Journal of Historical studies

Kush experienced significant territorial expansion and influence along the Nile Valley, with its kings successfully controlling Egypt. This period is known as the "Twenty-Fifth Dynasty." As a result of this political expansion, a conflict arose between the Kushite kings in Egypt and the Assyrian Empire, which sought to halt the influence of the Kushite rulers in Egypt. These circumstances turned the region into a battleground, with direct consequences that led to the removal of the Kushite kings from Egypt. The Assyrian Empire, one of the great powers of the time, aimed to protect its interests, which the Kushite kings sought to harm. As a result, a resistance movement against Assyrian power took shape, and the Kushites eventually withdrew from Egypt under Assyrian control, leaving Egyptian rule in the hands of local leaders.

This research offers a detailed study of the concept of jihad in the thought of Sheikh and Islamic thinker Fathi Yakan, highlighting jihad as an integrated path encompassing da'wah (invitation), education, politics, and resistance. The research presents Yakan's balanced vision that combines religious adherence with political realism, emphasizing the importance of discipline and organization in jihadist work, while critiquing extremism and indiscriminate violence. It also reviews Yakan's experience with the Islamic Group in Lebanon, his stance on armed jihad, women's roles, and the Palestinian cause, comparing his views with other Islamic movements. The research concludes with a critical assessment outlining Yakan's intellectual contributions and limitations, underscoring the significance of his thought as a moderate reference in contemporary Islamic discourse.

The study "killing Of Imam Hussein and its impact on the continuity of the global reform movement" is a reading of the most important topics in Islamic history, as it represents a reflection of the past and its impact on our contemporary reality and its contribution to the elevation and solidity of the intellectual structure of a Muslim's personality and their aspirations for the future.
It also poses an objective answer to several questions that occupied a large space in the collective mind of the Islamic nation, including: Was Al Hussein victorious? Or did he throw himself and those with him into destruction? Was his departure a political and physical suicide? Or was it a studied revolutionary movement that achieved its results in an era that understood nothing but the language of sacrifice.
Many other logical questions that need convincing answers about a man who was a source of inspiration for the leaders and reformers of the nation, in addition to being an example of a revolutionary man for many leaders of liberation in the contemporary world.

During the period from 1923 to 1942, the reign of Sheikh Hamad bin Isa in Bahrain witnessed a remarkable development in the foreign relations of the State, with Britain being the most prominent power that controlled domestic and foreign policies, basing its role as the protector of the region. Sheikh Hamad relied on British support to stabilize governance and reduce tensions, even though the Gulf region was witnessing significant challenges, most notably disputes with Qatar and Iran over borders and rights in border areas. This tension has prompted Bahrain to seek to strengthen its relations with neighboring Arab countries, such as Qatar, in efforts to preserve its national interests and create regional balances. Bahrain has also been taking steps to strengthen its relations with other Gulf states, in coordination with Britain, to ensure the stability of the region and counter external interference or threats from major powers. It is worth noting that Bahrain was also seeking partial independence and moving towards managing its foreign affairs more independently, but it was under pressure and guidance from Britain, which played the role of mediator and guarantor in the region. In general, Bahrain's relations with regional countries were sometimes tense, and coordination with British influence to ensure its interests and the stability of its rule, while trying to strengthen its regional relations in a way that achieves its security and partial independence within the overwhelming British influence.

The Islamic countries had a distinct and supportive position towards the Kingdom of Granada in repelling the attacks of the Spanish Christians against it. Due to the doctrinal connection between Granada and the Moroccan enemy, the latter rushed to send many forces, money and weapons and stand with Granada in the face of the attacks of the Spanish Christians. This position exposed the Moroccan enemy to many dangers that threaten security and stability, but this position does not prevent the emergence of some wavering positions towards this issue0
Although there were ambivalent positions among the Maghreb states towards the Kingdom of Granada, they did not hesitate to defend it, especially the Marinid state, which generously provided aid and support, and only cut off aid when it became preoccupied with imminent dangers. As for the Ottoman and Mamluk states, their stances can be considered more moral than material. This did not help the Kingdom of Granada withstand the Christian attacks for long, as they were preoccupied with expansion, influence, and conflicts among themselves.

This study examines the Kuwaiti National Council during the period from April 22, 1990, to August 4, 1992. The council represents a significant stage in Kuwait’s political history, marking the beginning of a new stage in parliamentary life that differed fundamentally from earlier practices. The National Council was composed of 75 members: 50 were directly elected by the people, while 25 were appointed by the Emir, Sheikh Jaber Al-Ahmad Al-Sabah. The council was considered a temporary substitute for the National Assembly, with limited powers, functioning as a consultative rather than a legislative or supervisory body. Its establishment was an attempt to appease the national movement and the growing public demand for the restoration of parliamentary life and the reinstatement of the 1962 Constitution, following the dissolution of the National Assembly in 1986.

Al-Bara' ibn Azib al-Ansari is considered one of the figures who belong to the early stage of Islamic history, as he is considered one of the Companions first and foremost. Moreover, he played important and multiple roles throughout a sensitive period in Islamic history (religious, political, military, and intellectual). Al-Baraa occupied a prominent position in the books of classes, biographies and lives, as most of the writers of those works wrote about him, and he was considered one of the eighth class in the first century of the Hijra. As a result of this companion's stature and the significant role he played during the eras of the Prophet's mission and the Rightly-Guided Caliphate, as well as during the first quarter of the Umayyad era, we find al-Baraa' tending toward identifying events and situations he witnessed himself, or was a part of or a party to. It is necessary to highlight those images and moments he witnessed and through which he was identified. Thus, we have turned toward identifying this personality and his legacy in the field of historical narration and documentation.

In the literature of American security history, the Central Intelligence Agency constitutes a cornerstone for deciphering the development of the status of American security, information, and intelligence in the second half of the twentieth century . This mechanism can be dismantled through multiple perspectives, including analysis of strategic trends, behavioral patterns, security espionage operations, and intelligence responses that Washington adopted in order to achieve its national security requirements during the Cold War phase .This process is not limited to the succession of Democratic or Republican administrations during the period 1961-1989 under study, but extends to include a complex network of actors in the American political system that exercised qualitative influence in shaping the foreign and domestic policies of the United States .In addition to Congress and the executive branch, the Central Intelligence Agency played pivotal roles in formulating American foreign options, which highlights the interaction between official structures and the position of the C.I.A. in the American political system .

The speech of U.S. President George Bush (senior) regarding Iraq in the years 1990–1991 was characterized by strength, severity, and defiance, due to Iraq’s occupation of Kuwait and Iraqi President Saddam Hussein’s insistence on not withdrawing. This speech revealed the true face of U.S. foreign policy and its connection to national security, which was tied to its economic, political, and military interests. To this day, the U.S. remains determined to ensure the continuous flow of oil, dominate the political decisions of Middle Eastern countries, preserve the security of Israel, and maintain the security of its bases spread across the Gulf, which it seeks to develop and expand.
Since the end of World War II in 1945, the U.S. had seriously planned to take control of the region and replace British dominance, shaping the policies and alliances of its countries—especially in the face of the Soviet Union’s efforts to establish influence in the Middle East through its communist parties and support of strong authoritarian regimes that raised socialist and nationalist slogans. American presidents saw these regimes as a challenge to their superpower and their declared mission of spreading and preserving democracy.
President George Bush relied on the foundations of this policy in a speech meant to serve as a façade for U.S. foreign policy. However, he presented a new, extreme form that excluded diplomacy, replacing it with arrogance, insistence on imposing hegemony, and the creation of pretexts to reinforce U.S. control. The speech was frank and clear enough to remove any illusions for those who still believed the United States sought peace and supported democracy.
Therefore, the researcher attempts to analyze President George Bush’s speech, starting from the success of U.S. pressure in the United Nations leading to the issuance of Resolution 678, which authorized the use of force to drive Iraq out of Kuwait, and continuing through the subsequent war and liberation of Kuwait in 1991

The research examines Iraq's commercial role in ancient times, extending its influence over the ports and coasts of the Arabian Gulf region. Its dominant geographic location at the head of the Gulf influenced its sovereignty over it. The cities of Taridon and Abla engaged in significant commercial activity, extending their influence to Oman and India. This influence was a key factor in the wealth of the Mesopotamian kingdoms and the flourishing of their civilization, and the Gulf coasts became part of its vital economic sphere.

There are many political figures who have taken an important turn in historical studies, and among them were Lebanese political figures who had an important role in determining their political paths from time to time. Among these was the Lebanese politician Saadi Al-Munla, who gradually rose through the administrative and political positions. He was a representative and a minister in Lebanese governments, not to mention that he was the Minister of Supply, the Minister of Justice, and the Minister of National Economy, and then he assumed the position of Prime Minister during the period of his political activity that began in 1943-1953. He dealt with many economic crises, and despite the short duration of his ministry, which was dissolved as a result of the political crisis in Lebanon, he continued as a representative in the Parliament, and a member of many ministerial committees. Although he was a resolute politician in facing the many crises that Lebanon, he remained a seasoned politician, which qualified him to continue in the political arena for multiple terms in Parliament, specifically as a representative for Tripoli in the North Governorate until 1953.

Ancient Egyptian civilization is one of the most prolific civilizations in the ancient world. Through symbolism, the ancient Egyptians were able to express their ideas and religious beliefs prevalent in society, in addition to using symbolism in many religious rituals. This is due to the abundant diversity of manifestations of this civilization and the pervasiveness of religion in every aspect of life, shaping it. Therefore, the ancient Egyptian religious legislator resorted to developing an organizational concept for his beliefs using numbers, especially the number four, which carries sacred and multiple meanings that express concepts such as comprehensiveness and cosmic balance. Therefore, this number was not merely a numerical value, but rather had a metaphysical dimension that was reflected on more than one level, especially the religious rituals within the ancient Egyptian temples, and in particular the temples of the New Kingdom.

Sayyed Abdul Karim al-Musawi's personality has held special significance in the modern and contemporary history of Iran. This is due to his insightful insight into the events taking place in the country at the time, and his distinctive acumen, which greatly influenced the social environment in which he lived. He played a fundamental and important role, penetrating most aspects of the country's political and social life at the time, making him an influential decision-maker and opinion leader in the popular movement, which witnessed frenetic activity as a result of the Shah's policies and Western orientations. This is particularly true given that this period was characterized by its sensitivity and the turbulence of its reality, which set him apart from other Iranian figures due to his influential role in Iran's modern and contemporary history.
Al-Moussawi was known for his social activism within Iran, which attracted many young people to his work, particularly in the construction of religious schools, mosques, and husayniyyas, aimed at reviving religious heritage after he witnessed the effects of the Shah's Westernization policies. He also maintained his political opposition to the Shah's rule, which became more prominent after the "Constitutional Revolution" and the 15 Khordad Uprising, leading up to the victory of the Islamic Revolution in Iran.

Latin America is a fertile ground for studying the interaction of internal geographical factors with external hegemonic powers, especially its northern neighbor, the United States of America. This research aims to analyze the evolution of relations between the United States and the countries of the Latin American continent during a crucial period extending from the Monroe Doctrine in 1823 until the mid-20th century, a period in which the region became an arena for settling geopolitical scores in the context of the Cold War. The analysis begins with the geographical and social structure of the continent, which was characterized by the fragmentation of societies, weak political awareness, and the dominance of the military establishment after independence—conditions that the United States exploited to consolidate the concept of its "backyard." The research will examine the various mechanisms of American intervention, from the policy of coercion to the policy of good neighborliness, which paved the way for collective security mechanisms (such as the Rio Treaty and the Organization of American States), with the aim of countering European and then Soviet influence. It will also highlight the crystallization of the US-Soviet rivalry, and its direct impact on the wave of coups and revolutions (such as the Venezuelan coup and the overthrow of the Arbenz government in Guatemala), which reflected Washington’s determination to curb any reformist government classified as being supported by communism.

The changing balance of power in the Arab East, and its rulers who are always in conflict over power, has put the Arab countries in a state of constantly vying for power, placed the Arab countries in a state of constant struggle for power. In every historical era, the winds of these conflicts swept across the region, swaying them in favor of the victorious party. Administrative and judicial positions were affected by this shift, and the judiciary is one of the fundamental pillars of governance in every state. We have observed how judges charted their own course in each periodperiod, and how they occupied great and prestigious positions during the reign of the victorious era. The Ayyubid state paid great attention to the judges because they were the face of justice in their state, and because many of them were known for spreading knowledge through their teaching in the Shafi’i schools. Their pens and fatwas were what encouraged people to obey the orders of the sultan, whether it was good or bad, so they gave them material and moral encouragement period, and how they occupied great and prestigious positions during the reign of the victorious era. The Ayyubid state paid great attention to the judges because they were the face of justice in their state, and because many of them were known for spreading knowledge through their teaching in the Shafi’i schools. Their pens and fatwas were what encouraged people to obey the orders of the sultan, whether it was good or bad, so they gave them material and moral encouragement - t supports its procedures and rulings with his rulings and fatwas. However, sometimes powerful judges emerged who had influence and whose opinion was obeyed to a great extent by the authority and the subjects, great and small. The study took Judge Ahmed bin Yahya as an example of this category of judges, and sought to shed light on him as a jurist and judge of judges.

This research addresses the border dispute between Venezuela and Guyana over the Essequibo region during 1969–1979. Venezuela claims the territory was unjustly taken under the 1899 arbitration award, while Guyana regards it as part of its sovereign land. Tensions intensified during the 1970s, especially after Guyana’s independence in 1966, prompting both parties to enter internationally mediated negotiations. The study concludes that the dispute remained unresolved despite diplomatic efforts and recommends resorting to the International Court of Justice and prioritizing peaceful dialogue.

The historical events that unfolded after the revelation of the divine message to our Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) were marked by turmoil, strife, and divisions within the society of that time. These events persisted, carrying with them ongoing conflicts and trials among Muslims and their enemies—both within their own communities and beyond—who were adversely affected by the rise of Islam, as it disrupted their social, religious, and economic standing. Consequently, the Noble Prophet (PBUH) had to deal with his internal adversaries with extreme caution, fearing the destabilization of the nascent Islamic society, especially during its formative phase. When Caliph Ali ibn Abi Talib was sworn in as the caliph in 35 AH, the community was already in a state of upheaval and division following the assassination of the third caliph, Uthman ibn Affan, at the hands of rebels. Influential voices emerged demanding retribution against Uthman's killers. However, Imam Ali held a differing opinion, asserting that the time was not yet ripe for such retribution due to various reasons. His approach was characterized by a peaceful methodology in dealing with society at large and with those demanding vengeance in particular, as he sought to safeguard the Islamic community from further destabilization under these turbulent circumstances. This study aims to highlight this critical aspect of his leadership.

One of Iran's policies since 1989 has been to embrace the Economic Cooperation Organization to strengthen economic fields, especially as it faced difficult internal circumstances as a result of the Iraq-Iran war (1980-1988), and because of the change in international situations after that war. With the collapse of the former Soviet Union in 1991, the Iranian government found itself in a regional position that qualified it to exploit it to its advantage; the emergence of newly independent republics in northern and eastern Iran is considered an irreplaceable opportunity, its unique strategic location helped it in this. It tried to highlight its geopolitical position, and supported the organization and its new member states in many ways. Iran believed that it had thus established a strong regional economic structure, the most important goals of which were economic integration and political bloc.

The topic is "Sustainable development in the environmental aspect of the Prophet Muhammad" one that’s important and necessary at the same time. In one side of importance, the world is witnessing a large and unprecedented environmental pollution. Another side of necessity, an explanation of the civilized feature of the Muhammadan personality, which the malicious people tried to disparage and distort.
This topic was a victory for the person of the Prophet Muhammad and defending him. However, the diversity of the topic’s subjects between the linguistic entrance to explain the topic keys, then the prophetic instructions that urge legal and moral commitment to mature the development vision for the environment and ways to sustain it. In addition to clarifying the prophetic rules to promote positive behavior of intendant to the importance and sensitivity of dealing with the natural resources of the environment. As well as the significant and influential role that biodiversity plays in the environmental balance and to prevent the occurrence of environmental imbalances which negatively affect the present and future generations. So, the Prophet Muhammad achieved great success in this aspect and developed effective solutions for everything related to the environmental aspect and its peripherals. An accuser doesn't think that the instructions, guidance and recommendations of the Prophet were temporary in that time and finished, but we find it simulates what we suffer today from serious environmental problems as a result of abuse and wrong use of its resources. Finally, the Prophet Muhammad sets an integrated approach that goes beyond the time and deals with the environment in a civilized way that reflects the bright face of the Islamic religion and its message that is valid for every time and place.

Throughout history, mystical beliefs have been a significant factor influencing individual and collective behavior. Political power has not been immune to this influence, particularly in states with a religious and symbolic character. The Safavid state (1501–1722 CE) is a prominent example of the intersection of religion, mysticism, and mystical beliefs with political decision-making. Its legitimacy was primarily based on Twelver Shi'ism, and its rulers maintained close ties with Sufis, astrologers, miracle workers, and those who offered esoteric interpretations.
This research aims to study the mystical beliefs prevalent during the Safavid era and analyze their impact on political decision-making by examining specific historical examples. It also seeks to determine the limits of this influence and its degree of compatibility or conflict with the requirements of the centralized state. The research also seeks to clarify how these beliefs were used as a tool for political legitimacy and mobilizing society, and the far-reaching effects they had on the stability of the Safavid state and its internal and external orientations, which made political decision-making in the Safavid state a product of a complex interaction between the political mind and the metaphysical religious imagination.

This Research Focuses on the Political Role of John Jay, one of the Founding Fathers of the United States, During the Period 1774-1794 it Examines his Life and Upbringing, his Role in the Continental Congresses, and his Efforts to Achieve Independence and Secure the Constitution in Pursuit of a Fully Sovereign American State. The Research Also Highlights Jay s Efforts in Organizing Foreign Relations, Particularly in Securing British Recognition of the United States as an Independent Nation and Establishing Relations With Other Countries. Jay Exerted Considerable Effort, Achieving Many of his Goals, Which Ultimately Contributed to the Establishment of the United States.

The French authorities issued a series of legislations in the form of decrees, laws, and ordinances, both royal and republican, in an attempt to give a legal and legitimate character to their presence in Algeria. Thus, the study of French legislation in Algeria between the years (1830-1840) gained great importance, because it sheds light on one of the most dangerous non-military tools of colonialism, which are the laws and decrees that were specifically formulated to subjugate Algerian society politically, economically, and culturally. Through the analysis of those legal and administrative texts, it is possible to see how the French occupation used a well-thought-out legislative system to weaken the resistance, dismantle the traditional structures of Algerian society, and reshape it in a way that served its colonial interests.