Kirkuk Journal of Arts

This research addresses the unprecedented events that arose during the COVID-19 pandemic, particularly concerning gatherings such as congregational prayers (Jamā'ah) and Friday prayers (Jumu’ah), and the jurisprudential implications regarding their permissibility and prohibition.
This context presented a precise and contemporary Fiqh (jurisprudential) question: What is the ruling on closing mosques during such calamities, and what are the legitimate Sharia limits for authorizing such an action?
The primary research problem focuses on the main question: What is the temporary religious ruling (al-Hukm al-Shar‘ī) regarding the closure of mosques? And what are the controlling principles (Ḍawābiṭ) and objectives (Maqāṣid) that govern this measure in light of Islamic Law?
The study explores the linguistic and terminological definitions of the key research concepts, provides an overview of the history of epidemics, their occurrence, and the precautionary measures taken against them, focusing specifically on the religious ruling concerning the temporary closure of mosques, the suspension of Jumu’ah and Jamā’ah prayers, or the prohibition of such closure.
The findings indicate divergent views among scholars: some jurists (Fuqahā’) permitted the suspension of Jumu’ah and Jamā’ah prayers in mosques while maintaining the call to prayer (Adhān); others held the view that Jumu’ah and Jamā’ah should continue, limited only to the Mu’adhdhin (caller to prayer), the Khaṭīb (preacher), and the Imām; a third group of jurists maintained that only infected individuals should be prevented from entering, allowing healthy individuals to pray while strictly observing safety protocols

This research examines the economic applications of the jurisprudential principle of prioritizing labor. It aims to highlight the importance of labor in the Islamic economy and present modern, realistic, and practical models for labor, according to the defined criteria for applying the principle of prioritization: importance, need, capacity, time, and outcome.
Summary:
The study concludes that:
- Labor is any legitimate effort exerted by humans, mentally or physically, to create a Sharia-compliant benefit.
- Islamic scriptures (Quran and Sunnah) encourage work and excellence in it.
- The importance of labor lies in achieving servitude to God, meeting basic needs, and strengthening the Islamic nation's material and defensive capabilities.
- Practical models for labor include:
- Establishing specialized hospitals for critical and infectious diseases
- Building affordable housing complexes for the poor
- Investing endowment funds in public interests
- Supporting public and private sector employees with housing units
The research emphasizes applying the jurisprudential principle of prioritization in labor to achieve economic and social goals for the Islamic community.

The Sunnah of the Holy Prophet is the second source of interpretation after the Holy Qur\'an, and because the purifying prophetic biography is a major component of the content of the honorable prophetic Sunnah, so it is an important source of interpretation for the practical application of the texts of the Holy Qur\'an with all the commands and prohibitions contained in it by the Prophet Muhammad - peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him - in every part of his life-peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him - and therefore this research came to highlight this Color in interpretation through the book of the Magazi of our Master Muhammad, peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him-in every part of his life-and therefore this research came to highlight this Color in interpretation through the book of the Magazi of our Master Muhammad, peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him, which is one of the most important books of prophetic biography this research came to point out the honorable biography of the Prophet as a source of interpretation, and also drew attention to a scientific figure who had early efforts in interpretation, and to his book in the purifying biography containing many verses that spoke about their meanings and the sciences of the Qur\'an related to them.

This study seeks to deconstruct the implicit deep structures in the poetry of Abu Mufazzar al-Aswad ibn Qutbah, one of the most prominent poets of the Islamic conquests during the first Hijri century. Through a cultural approach, the research explores poetic discourse not merely as an aesthetic expression, but as a carrier of imperial hegemonic patterns and as a narrative of victory that shaped the collective Islamic consciousness.
The tools of cultural criticism are employed to uncover the operation of authoritative patterns embodied in the image of the Islamic conqueror, and to analyze the intricate relationship between the poet and both military and religious authority. The poet is portrayed not as a marginal voice detached from the state, but rather as its spokesperson, historian of its triumphs, and an articulator of the rhetoric of conquest that reinforces the concepts of cultural and religious superiority.
The research focuses on analyzing poetic examples in which Abu Mufraz documented the battles of the Islamic armies—particularly Jalula, Yarmouk, and Amghishiyah—through a critical examination of language, metaphor, and cultural representation that constructs the image of the \"defeated other\" and lays the foundations for the ideology of symbolic superiority of the emerging Islamic nation.
The study adopts the methodology of cultural criticism, which aims to expose underlying patterns and analyze marginalized or silenced discourses, drawing upon the ideas of Edward Said and the concept of “history from below” as articulated by Raymond Williams, while deliberately avoiding traditional rhetoric or purely historical narration.

Bahrain is one of the first countries in the Arabian Gulf region to have witnessed political and social movements that pressed for reforms in the country’s political system. Therefore, in the aftermath of independence, Bahrain witnessed the formation of an elected National Council with broad powers. However, the experiment collapsed after a few months when the National Council was dissolved and the constitution was suspended. Bahrain entered a new phase since 1999, with Sheikh Hamad bin Isa assuming power, a phase that differs from the country’s previous phases, and many factors combined in Bahrain. This resulted in the emergence and growth of political awareness compared to the rest of the Gulf Arab states. Bahrain witnessed numerous political and social movements focused on political reform before gaining independence in 1971. These movements were characterized by intellectual diversity, which played a significant role in the development of political awareness in Bahrain. This crystallized after independence in 1971 with the adoption of a permanent constitution in 1973, in addition to the formation of a National Assembly (parliament), most of whose members were elected and granted broad powers. However, the experiment collapsed, particularly after the dissolution of the National Assembly in 1975. From then until the early 1990s, Bahrain suffered a political crisis, both between the state and society and between the government and the opposition.

Following its independence, Morocco experienced a rapid expansion of civil society organizations, particularly in the cultural, social, and educational sectors. These groups have a substantial impact on social support efforts, the reduction of inequality, and the protection of citizens’ fundamental rights.
National organizations in Morocco have played an essential role in promoting civic responsibility and encouraging citizens’ active engagement in public life. Through ongoing efforts to address social and economic disparities, advance social justice, and safeguard the rights of citizens, these associations have become key actors in Moroccan society, reinforcing the principles of citizenship.
The enactment of the Public Liberties Law in 1958 marked a turning point by formally recognizing the right to establish associations, paving the way for their participation in societal development. Subsequent constitutional reforms, including the 1972 Constitution, affirmed the right to form organizations, enabling citizens to influence public policies and government initiatives.
Further progress was made with the adoption of the 1992 and 1996 Constitutions, which strengthened human rights protections and guaranteed the freedom to join associations, including political parties and trade unions. These legal frameworks positioned civil society organizations as vital partners in governance, fostering social solidarity, national awareness, and humanitarian action.
Overall, Moroccan civil society has evolved into a central institution that not only advocates for social equity and justice but also actively contributes to the development of public policies and democratic practices.

After reading and examining the subject I was about to write about, it seemed to me suitable as a composition within its smaller collections (research papers). Therefore, I focused my attention on presenting those morphological forms, conditioned upon their explicit mention of direct praise, to extract them from the Holy Quran, which had gathered We have eighteen different forms with varying linguistic roots, distributed across two sections: the first for verb forms, and the second for noun forms, preceded by an introduction and preface, and followed by a conclusion and results. There is no need to list the vocabulary of the scientific material, as it is detailed in its respective places. Its pages, and the reader will see good morphological benefits that express in their truth a high status that God Almighty has reserved for His noble Prophet, so that he - may God bless him and grant him peace - was honored. And in what I have written is a clear effort that I am proud of, and I seek its reward from God alone, and praise be to God before and after.

This research addresses the \"Aesthetics of Critical Analysis in the. Discourse of Dr. Sami Shihab Al-Jubouri\" through his book, (Critical Flashes in the Analysis of Literary and Critical Discourses), as a case study. The study aims to discover the artistic qualities and methodologies employed by Al-Jubouri in his analyses. The research focuses on the critic\'s ability to analyze both literary and critical texts, highlighting his skill in integrating contemporary critical tools with authentic aesthetic insights. The study showed that Al-Jubouri\'s discourse is characterized by depth and comprehensiveness, revealing his contributions to developing the concept of \"critique of criticism\" (Naqd Al-Naqd) and establishing it in the current critical scene, making the book a unique example of balanced critical analysis

Tolerance and rejection of extremism are among the most prominent qualities that accompanied the Islamic call since its inception, and this characteristic was clearly embodied in the biography of the Prophet Muhammad, may God bless him and grant him peace. His message in his call to Islam stems from the Qur\'anic verse (as well as we made you a middle nation(.
The biography of the Prophet is full of many evidences and evidence that confirm the tolerance of the Holy Prophet Muhammad, may God bless him and grant him peace, and his rejection of extremism. Moderation and tolerance were his approach to laying the foundations of the Islamic religion and building its state. Conversely, extremism and segregation foment tension, fear and conflict among members of the Muslim community.
We will look at this topic by discussing these aspects in this paper

This study investigates the dynamics of geomorphology in Al-Hawija District by analyzing the spatial–temporal changes in land cover and their relationship with human activities as a dominant geomorphic agent. Sentinel-2 satellite data and GIS techniques were employed to compare land-cover maps for the years 2017 and 2024, representing two contrasting phases: human disturbance caused by displacement and a subsequent period of spatial stability marked by the return of agricultural activities.
The results reveal a significant expansion of agricultural land and a sharp decline in desertified areas, accompanied by a reduction in rangelands and an increase in built-up areas. These changes indicate a transition from geomorphic instability to relative surface equilibrium. The study also demonstrates that natural factors such as relief and slope exerted limited influence due to the predominance of flat terrain, while climatic factors acted directly but conditionally, depending on land-cover conditions. The study concludes that human activity plays a decisive role in shaping geomorphic dynamics in the area, and that agricultural stability has been a key factor in mitigating surface degradation.

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In the analysis of poetic discourse, the term "pictorial formation" refers to examining the space of the poetic image, which is one of the most prominent elements of poetic composition in a poem, alongside other fundamental formative elements. However, in modern Arabic poetry, this formation has taken on a broader and deeper scope within the dynamic of poetic formation. Poets have begun to utilize this fertile poetic domain to develop their poetic performance, opening up the horizons of the poetic image to rich paths that benefit from the poet's skill, awareness, culture, and sensitivity. This allows them to work on their poems with a modern vision that seeks to break free from the patterns of imitation and mimicry in crafting poetic imagery.
In his collection titled "Sweets," the poet Omar Al-Sarai adopts this poetic approach, working within the space of pictorial formation. This diverse space constantly reveals a unique formative quality that reflects the poet's ability and understanding of the vitality of this vision. Pictorial formation in modern poetry requires a high level of artistic, aesthetic, and cognitive energy, enabling the poet to benefit from the data of the poetic image experience and employ it within different formative frameworks.
The experience of the Diwan came with many of these formal and pictorial frameworks and patterns, in which the poet excelled and through many and varied poetic fields on the other hand.

of protecting the orphan's wealth in Islamic law, based on Quranic verses and Prophetic traditions that emphasize the care of orphans and the preservation of their rights, especially after reaching puberty. This highlights the seriousness of any wrongful or illegal actions concerning their funds. The topic sheds light on the challenges faced by guardians and trustees in managing these funds correctly. The research aims to investigate the rulings on managing an orphan's wealth by dividing it into sections that address the rulings on mixing the orphan's money with the guardian's money, the rulings on consuming it, and the rulings on deducting from it. All of this is done with the goal of establishing the correct legal framework for protecting orphans' funds.
The ruling on managing an orphan's wealth is that it is permissible only if it is in their best interest to preserve and grow it. This is achieved through investing the money and not wasting it. Actions that harm the money, such as consuming it or mixing it, are prohibited unless necessary or in the orphan's best interest. This includes detailed provisions concerning financial transactions and the deduction of funds from orphans' assets to safeguard their rights. It also highlights the religious and societal importance of orphans' wealth, as Islam considers sponsoring and managing orphans' funds among the best of deeds, linking this to authentic prophetic traditions.

This study aims to analyze the spatial dimension of quality of life in the city of Ramadi as one of the main pillars of sustainable human development, by examining the spatial variation in the social, economic, and environmental dimensions, as well as the overall satisfaction level of the population.
The research adopted a spatial analytical approach utilizing Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies, in addition to a field survey that covered nine main urban sectors of Ramadi, comprising 450 valid questionnaires.
The analysis focused on four key dimensions: social, economic, environmental, and overall satisfaction with quality of life. The results revealed a clear spatial variation in the quality-of-life indicators among the city’s sectors. Sector 7 recorded the highest overall satisfaction level (81.5%), followed by Sector 6 (78.4%) and Sector 8 (76.9%), all located in the central zone of the city where commercial and service activities are concentrated. Conversely, Sector 1 (65.3%) and Sector 9 (67.1%).

The seventh parliamentary term Morocco 2002-2007 represents a significant stage in the history of modern Morocco .This is due to its constitutes a link in the chain of parliamentary and political development in the country .What distinguishes this term is the first parliamentary experience under the new monarchy of King Mohammed vl .and his commitment to make a democratic society within the framework of law enforcement .This has been achieved through a comprehensive reform prougramme that has focused on modernizing political institutions and bodies and reforming the Moroccan political landscape .This reform has been embodied in the first elections held under his reign ,which have been universally agreed to be fair and transparent compared to previous election ,due to the Ministry of the lnteriors non-interference in the election results .Moreover ,this term witnessed the formation of a government headed by a technocrat, not a member of the winning parties.it also has witnessed the rise of the rise of the Islamist movements role and activity in the Moroccan political scene .Finally this stage represents the continuity of Moroccan parliamentary and political development a characteristic that distinguishes Moroccan history .Historical continuity is one of the reasons for the importance of this topic ,The Seventh Parliamentary Term Morocco 2002-2007:A Historical study.

This study aims to evaluate the health and nutritional status of primary school pupils under the aged (6-14) years of Al-Sulaymaniyah Governorate during the 2023–2024 academic year. It examines the spatial variations in malnutrition indicators, the underlying causes, and their relative disparities. Ensuring pupils’ well-being and meeting their basic needs are essential pillars of societal progress, as proper nutrition is a cornerstone of good health. Given that pupils represent a significant segment of the population and constitute the foundation of society, attention to their diet throughout various stages of growth is imperative to prevent future health issues such as obesity and wasting.
The significance of this research lies in its identification of spatial patterns in the distribution of affected pupils. The study employs multiple scientific approaches, including descriptive and analytical methods, to elucidate spatial differences. Findings indicate notable disparities in the distribution of malnutrition cases across the administrative units of Al-Sulaymaniyah Governorate , with the district center recording the highest number of affected pupils. The total number of cases was found to be (1745)

This study attempts to explore the novelty and aesthetics dimensions of poetic rhythm in the muwashshaḥ poem in modern Iraqi poetry through the experience of the Iraqi muwashshaḥ poet Dr. Kawkab Al Badri. It focuses on muwashshaḥāt Uqud al-Nūr fi Muwashshaḥāt al-Budūr (Necklaces of Light in the Muwashshaḥāt of al-Budūr), which included her muwashshaḥāt, as well as what she wrote of muwashshaḥāt in a previous experience in her collection Tāj al-Yāsamīn (The Crown of Jasmine). Al Badri seeks to restore the aesthetics to the muwashshaḥāt that distinguished Andalusian poetry in its bright eras. The poet Al Badri confirms in her experience that the rhythms of the muwashshaḥāt are renewed because of the possibility of change in every era according to the poet’s experience, poetic talent, ability to innovate in the meters of Arabic poetry, and his capability to be influenced and respond to the requirements of the era in renewal. This study presents the experience of the poet Kawkab Al Badri, exploring the innovative meters she adopted and, according to this study, successfully employed. This success stems from the poet\'s reliance on the established form of the Andalusian muwashshaḥāt, which she continued to develop within her own poetic practice. The introduction of new meters is not a new phenomenon in Arabic poetry (new meters and poetic forms were introduced in the late Abbasid era, some of which remained popular with the Arab ear while others disappeared). The free verse movement metered poetry (Tafʿīla poetry)

This study aimed to analyze the geographical and demographic distribution of hypertension in the neighborhoods of Riyadh\'s central district and to identify the factors explaining its prevalence. The sample comprised 20% of the total number of affected individuals, which was 584. Therefore, the sample size was limited to 117 cases, resulting in an overall prevalence rate of 42 per 1,000 population. The results showed that age is a major contributing factor, with the probability of developing hypertension increasing by 7% for each additional year of age. Body mass index (BMI) also increases the probability by 15% for each unit increase. Smoking was found to increase the risk of developing hypertension by 80% compared to non-smokers, and a family history of the disease increases the probability by 2.5 times. While gender did not have a statistically significant effect, males showed a higher predisposition to the disease. The explanatory power of the model was (R² = 0.75), reflecting the reliability of the results. In terms of location, medium-populated neighborhoods such as Al-Wahda, Al-Salam, and Al-Qadisiyah emerged as high-risk epidemic hotspots (55–71 per 1,000), although larger neighborhoods like Al-Askari and Al-Shuhada recorded relatively lower rates. The study concluded that the prevalence rate is the most accurate indicator for determining neighborhood risk and recommended focusing health interventions on the most vulnerable groups, particularly the elderly, the obese, smokers, and those with a family history of the disease.

Bisotun Mountain in Kermanshah Province, western Iran, is considered one of the oldest and most important archaeological sites in Iran and the world. With its long history, this region stands as a living witness to the political, cultural, artistic, and social history of Iran throughout various historical periods. Among the most significant monuments in this area is the Bisotun inscription, which dates back to Darius I (522–486 BCE) and was built by his order.
One of the key features of this inscription is its historical and cultural value, as it highlights the victories of Darius and the revolts that occurred during his reign. It is also of great linguistic importance, being regarded as a primary source for linguistic research in ancient languages.
This inscription not only had a major impact on understanding the history and antiquities of ancient Iran, but it also enabled linguists and archaeologists to gain a deeper understanding of ancient languages and cultures

Grammatical Functions are very essential in the syntactic theory for connecting argument roles to the formal encoding methods of language. These functions can be characterized as either basic ideas of syntax or as concepts that classify sentences according to their structure. The problem of study is that many readers face difficulties in determining a specific semantic role of participants since they have the possibility of having more than one semantic role. The model adopted in this study is A University Grammar of English proposed by Randolph Quirk and Sidney Greenbaum (1973). The aim of this paper is to show the significance of grammatical functions in determining the constituents parts of the sentence. It also aims at recognizing the various semantic roles through the use of the grammatical functions of the sentence. It is concluded from the findings of the research that grammatical functions and semantic roles cooperate to create a coherent interpretation. In addition, the functions of the elements of grammar enable the writers to recognize the semantic roles of the sentence. The paper presents a theoretical background of the term grammatical functions for its significant use in texts.

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