Leadership Thought for Research and Studies

This applied study addresses the problem of how Iraq can establish a national carbon market aligned with Article 6 of Paris Agreement under constraints of legal framework, overlapping mandates, (MRV) monitoring, reporting and verification systems readiness, and challenges of approval in a rentier hydrocarbon-dependent country. The research aims to propose a model of governance and practical institutional construction that enables Iraq to translate mitigation actions into traceable and marketable outcomes, link a domestic market to international cooperation through authorization, tracking and corresponding adjustments, and support a green economy and digital transformation. The study employs a mixed applied approach combining descriptive and analytical methods, gap diagnosis and solution design. It leverages First Biennial Transparency Report (BTR) emissions data and key emitting categories, benchmarks national functions against UNFCCC Article 6 guidance, and integrates national policy documents (NDC, NAMA, TAP, CIP) and energy transition assessments. Findings show that the energy sector dominates emissions and that MRV gaps, registry infrastructure and legal governance are binding constraints. The study concludes that market credibility requires a clear separation between regulatory functions and polices from implementation. The applied value lies in proposing the establishment of the General Company for Carbon Economics (GCCE) as an executive arm to operate an electronic platform and registry, run MRV functions, and convert mitigation (e.g., flaring and methane reduction) into an economic asset and sovereign revenues that support economic diversification.

Immigration is the movement of individuals from one country to another for permanent residence. Therefore, crossing international borders is a basic condition for immigration, and they must intend to stay for a long period in order for their movement and stay to affect the development process in all its aspects for both their country of origin and the country of immigration. As for the relationship between forced displacement and migration, the humanitarian conditions experienced by forcibly displaced persons may be similar to those experienced by refugees, but the difference between them lies in the reason that prompted people to migrate, as well as the issue of crossing state borders. Immigration, especially illegal immigration, has many security, economic, social, and health effects. Migrant transit networks may lead to the emergence of groups that exploit migrants in criminal or terrorist operations. Economically, both the country of origin and the country of destination are affected by immigration, as companies, especially in the private sector, resort to employing migrants due to their lower wages. This negatively affects the country's citizens, leading to increased unemployment and the emergence of the phenomenon of illegal labor. Moreover, immigration often leads to a change in the social structure of both countries, especially if the number of migrants is large relative to the number of native inhabitants.

The study of water security in the Middle East shows that water represents one of the most significant strategic challenges facing the countries of the region. This is largely due to the scarcity of water resources and the increasing demand resulting from population growth and the expansion of economic and agricultural activities. As a result, competition over water resources has intensified, particularly among countries that share river basins and transboundary water resources, which in turn has complicated regional relations in some cases. In addition, climate change and the expansion of large water projects, such as building dams and river diversion schemes, have further increased the intensity of this competition and affected patterns of water distribution among states and societies. In light of this, regional cooperation and the adoption of sustainable water management policies emerge as essential approaches for reducing competition and promoting stability in the region

This article acknowledges that Iraqi water diplomacy in the Tigris and Euphrates river basins counters several challenges, most notably Turkish water policy and climate change. However, this diplomacy faces a significant internal obstacle: its continued reliance on negotiation methods based on classical demands, namely, water quotas (allocation). Therefore, this paper suggests a transition towards a more comprehensive Iraqi diplomatic strategy that aims to create value and provide room for negotiation within the current asymmetric power between Iraq and Turkey. Water negotiations are linked to practical political options that include not only professional institutional coordination but, more likely, also economic issues, regional security, and climate change adaptation. Furthermore, the Iraqi negotiator could leverage the legal framework of international water agreements and universally agreed-upon concepts. The essential value of the research lies in providing Iraqi water diplomacy with a clear scientific methodology to understand regional changes, climate change, and the imbalance of power with upstream countries.

This research addresses one of the most complex contemporary legal challenges in light of the military technological revolution: the attribution of international criminal responsibility for violations committed by autonomous weapons systems. It highlights the technical deficiency of these systems and their inability to directly comply with the fundamental principles of International Humanitarian Law, particularly the principle of distinction, due to the machine\'s lack of contextual perception.The study explores international prevention mechanisms, which are represented in commitment to prior review, illustrating how the self-learning nature of algorithms necessitates continuous legal oversight that extends beyond the initial acquisition phase. Furthermore, the research tackles the Accountability Gap by analyzing scenarios involving the distribution of responsibility among military commanders, programmers, and field operators, while distinguishing between technical accident and war crimes resulting from negligence or eventual intent.The research concludes with the necessity of invoking the Martens Clause as a supreme moral and legal reference to bridge existing legislative lacunae. It emphasizes that the international responsibility of the State remains engaged for the actions of its autonomous systems as breaches of its international obligations. Finally, the study recommends the urgent drafting of a binding international instrument to ensure Meaningful Human Control throughout all stages of the decision-making process in combat.

The world undergoes rapid development in Artificial Intelligence Technologies, especially in the area of self-driving vehicles, which led to the emergence of new legal challenges related to the identification of liability resulting from employing these technologies. The fundamental problematic lies in the extent of insurance companies’ liability to compensate these damages in light of the transition of driving from Humans to smart systems and the complexity of legally identifying the liable person. This paper aims to analyze the legal framework of insurance companies’ liability for damages resulting from employing Artificial Intelligence in self-driving vehicles through studying the nature and limits of this liability, along with the legal foundation upon which it is based, whether in the framework of tortious liability or producer’s liability. The paper also addresses distributing liability among different parties, such as the manufacturing companies, software developer, vehicle’s owner, and the insurance company. The importance of the paper is that smart cities autonomously make decisions, which lead to a difficulty in assigning the blame to a specific person. It also raises questions regarding the adequacy of conventional rules for civil liability. The studies point out that increasing dependence on self-driving vehicles might requires restructuring traditional insurance systems and expansion of their scope to include new risks, such as software errors and cyber-attacks.

This research aims to study post-conflict humanitarian crisis management in Gaza Strip and determine the amount of destruction and human losses after the war, along with focusing on efforts and obstacles by analyzing the role of international and regional efforts to address the humanitarian situation and identify the most prominent political and administrative obstacles facing the process of crisis management. The research addresses the role of international and regional organizations regarding relief and reconstruction, highlighting the impact of the political division and the blockade of the Zionist Entity on complicating the humanitarian response. The research concludes that successful humanitarian crisis management in Gaza requires addressing the political and administrative obstacles radically and adopting a comprehensive scientific vision based on partnership, sustainability, and rapid response to the needs of the population affected by the Zionist bombing and blockade.

The current study aims to highlight the role of organizational agility in reducing silent resignation through job well-being. It focuses on examining the dimensions of organizational agility represented by sensing, decision-making, and practice/application, alongside the dimensions of silent resignation, namely, job disengagement, lack of initiative, and lack of motivation. Additionally, it explores the dimensions of job well-being, including psychological well-being, social well-being, and workplace well-being. The research employs a descriptive-analytical approach, and data were analyzed using SPSS version 28. Furthermore, four main and sub-hypotheses were formulated to determine the nature of the correlation, influence, and mediation relationships among the study variables. Further, there was the existence of a significant indirect effect between organizational agility and silent resignation through job wellbeing. To verify the hypotheses, a questionnaire was used to collect data from managers, department heads, division heads, and working employees in the Diyala Municipalities Directorate through a purposive sample of (130) questionnaires. One of the most important results of the study is that job wellbeing plays a vital mediating role in enhancing the role of organizational agility in reducing silent resignation, which contributes to improving the performance of the institution under study. This mediating role enhances organizational agility in the Diyala Municipalities Directorate, which leads to raising the level of the institution's capabilities and efficiency and contributes to its sustainable development.

This study examines the issue of judicial review over suspension of a public employee from duty, as an administrative measure used by the administration to ensure the orderly functioning of public services and to safeguard the effectiveness of investigative procedures. The research is grounded in an analysis of the conceptual and legal foundations of this administrative measure. It further examines the limits of judicial control over such a measure and assesses the adequacy of the procedural and substantive safeguards available to protect the employee’s position and financial entitlements. The study adopts a comparative analytical approach through the deconstruction of the relevant statutory provisions under Iraqi law, alongside an analysis of their judicial application. This is further supported by a comparative examination of selected jurisdictions, namely France, Egypt, and Algeria. The objective is to assess the extent of equilibrium within the existing legal framework between public interest considerations and the requirements of legal protection afforded to public employees, as well as to evaluate the judiciary’s capacity to regulate the scope of administrative authority in this area.The study finds that, although suspension from duty is statutorily regulated in terms of its grounds, duration, and financial consequences, the governing legal framework remains underdeveloped with regard to a coherent definition of its legal nature; the regulations of judicial review over discretionary administrative powers, and the legal consequences of annulment of the decision or a judicial finding of illegality. Accordingly, the study recommends strengthening judicial protection for public employees through the development of clearer procedural rules governing challenges to suspension decisions, ensuring the expeditious resolution of disputes and maintaining an appropriate balance between the requirements of effective public administration and the protection of employees’ legal rights

This study examines the problem of deficiencies in the Iraqi legislative framework that counter offences against external security, with particular attention to the structural tension between the requirements of protecting State sovereignty and supreme national interests, on the one hand, and safeguarding constitutional liberties, on the other. The study proceeds from a central hypothesis: the defect does not lie merely in the weakness of the criminalization will to such conduct, but rather in the uncontrolled expansion of criminalization, the ambiguity of its concepts, the fragmentation of its legal sources, and the absence of a precise legislative standard for assessing danger. These shortcomings render criminal provisions susceptible, at times, to broad security-oriented interpretation, while leaving them, at other times, incapable of accommodating contemporary threats. A group of offences against the external security of the state under Iraqi Penal Code No. 111 of 1969 was formulated within a traditional legal context primarily concerned with treason, unlawful communication with foreign powers, espionage, and direct military aggression. By contrast, the contemporary security environment has generated complex patterns of threat, including cyberattacks, electronic espionage, the financing of transnational networks, targeted information campaigns, and the use of algorithms and artificial intelligence to influence public affairs, collect sensitive information, or disrupt vital facilities. The study reveals that the overlap between the Penal Code, the Anti-Terrorism Law, and security-related legislation and institutions, together with the absence of a unified national security law or a specialized framework for digital and intelligence-based evidence, leads to duplicative legal characterization, jurisdictional conflict, and inconsistency in procedural safeguards. It further argues that the criminal protection of external security acquires constitutional legitimacy only when it is governed by the principles of legality, necessity, proportionality, and effective judicial oversight. The reason is that any expansion of criminalization, surveillance, or secrecy beyond these limits may transform security from a legitimate public interest into an instrument for restricting freedom of expression, communication, privacy, and the right of defense. The study concludes that the required reform must be both legislative and institutional. It should include a precise definition of external security, foreign entities, and security-related danger; a reconstruction of the material and mental elements of relevant offences; a graduated system of penalties; the regulation of digital evidence and classified information; and the establishment of specialized judicial mechanisms capable of balancing deterrence with the protection of rights.

This study addresses the civil liability of the enforcement officer under Iraqi law, illustrating the complex nature of their obligations, which fluctuate between a duty of care and a duty to achieve a specific result. It identifies various forms of professional errors occurring during the notification, seizure, and auction phases. Furthermore, the study analyzes the practical obstacles hindering civil liability lawsuits. The research concludes by emphasizing the necessity of adopting modern reformative mechanisms, such as the automation of enforcement procedures, the establishment of a mandatory professional liability insurance system, and the amendment of limitation periods. These measures aim to ensure a fair balance that protects the committed officers while guaranteeing compensation for the creditor\\\\'s damages. The study concludes with a set of findings and recommendations, most notably that the nature of the enforcement officer’s commitment is compound and any deviation from the legal text constitutes a professional error triggering liability, and that the overlap between personal and service-related faults leads to prolonged litigation.

This research examines the civil liability of the guardian for the harmful acts of a minor under the Iraqi Civil Code, focusing on Article (218), which limits presumed liability to the father and grandfather. The study aims to analyze the conditions of this liability: the minor being under the guardian\'s supervision, the minor committing a wrongful act causing damage, and the existence of a causal link between the presumed fault and the harm. It also explores the basis of liability based on presumed fault (negligence in supervision) and the methods to rebut it by proving proper supervision or negating the causal relationship. The research concludes by recommending the expansion of liability to include all persons entrusted with supervision, such as the school and treatment institutions.

This research aims to measure the level of impact of strategic leadership on outstanding performance. The sample consisted of 225 employees from several private universities in Baghdad (Al-Hikma University, Imam Jaafar Al-Sadiq University, Dijlah University, and Al-Farabi University). A questionnaire was used as the primary data collection tool. The research employed a descriptive-analytical approach, and the data were analyzed and hypotheses tested using appropriate statistical tools such as the arithmetic mean and standard deviation to measure the level of variables, Pearson correlation coefficients to test relationships between variables, and simple and multiple regression equations to test the effect. The results showed a moderate level of strategic leadership and a moderate level of outstanding performance, indicating that strategic leadership is linked to and influences outstanding performance. The research recommends that university administrations prioritize adopting strategic leadership due to its impact on enhancing outstanding performance and achieving high levels of local ranking.

With the tremendous advances in technology and the rapid digital transformations that the world is witnessing in business structures and organizational processes, there is a need to adopt modern leadership styles that leverage technological capabilities to develop and empower human resources. The research aimed to reveal the nature of the relationship between digital leadership (innovative digital behavior, digital support behavior, and organizational sustainability) and smart human resource management practices supported by the Internet of Things (smart recruitment and selection, human resource development, human resource performance, and human resource compensation) in the Third Rusafa Education Directorate in Baghdad. The research adopted a descriptive and analytical approach based on a questionnaire applied to a purposive sample of 120 managers, department heads, and division and unit officials at the Rusafa Third Education Directorate. Statistical procedures included the use of statistical software (SPSS V.28 & Smart Pls.4) to analyze the data. The results revealed that digital leadership has an impact on the adoption of smart human resource practices within the General Directorate of Education in the Rusafa Third District of Baghdad. The research conclude that digital leadership plays an important role in enhancing smart human resource management practices and the need to allocate a financial budget to build a digital transformation strategy to develop digital infrastructure, human resource activities, Internet of Things technologies, and adopt continuous improvements in resource management.

Production capacity planning is a key factor in improving the efficiency of industrial processes, enhancing resource utilization, and reducing operating costs. However, the multitude of operational variables and the difficulty in predicting the success of production processes necessitate integrated modeling frameworks to support decision-making. Therefore, this study aimed to demonstrate the impact of an integrated modeling framework on improving production capacity planning, evaluate its effectiveness in predicting the success of production tasks, identify the most influential operational variables, and demonstrate its role in supporting operational decisions and improving resource utilization. The study adopted a hybrid modeling framework that combines Multi-Agent Systems (MAS) for coordinating production units, Binary Logistic Regression for estimating the probability of success of production tasks, and Internet of Things (IoT) technologies to provide real-time operational data. The proposed framework was applied to 200 operational observations representing production process data at Lafarge Iraq Cement Plant – Bazian Plant. The results showed that the binary logistic regression model is statistically significant, and that operational variables significantly contribute to explaining the probability of success of production tasks. The model's quality indicators demonstrated high explanatory power, and it achieved a classification accuracy of 94%, confirming its effectiveness in predicting the success or failure of production tasks. Maintenance delays, raw material availability, and production rate were identified as the most influential variables in production capacity planning. The study's scientific value lies in providing an integrated modeling framework that combines multi-agent systems, binary logistic regression, and Internet of Things (IoT) technologies to support production capacity planning in the cement industry. This framework contributes to improved resource utilization, increased efficiency in production processes, and enhanced data-driven operational decisions.

This article examines the central paradox of contemporary U.S. foreign policy: despite maintaining unprecedented material, economic, and military supremacy, Washington’s political discourse is increasingly dominated by declinist anxieties and a fear of China’s rise. The author argues that America’s primary challenge is not a deficit of actual capability, but a profound crisis of perception and confidence. Consequently, overreactive, defensive, and protectionist policy choices strain key strategic alliances and undermine U.S. global reliability—paradoxically accelerating the very strategic erosion Washington seeks to prevent.