistemological questions and problems that collectively constitute the research hypotheses. The most important of these are:
1- How did Sayyid al-Khorasan employ the method of historical investigation to uncover the hidden causes of the narratives of the Quranic readings?
2- What is the prevailing opinion of Sayyid al-Khorasan regarding the issue of the seven letters and the readings?
4- Did Sayyid al-Khorasan employ the Quranic readings to guide the interpretive meaning?
The general goal of the study is to shed light on the methodology of Sayyid Al-Khursan in dealing with readings, which clearly illustrates the opinion of the Ahl al-Bayt school of thought regarding the distinction between the Holy Quran as the 'divine text' and the Quranic readings as the 'human text'. To achieve this, the research relied on the analytical method in studying the subject by presenting statements and opinions accompanied by their evidence and arguments, discussing them, and weighing what is correct according to the necessary evidence for judgment. The researcher does not claim to have gathered everything related to the topic in this relatively short period, as this is the nature of humans in general. Regarding the most important sources and references relied upon in the writing, their topics varied to include a range of ancient and contemporary Imamite interpretations, as well as the main books of Imamite hadith, in addition to hadith sources from other schools, fundamental texts on the sciences of the Quran and its history, history books, lexicons, language, and other arts related to the study topic.

This research examines Ibn Abi al-Isba's book, "Tahrir al-Tahbir," one of the
most important books published in the seventh century AH. This century has been considered a critical stumbling block by many Arabic critics, who have classified it as part of what they call the "late ages." Based on this erroneous view, one critic assumed that the approach followed by Ibn Abi al-Isba' was a formalist one. The research notes that the author possessed a broad cultural background; he had read many books and considered numerous opinions, to the point that he was able to pioneer a critical terminology and name disciplines that previous scholars had been unable to define. He was also able to support the efforts of scholars of miracles. In doing so, Ibn Abi al-Isba' was able to draw on a vast cultural wealth, gleaned from his extensive knowledge of grammar, morphology, and exegesis, which enabled him to "sift through" prevailing critical ideas and reach his own unique perspectives. His bias towards politics and his involvement in the strife, unrest and wars waged by the Ayyubid state and the Bahri Mamluk state may have been the reason for producing a good collection of books. If those wars had bitten him with their fangs, he would not have been able to do anything scientific. It is possible to be guided to the method followed by Abu al-Asba’, which is the applied rhetorical and rhetorical method, in which Ibn al-Athir shares this method with him.

This study examines the metaphorical imagery in the sayings of Ahl al-Bayt in Sheikh al-Kulayni’s Usul al-Kafi, highlighting their aesthetic qualities and persuasive power. It investigates how rhetorical devices such as metaphor contribute to achieving various levels of argumentation and persuasion in the discourses of Ahl al-Bayt.
The researcher, alongside other scholars, argues that elements of rhetorical performance, including metaphor, are not merely ornamental or aesthetic enhancements in eloquent texts—including the texts of Ahl al-Bayt—but play a fundamental role in reinforcing meaning in the recipient’s mind and increasing the discourse’s persuasive impact. Through an analytical approach, the study reveals the deep interconnection between aesthetic and argumentative dimensions in Usul al-Kafi, demonstrating that the rhetoric of the Imams of Ahl al-Bayt relies on a delicate balance between the beauty of rhetorical expression and the presentation of compelling arguments, resulting in a style that is effective, engaging, and persuasive.
Furthermore, the study compares classical and modern perspectives on metaphor, emphasizing its essential role in Arabic literary heritage, which has often overlooked its function in persuasion and in enhancing the thematic depth of texts. By analyzing these characteristics of metaphor, the research provides insights into the artistry, precision, and argumentative strength of the discourses of the Imams of Ahl al-Bayt, and encourages further studies on rhetorical techniques in both classical and modern Arabic prose that integrate aesthetic and argumentative elements.

Jesus Christ, peace be upon him, has remained the first figure specialized in theology throughout the ages and times, and his life on earth and his message that he sent down occupied the current year, as did his legacy since his birth and crucifixion until people became aware of him.
The status of Jesus Christ, peace be upon him, was strengthened and he gained his livelihood, as he was a messenger and a messenger from God to a people who were arrogant, haughty and superior to people, and he also established for them beliefs and laws that suited them and preserved their status among the Jews, and therefore God sent their messenger to oppose the rulings and rules they established.
Also, the place of Jesus Christ's imprisonment, peace be upon him, took from God a statement that included this person, indicating salvation, deliverance, and the liberation of the Jews and their rulings.
As well as the miracles that Jesus Christ, peace be upon him, performed and his message spread among the Jews, and many people gathered around him, which seemed appropriate for Jesus Christ, peace be upon him, to be the awaited savior that people await for salvation from the plots of the priests and elders so that they would fear him.

The study aimed to shed light on the elite Coptic women, know their social impact in Egypt, learn about the role that this elite played in various fields, the reasons that helped in their emergence, and the most prominent roles they played in the field of education, journalism, and associations. In the early twentieth century, elite women sought to take up work. Social care through volunteer work and the establishment of Coptic charitable societies, which were limited to a small number of educated women and society ladies only, and how it became one of the most important pillars of Coptic society at a time when the Church was considered the main reference for the Copts, and this in turn led to the emergence of a number of Coptic female figures, including The most prominent of which is Iris Habib Al-Masry, whom we will learn about the environment in which she grew up and the extent of her family’s influence on that upbringing and her academic and practical career. She was the first Coptic woman to write about twenty centuries of the history of the Coptic Orthodox Church, that is, since the entry of Christianity into Egypt, which left a clear impact on the history of the Coptic Church in particular and the history of Egypt in general had a clear imprint in teaching the history of Christianity, and from this standpoint came the choice of the study entitled (The Coptic Women’s Elite and Its Social Impact in Egypt, Iris Habib Al-Masry as a Model).

The United States seeks to control its interests in the Middle East by supporting a structure and giving free rein to countries that oppose it and threaten it with the presence of countries allied with it, such as Saudi Arabia, Qatar, Kuwait, and Egypt. The armed forces that are active are the Army of God in Lebanon. The American administration worked to bring it down in various ways after calling it a “terrorist,” including the name of its leader, Sayyed Hassan Nasrallah, on the “terrorism” lists and accusing Iran of supporting it financially and militarily, which called for holding the “Group of Eight” summit and the resolutions of the United Nations General Assembly that called for the peace process. After a long period of armed conflict between the two parties, After the failure of the United States of America to subjugate Hezbollah, the Zionist entity withdrew on May 25, 2000 from southern Lebanon without restrictions or conditions, in order to justify its withdrawal and weakness in the face of a party that returned the ball to the Palestinian cause by occupying lands and building new settlements.

This study examines the fundamental shift in US foreign policy during the presidency of Theodore Roosevelt (1901–1909), highlighting the transition from a relatively isolationist approach to a systematic global engagement based on naval power and preemptive intervention. The study proceeds from a basic premise that multiple internal factors, including economic, political, and technological dimensions, created the necessary material and political infrastructure for the rise of greater American ambition. Roosevelt demonstrated this transformation through tactics such as "big stick diplomacy" and the "Roosevelt Appendix," along with strategic projects such as the Panama Canal, the most prominent embodiment of this fundamental shift and the qualitative shift in the global export of US imperialism. The study examines the US domestic responses to anti-imperialism and Latin American protests. This study attempts to understand the balance between hard and soft power to sustain regional and international stability. He concludes by concluding that Roosevelt's legacy has continued to guide subsequent American foreign policy, despite the renewal of methods over time, starting with coercive measures, through "good neighbor" diplomacy, and later on, the use of advanced economic and political tools.

The Egyptian school is considered one of the most prominent historical schools that documented the history of the Islamic nation. It directed its focus toward its cultural and intellectual heritage, emphasizing the recording of major events that significantly impacted both Muslims specifically and society in general. Among these pivotal events is the Incident of Ghadir, which sparked widespread debate among historians. Some affirmed its occurrence, asserting its authenticity and its significance in establishing the legitimacy of Imam Ali’s (peace be upon him) leadership and Imamate. Others narrated the event but with interpretations that denied its political and religious implications. Meanwhile, a third group ignored it entirely, possibly due to sectarian motives, political influence, or the nature of the sources they relied upon, which did not grant the event the importance it deserved—whether as a divine decree or as a political milestone in shaping the leadership of the nascent Muslim community.
The significance of this research lies in examining the perspectives of Egyptian historians on the Incident of Ghadir during the medieval period, analyzing its position in Islamic history, and exploring its religious, social, and political ramifications. Additionally, the study aims to assess the seriousness of Egyptian historians in portraying the event in its true magnitude, its presence in their historical writings, and the credibility of their narrations, following a historical-analytical approach.

The study sought to know the life of the English historian Collingwood and his method of historical research, as he loved reading historical books and learning Latin and Greek. He worked on developing his mental perceptions after studying at Oxford University, and he found the importance of the methodology of historical research. He reviewed the historical studies of many thinkers and philosophers, and found new methodological mechanisms in historical research. He concluded that civilization has three pillars: the economic, social, and judicial aspects, and their existence is important for the continuity of building civilization. He also emphasized the reasoning or causality in building the historical event, and stated that the mind is the engine of historical events; because they occurred from the ideas resulting from man.

The emergence of various tribes and clans in different countries prompted these clans to settle and expand at the expense of neighboring countries or lands. Among these clans was the Kurt clan, which emerged in eastern Iran. Since its founding, this tribe worked to establish an influence that would enable it to survive, even if it meant surrendering to the invading enemies, the powerful and influential. This clan began laying its foundations in cooperation with the Mongols when Shams ad-Din Kurt cooperated with the invading forces to eliminate the Ismailis, seeking Hulagu's support to remain in power. This was clearly evident at the time. This approach continued until the elimination of this clan by Timurlane, who feared their treachery and the suspicious nature of their movements.

This study examines the political and intellectual transformations that the English colonies in North America experienced between 1700 and 1776, a foundational phase that contributed to shaping the early structure of the modern American political system. The study relied on an analytical historical approach, tracing political, economic, and social developments and analyzing the legal texts and political literature that accompanied that period.
The study concluded that the colonies began in the early eighteenth century with a degree of self-government through elected legislative assemblies, establishing early traditions of representative government. Geographical, economic, and intellectual factors, particularly the influence of the European Enlightenment, helped develop an advanced political awareness among the colonists. In the mid-eighteenth century, the Seven Years' War (1754–1763) represented a turning point. The high costs prompted Britain to impose new tax and legislative laws, leading to a direct confrontation under the slogan "No taxation without representation."
The research also highlighted that successive crises, such as the Tariff Acts, the Boston Massacre, the Tea Party, and the Coercive Acts, deepened the shared political identity among the colonies and led to the First and Second Continental Congresses, which paved the way for the declaration of revolution. Political literature, most notably Thomas Paine's Common Sense, played a prominent role in transforming reform demands into an independence project.
The research ultimately concluded that the Declaration of Independence in 1776 was not a passing event, but rather the culmination of a long process of intellectual and political transformations that established the principles of liberty, popular sovereignty, and equality—principles that formed the foundation of the American Constitution and modern political institutions.

The distribution of human settlements in the study area was characterized by three patterns: The first is the linear pattern, with a percentage of (73%), which prevails in all sides of the alluvial plain, as the population is distributed along the Kufa and Abbasiya waterways and the streams branching off from them. As for the existing settlements according to the scattered and clustered patterns, they were ranked second, with a percentage of (27%), which prevails in the areas of the plateau. The presence of the population was scattered according to the presence of groundwater (springs and wells) and the clustered pattern that prevails in specific urban areas, as the urban population of the governorate gathered in urban clusters in the Najaf and Kufa district centers, and the rest were distributed among the rest of the administrative unit centers

Fruit trees play a vital and important role in human life and their societies, as they contribute to providing energy and nutrients necessary for the body. It contributes to supporting the national economy through exporting fruits and products derived from them. It also contributes to improving the environment by absorbing carbon dioxide and releasing oxygen. It is also a source of entertainment and relaxation, especially in rural areas. No, fruit trees are infected with many diseases, which vary depending on the type of tree and geographical region. Among the most prominent fungal diseases, bacterial diseases, viral diseases, and insect pests, and this is what will be discussed in this research. We will address the most important pests and diseases that affect fruit trees in summer and winter in Karbala Governorate, as it is one of the governorates of Iraq with the most agricultural and large number of fruit trees.

This research examines the stone-cutting industry in the district of Hit as one of the key industrial activities contributing to the local economy and community development. The study aims to analyze the geographical factors influencing the emergence, growth, and spatial distribution of this industry. Two main methodologies were employed: the theoretical approach, which relied on collecting and analyzing data from relevant academic and technical sources, and the field approach, which included site visits to industrial locations, interviews with factory owners and workers, and laboratory analysis of samples and field data related to the current state of the industry in the district.
The results revealed that the district of Hit possesses favorable natural and human resources that support the development of the stone-cutting industry, including the abundance of limestone raw materials, diverse geological formations, suitable climatic conditions, and the availability of skilled local labor and traditional expertise. The study also showed that the spatial distribution of stone-cutting plants is mainly concentrated in the district center, with varying degrees of presence in the surrounding sub-districts depending on proximity to raw material sources, transportation networks, and marketing centers.
The research identified several challenges and constraints facing the industry, such as frequent power outages, high transportation costs, limited technical support, and weak management and marketing systems. Accordingly, the study recommends establishing a local strategy to develop the stone-cutting industry through modernizing production technologies, providing governmental and technical support to the private sector, and optimizing the utilization of available resources to achieve sustainable industrial and economic development in the district of Hit.

This study compares Law Code Stele of king Hammurabi with modern Iraqi law, attempting to shed light on the similarities and differences between the two legal systems in various legislative fields, such as personal status, criminal law, and civil law. The study aims to understand the extent of the influence of ancient legal heritage on contemporary Iraqi legislation and the continuity of legal values established thousands of years ago in Mesopotamia. The research relied on a descriptive and analytical approach, analyzing ancient and modern legal texts and comparing their principles and provisions. It also drew on modern historical and legal sources to understand the cultural and legislative development witnessed by Iraq over the ages. The approach also included a study of the impact of ancient legal thought on legal concepts and principles in the current Iraqi system. The study concluded that the Code of Hammurabi established legal rules whose influence is still evident in modern Iraqi legislation, particularly in the areas of penalties and the regulation of civil relations. It also demonstrated fundamental shifts in legal thought, from a strict punitive system to a modern system focused on social justice and the protection of human rights. The study emphasized the importance of leveraging the legal cultural heritage in developing modern legislation to meet contemporary requirements.

It is not surprising if we say that the ultimate goal of writing scientific research is to serve society, and this service requires researchers to reflect on the choice of the topic they research. Since begging is one of the social phenomena whose roots extend back to ancient times and have continued to this day; Thus, the idea for this research was born to shed light on this social phenomenon. It is well known that the sciences complement one another, and therefore, we deemed it necessary to conduct this study between criminal law and Islamic jurisprudence to provide a clear perspective. The scientific content necessitated that the research be divided into three sections, each further subdivided into three points. The first section, along with its points and sub-points, was dedicated to clarifying the linguistic and terminological meanings of the term. Following this, I addressed the types of begging and its criminalization or permissibility, as well as its appearance or concealment. I then mentioned terms related to begging, including the term "beggar." In the second section, the researcher examined the legal structure of the crime of begging, clarifying the Iraqi legislator's stance on this crime by explaining its material and moral elements. The researcher also referenced other laws to further clarify the legal structure . The research methodology concluded, being a comparative study between criminal law and Islamic jurisprudence, required us to address the topics in... These two specializations, according to what the occasion requires, we have dedicated the third to the concept of begging in Islamic jurisprudence, pointing to the prohibition of it and the places where it is permitted. It must be noted that I have cited legal texts, verses of the Holy Quran, and noble hadiths as required by the research. The pages of this research have been closed with a conclusion in which we have put the most prominent things that we have reached in this research.

The current research aimed to distinguish between knowledge management among students at the University of Kufa, and knowledge discrimination according to the variable of gender (male-female), scientific specialization (scientific-human), and various interactions. An archive of the current research scale was formed from (600) new female students distributed between scientific specializations (sciences-dentistry) and humanities (jurisprudence-literature). For the purposes of this research, two applications were used to manage the allocation of students to all (Fonagy & Traget, 1996), with (42) items. Two researchers verified the validity and reliability of the psychometric test through the research. The results showed that anger management was available at the university, and there were no statistically significant differences in luck management according to gender (male-female), scientific specialization (scientific-human), and various interactions. Two variations of references and recommendations were evident

The current research set out to achieve a set of objectives that include identifying the level of both fear of freedom and statistically significant differences in both fear of freedom according to the variables (gender and specialization), the researcher followed the steps of the descriptive approach, and this was necessary by constructing a adapting (Ismail, 2015) the fear of freedom, which consists of (40) items and The scales had psychometric properties and The scales had psychometric properties. The current research consisted of a sample of (517) male and female students from the colleges of the University of Kufa with scientific and humanities specializations who were selected by random stratified method, and the following results were reached: University students enjoyed fear of freedom, there were no statistically significant differences in the level of relationship due to fear of freedom among university students according to the variables of gender and specialization..

The present study aims to explore feelings of guilt and emotional suppression among divorced women, as well as to examine the nature of the correlational relationship between guilt and emotional suppression among them in Al-Najaf Al-Ashraf Governorate. The research sample consisted of (338) divorced women. A guilt scale, developed by the researcher and consisting of (20) items with (3) response options, was administered. In addition, the Emotional Suppression Scale by Preece et al. (2018), translated by Al-Bayati (2023), which consists of (24) items with (7) response options, was adopted. The validity and reliability of both scales were verified ,The results showed that the sample demonstrated a high level of guilt as well as a high level of emotional suppression. Moreover, a positive correlational relationship was found between guilt and emotional suppression among divorced women. In light of these findings, the researcher reached a set of recommendations and suggestions

This research aims to study the role of the Iraqi media, especially the main news bulletin on Al-Iraqiya channel, in spreading the culture of peace after 2003. The research adopts the descriptive approach and a questionnaire form, where 100 forms were distributed in Najaf. The research focuses on analyzing the role of the media in changing concepts and spreading the culture of peace in Iraqi society. The research is based on the theory of cultural implantation, which assumes the effect of repeated exposure to the media on the public's perception of reality. The research includes defining basic terms such as role, culture of peace, news bulletin, and satellite channels. The research also addresses the concept of peacebuilding, its types, and its requirements as part of community rehabilitation. The research seeks to answer questions about the impact of the media on spreading the culture of peace in light of the challenges faced by Iraq.

One of the most significant changes in Iraq is the emergence of satellite channels in Iraqi life which was accompanied by discussions and dialogues among new politicians, which we previously lacked before 2003. Before this time, Iraqis were living under a single party, political discourse was often one-dimensional. Now, interviews and debates on Iraqi and Arab channels showcase competing visions, which is a hallmark of democratic life. In this study we reviewed several interviews, how they discussed, argued, expressed their opinions and showed their arguments. We aimed to show to researchers and other people which ideologies where our politicians argued and how we applied Van Dijk, T.A. (1995a) models on their dialogues. We reviewed how politicians portrayed themselves positively and portrayed others negatively and let people judge who is right and who is wrong in his position. We took our data from Iraqi and some Arab channels. We followed the qualitative approach in analysing their dialogue. The study is divided in two parts: theoretical which was about Van Dijk models and some researches on ideology analysis discourse like: Fairclough, 1989, 1992; Kedar, 1987; Kramarae, Schulz and O Barr, 1984; Kress, 1985; Ng and Bradac, 1993; Wodak, 1989). The second part was the practical and it was about the interviews of Iraqi politicians on channels and how we analysed them according to Van Dijk models.