journal of Basic Sciences

a negative context, which indicates generality. This principle is one of the fundamental rules that significantly impacts the understanding of religious texts, the derivation of rulings, and their application in the jurisprudence of the esteemed companion Mu\'adh ibn Jabal (may God be pleased with him). When an indefinite noun appears in a negative context, its meaning shifts from its original denotation of a specific individual to a broader and more comprehensive one. The negation then becomes directed at the entire category of the indefinite noun, thus achieving a total negation encompassing all individuals included under that term, without exception. Therefore, the negation is not limited to a single individual but extends to everything that falls under it. The research aims to highlight this principle and then trace its impact on Mu\'adh\'s (may God be pleased with him) methodology of argumentation through the analysis of applied examples from his jurisprudence.
The research employed an inductive-analytical approach, collecting texts and evidence and analyzing their implications in light of established legal principles. It concluded that, according to the majority of legal theorists, an indefinite noun in a negative context signifies generality, and that the jurisprudence of Mu\'adh ibn Jabal (may God be pleased with him) exemplifies a practical application of this principle

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The adjective is a fundamental element in Arabic grammar, occupying a significant position in the linguistic structure of the Arabic sentence. Its role is to describe, define, and clarify the attributes of the noun it modifies, and sometimes even to emphasize it. This function of emphasis is a subtle semantic one, which may not be directly apparent in all contexts, but rather becomes clear through the context and the surrounding discourse. The Holy Quran is distinguished by the beauty of its structure and the precision of its syntax, making it a fertile ground for linguistic and grammatical study. Hence, the importance of this research lies in its aim to study the adjective that serves the function of emphasis in the Quranic text. This will be achieved through analyzing examples, extracting their connotations, and examining their effect in strengthening and emphasizing meaning within the context, thus dispelling any misconceptions. There is a rhetorical nuance behind this construction, which will be revealed, God willing, in the course of this study. The purpose of the adjective is to differentiate between those sharing the same noun. It serves to specify indefinite nouns and to clarify definite nouns. It may also be used simply for praise and glorification, as in the descriptions applied to God Almighty. Or for the opposite of that, namely, condemnation and denigration. It is necessary to point out here an important matter: in our study, we are concerned with the emphatic adjective, not with emphasis as an independent modifier. I have titled it "Emphasis by Adjective in the Holy Qur'an: A Grammatical and Semantic Study. Emphasis by Adjective in the Holy Quran: A

This study aims to identify the abortion rate in Al-Kut District and its spatial variation between the city of Al-Kut, Sheikh Saad sub-district, and Wasit sub-district. The study is divided into three main sections: The first section analyzes the geographical phenomenon of abortion in Al-Kut District, including the frequency of abortions, types of abortions, number of pregnancies, and visits to health centers. The second section focuses on the demographic characteristics of women who have experienced abortions, including family size, age, educational level, occupation, and income level. The third section examines the health, economic, and social causes of abortion. The study employs a descriptive methodology for data analysis, utilizing fieldwork. Data was processed and analyzed using several statistical programs, including SPSS and Excel, to calculate percentages and generate graphs. The results show that the percentage of women who have experienced abortions in Al-Kut District reached (55.2%) of the total sample size, with clear spatial variations among the administrative units of the study area.

Zanzibar Island has been an area of competition and conflict for all European powers since the beginning of geographical discoveries until today, due to its strategic location. It is the most important point of access to India (the jewel in the British crown). For this reason, Britain sought by all means and methods to try to impose its hegemony and authority over it, as it clashed with the Omani Arab presence that preceded it since 1698 AD.
Therefore, it resorted to a gradual policy in imposing its hegemony, leading to the declaration of its protection in 1890 AD, as it transformed the Omanis from masters into one of their tools in imposing rule on the island as a minority that began to implement the unwanted policy of the West, as the election law had a role in extending their rule period, coinciding with the awareness and intellectual and national rise of the Africans of the mainland (Tanganyika) and Zanzibar and those who lived with them from the minorities such as the Asians and the Shirazis.
As a result, a union was formed between the Shirazi Party and the African Party, expressing the cohesion in which nationalism and patriotism were fused, mixed with the Swahili language that brought them together to stop the Omani occupation and takeover of Zanzibar’s resources. Then came the revolution and the massacre in 1964 AD, after the ballot boxes failed to give them a real opportunity to participate in managing the island’s resources as a majority, to announce the birth of the state of Tanzania in the same year, to become the United Republic of Tanzania on April 26, 1964 AD.

This study establishes a link between semantics and morphology, showing that the variation in the grammatical gender of these words results from the differences in their meanings. The aim is to highlight how gender distinction serves to differentiate between the various semantic uses of these words.
The research relies mainly on linguistic dictionaries to determine the meanings of these words, as well as on specialized works that classify nouns according to their grammatical gender — identifying which are masculine, which are feminine, and which allow both usages — and clarifying cases where a word is masculine in one sense and feminine in another

reveals the significance of visual systems in constructing meaning within the poetic text. Modern Arabic poetry is no longer confined to a single mode of formation or a unified methodology, due to the continuous evolution of critical approaches and the frequent and substantial emergence of literary phenomena. Visual systems play an effective role in presenting the aesthetic features of meaning in the poetic text and in capturing the reader’s attention; therefore, they constitute one of the essential foundations upon which the poetic text relies, as a result of the numerous sensory perceptions embedded within it. Visual systems in texts generate multiple meanings in light of the semantic transformations of their elements, in addition to their aesthetic configurations, which invigorate the recipient with both intellectual and sensory pleasure.
This study aims to elucidate the importance of visual systems and their role in the mechanism of meaning production within the poetic text. It also seeks to understand these systems and to probe their components through the deconstruction of their fundamental signs, regardless of whether the poet employs these visual systems deliberately and consciously, or whether they conceal an underlying purpose.
The significance of the present research, entitled “Visual Systems in (Samāwāt al-Nasṣ al-Ghāʾim) by ʿAmmār Kashish”, stems from two main perspectives. The first lies in the novelty of addressing the phenomenon of visual systems in poetry, while the second involves shedding light on the efforts, poetry, and literary production of ʿAmmār Kashish, who is one of the contemporary poets and writers in Dhi Qar Governorate.
The research comprises an abstract, an introduction, a brief account of the poet’s life, and a definition of visual systems both linguistically and terminologically.

Contemplative themes are recognized as a prominent phenomenon in ancient Arabic poetry. They became a characteristic of most pre-Islamic poets, especially those of the Majmuharat. These themes represented the poets' emotional moments, thus establishing a close connection with the reader who feels and interacts with those moments. The true reader is the one who contemplates the mysteries of the human soul, searches for the secrets of the universe, and addresses topics of profound spiritual dimension, as well as psychological experiences that explore existence, happiness, love, wisdom, life, and death. The Majmuharat poets skillfully employed their poetry in terms of artistic and aesthetic techniques, imbuing each of their poems with a pure and unique aesthetic sensibility that resonates with the deepest recesses of the soul. Therefore, we will examine the most prominent contemplative themes through the aesthetic appreciation they reflect, stemming from the poets' reflection of the magnitude of their suffering. They grapple with it, and it has varied between reviving the past and renewing it, contemplating and reflecting upon the different aspects of life.

One of the social phenomena that emerged from the recent general elections in Iraq is the emergence of what has become known in popular and political circles as “electoral pillars.” The most important duty of these “pillars” is to convince voters to vote for a specific candidate. A purposive sample of 50 of these pillars was selected. A descriptive analytical approach was used, analyzing the responses received through a questionnaire designed to achieve the research objectives and verify the hypotheses. The research aimed to determine the meaning of electoral pillars and the role they play in society in order to achieve electoral goals. The most important results were that 50% of the respondents — half of the sample — indicated that the reason they entered the electoral field was their conviction in the electoral program of the candidate they decided to work with as electoral pillars. The study also revealed that about 64% of the electoral pillars themselves believe that society does not have much confidence in their methods and promises, and that what they are doing is only for the purpose of securing votes for the candidate they are working with.
Fifty-four percent indicated that the election promises that most positively influence voters are those offering job opportunities, which is attributable to the target group, the majority of whom are young graduates or those still in university. Another important finding is that the most attractive factor for voters is the list to which the candidate belongs, while 48% said that the candidate's name is the most important factor for voters

his research aims to demonstrate the extent to which the Blue Ocean Strategy has been implemented to improve the performance of academic libraries at Wasit University. This is achieved by analyzing the application of its principles, namely value-driven innovation and transcending traditional competition. The study employed a descriptive-analytical methodology and relied on an electronic questionnaire developed via Google Drive and distributed to a sample of 86 library staff members at Wasit University.
The results revealed that the application level of the Blue Ocean Strategy was generally low, especially in innovation and administrative simplification, despite limited efforts toward digital transformation and waste reduction. The findings also indicated a weak adoption of the Blue Ocean Strategy among Iraqi libraries in general and Wasit University libraries in particular, as effective mechanisms for optimizing institutional effort, time, and financial resources. The lowest mean score (1.64) with a standard deviation of (0.61) appeared in the statement “The library seeks to avoid repeating activities that add no value” within the “Elimination” dimension.
Based on these findings, it was concluded that the Blue Ocean Strategy, as a modern mechanism for improving library performance, remains weak and ineffective within the Iraqi academic environment, highlighting the need for a clearer and more applicable framework to foster innovation and renewal in library work.
The study recommends enhancing strategic awareness and developing staff competencies in innovation and entrepreneurial thinking to better apply Blue Ocean concepts and improve institutional performance in academic libraries.

Abstract:
This research aims to standardize the Sandia Matrices test of nonverbal reasoning for university students. To achieve this goal. the researcher translated the test and its instructions from English to Arabic. and then retranslated it from Arabic back into English. The test was then reviewed by a group of English language specialists. and some modifications were made based on their feedback. Subsequently. the test instructions were presented to a group of experts specializing in educational and psychological sciences to ensure that the items and their alternatives possessed the appropriate standard characteristics in terms of both form and content. To analyze the experts' opinions on the test items. the researcher used the chi-square test. Each item was found to be valid and significant at the 0.05 level. representing 80% of the experts' opinions. All test items were deemed logically valid for measuring what they were designed to measure. The test was then administered to a pilot sample of 40 students randomly selected from the university. The instructions were found to be clear. and the time required to complete the test ranged from 23 to 33 minutes. with an average of 28 minutes.
The test was subsequently administered to a statistical analysis sample of 200 students. also randomly selected from the university. Three criteria were used to select the test items: difficulty level (between 0.20 and 0.80). discrimination index (0.20 or higher using the extreme groups method). and item validity (based on a significant correlation between the item score and the total score using the arbitrary P-value correlation coefficient).
The test's reliability was established using Cronbach's alpha. yielding a coefficient of 0.88.
The instructions were clear. and the time required to complete the test ranged from 23 to 33 minutes. with an average time of 28 minutes

This study examines the radical shift in Iran's security doctrine following the 2006 July War and how Tehran leveraged Hezbollah’s field resilience to consolidate its Forward Defense' model. The research highlights the strategic contrast between Iran's Smart Power, which successfully displaced the conflict onto the adversary's territory and the Structural Fragility of the Israeli military, as evidenced by the failure of technological systems against hybrid warfare tactics, The study concludes that 2006 marked a pivotal turning point transforming Hezbollah from a local actor into a Regional Hub of Expertise This transformation enabled Iran to formulate a Balance of Terror equation and institutionalize the resistance model as a cross border strategic deterrent signaling the decline of absolute military supremacy in the region.

The temperature characteristics of the summer of 2023 in Iraq were studied at (14) meteorological stations distributed throughout the country. The results reveal that the summer of 2023 in Iraq witnessed a rise in recorded temperatures, making it one of the five hottest years since climate records began (2015, 2017, 2021, 2022, 2023). The average temperature reached (36.9°C), deviating from the normal average by (2.6°C). The results also showed a variation in average temperatures between the summer months. The average temperature for June reached (34.6°C), deviating from the normal average by (1.2°C). During July, the average temperature reached (37.6°C), deviating from the normal average by (2.5°C). As for August, the average temperature reached (38.4°C), deviating from the normal average by (3.9°C). The results also reveal a significant increase in the number of summer days that recorded record-breaking temperatures of (50°C) or higher, totaling. (54) days, which constituted (4.2%) of the total summer days. It was also noted that tropical nights with a temperature of (35°C) or more totaled (17) days and constituted (1.3%) of the total summer days.

This research addressed one of the key issues related to agricultural production, highlighting the most significant negative factors that hinder the regularity and efficiency of the agricultural process, namely pests and diseases that affect field crops, The geographical distribution of field crops in the study area was examined, and the production quantities for each crop were analyzed, while diagnosing one of the main problems facing agricultural production of field crops in the Shuhaymiyah district during the agricultural season (2024–2025), as well as reviewing the methods and treatments that can reduce their effects, thereby contributing to achieving high and sustainable levels of productivity The study also sought to identify the most important agricultural diseases and pests affecting field crops within the study area and to clarify their direct role in reducing production quantities. The results of the research showed that the study area is characterized by the predominance of grain cultivation, with an area of )81500(dunams, particularly wheat, barley, and millet, Wheat ranked first in terms of cultivated area, reaching )73521(dunams, with an annual production estimated at )65850(tons/year, The research also showed the size of the areas affected by agricultural pests, with multiple pest infestations recorded, most notably aphids, sunflower beetles, and spiders, affecting an area of )8920(dunams, As for plant diseases, the results showed that diseases such as rust, charcoal rot, and leaf spot were recorded, with an affected area of )10587(dunams.

This research addressed one of the key issues related to agricultural production, highlighting the most significant negative factors that hinder the regularity and efficiency of the agricultural process, namely pests and diseases that affect field crops, The geographical distribution of field crops in the study area was examined, and the production quantities for each crop were analyzed, while diagnosing one of the main problems facing agricultural production of field crops in the Shuhaymiyah district during the agricultural season (2024–2025), as well as reviewing the methods and treatments that can reduce their effects, thereby contributing to achieving high and sustainable levels of productivity The study also sought to identify the most important agricultural diseases and pests affecting field crops within the study area and to clarify their direct role in reducing production quantities. The results of the research showed that the study area is characterized by the predominance of grain cultivation, with an area of )81500(dunams, particularly wheat, barley, and millet, Wheat ranked first in terms of cultivated area, reaching )73521(dunams, with an annual production estimated at )65850(tons/year, The research also showed the size of the areas affected by agricultural pests, with multiple pest infestations recorded, most notably aphids, sunflower beetles, and spiders, affecting an area of )8920(dunams, As for plant diseases, the results showed that diseases such as rust, charcoal rot, and leaf spot were recorded, with an affected area of )10587(dunams.

This study aims to measure the qualitative characteristics and water quality of water produced from reverse osmosis RO stations in three different areas of Al-Zahraa District, Al-Kut City. This was achieved by measuring and analyzing the physical and chemical properties of samples taken from these stations. Water samples were collected from three RO stations located in different areas of the district during the study period. The analyses included measuring physical properties such as (temperature, electrical conductivity, and turbidity) , as well as chemical properties such as (pH, total dissolved solids TDS, total hardness, and concentrations of calcium, magnesium, chlorides, and sulfates). The results showed variations in the quality of the water produced at the three stations, with a high degree of compliance with Iraqi and international drinking water standards. The study recommends regular maintenance of the reverse osmosis membranes at these stations and improvements to the treatment processes to ensure sustainable water quality.

This study seeks to investigate the interactive relationship between philosophy and poetry, and to clarify the nature of the philosophical tendency and its functional role within its interaction with the essence of poetry—particularly in the poetic experience of Majid Al-Hassan through his two collections: “Who Foretells the Pain” (Man Yatanabbaʾ al-Wajaʿ), in which he refines his aesthetic philosophy through poems such as Prophecy of Love and Prophecy of Place. These texts stand out for their rich poetic language and imagery, adding deep semantic dimensions at the intellectual level and showcasing diverse creative capacities on the artistic level.
Through these two dimensions, the poet demonstrates his mastery and creativity in embodying the concept of the text and its literary form, shaped by shared sources with philosophy—sources that distill the human experience and document its events through poetry in an artistic form. This form reflects epistemological images that aim toward vision, and aesthetic values imposed by the inherently intertwined dialectical relationship between philosophy

This research, derived from a master's thesis, examines how Islamic poets employed various literary references in constructing their poetic discourse, particularly oratory, proverbs, and wisdom, as expressive tools that reinforce the religious and intellectual dimensions of Islamic poetry. Islamic poets relied on these references to effectively convey their messages of religious and ethical guidance, combining artistic beauty with moral significance.
The research concludes that the use of these literary references by Islamic poets contributed to strengthening the message-oriented dimension of Islamic poetry, making the poem a means of guidance and social reform, in addition to its status as a work of art. This use also demonstrates the interaction of Islamic poetry with the Arabic rhetorical tradition

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The present study aimed to examine the effect of a training program designed to foster economic values among pupils aged eight years. The findings demonstrated the effectiveness of the program, as evidenced by the sustained impact observed in the delayed post-test administered to the research sample. Furthermore, no significant differences were found between male and female participants in the experimental group on the post-test. The study concluded with several recommendations, most notably the incorporation of a curriculum—or specific content components—dedicated to economic values education across all educational stages. It also emphasized the importance of providing training programs for teachers to enhance their capacity to teach economic concepts and values effectively. Additionally, the researcher proposed the development of a structured textbook for teaching economic values at both the primary and secondary levels, along with other related suggestions.

This study examines textual thresholds—specifically titling—as a pivotal tool for engaging readers both semantically and emotionally. It addresses the gap between classical poetics, which often overlooked titling, and contemporary neo-classical poetry that follows a similar path. Using Abdullah Nouri’s poetry collection as a primary sample, the study explores a unique case: a poet who is contemporary in time and classical in style, yet consistently titles all his works. The research analyzes title characteristics, length, and semantic impact, while identifying the functional and intentional roles behind them. Employing a descriptive-stylistic approach, the study concludes by revealing the interplay between traditional poetic forms and the modern function of titling in Nouri’s work

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This study aims to analyze the impact of tectonic variables on the morphometric characteristics of the Shor Ab Valley Basin, located in Badra District in the eastern part of Iraq, using Remote Sensing (RS) and Geographic Information Systems (GIS). Digital Elevation Model (DEM) data with appropriate resolution were used to extract the basin’s fundamental morphometric parameters, including basin area, perimeter, form factor, elongation ratio, relief ratio, slope, and drainage network characteristics such as stream orders, drainage density, and drainage pattern. Active tectonic indicators were also analyzed, such as the asymmetry factor (AF), basin shape factor (BF), valley floor width-to-height ratio (Vf), and stream length–gradient index (SL), to determine the extent to which recent tectonic movements influence the basin’s structure and drainage network. The results revealed clear relationships between tectonic activity and drainage directions, stream gradients, and channel irregularities, indicating a significant role of tectonic variables in reshaping the geomorphological structure of the basin. This research contributes to understanding the morphotectonic evolution of the Badra border region and identifying the degree of tectonic activity and its impact on the basin’s hydromorphological development. The findings provide a useful database for water resource management and for assessing potential future geomorphological hazards.

This study examines the military structure of Sparta and its role in shaping both society and the political system of the city. The state relied on its army as a central element for maintaining internal security and enhancing its regional influence. The research focuses on the organization of the Spartan army, starting with the upbringing and training of children and youths in discipline and physical strength, continuing through mandatory military service, and extending to the army’s role in safeguarding the state’s interests. Furthermore, the study analyzes the impact of this military structure on the political balance in ancient Greece, emphasizing its interactions with other Greek city-states, such as Athens, and identifying the centers.