Linguistic Papers

A quick reading of the terminology, particularly the cultural terms, coined by the Academy of Sciences, which represents the official body, reveals a major problem: the gap between these official terms and their actual usage in cultural discourse. This gap has created conceptual fragmentation within the cultural vocabulary, manifested largely in the fierce resistance faced by foreign or common terms against the official or Academy-designated terminology. The value of this study lies in offering a critical perspective on the Academy\'s work in cultural terminology from the standpoint of \"terminological conflict.\" It attempts to uncover the reasons for the abandonment of most of the cultural terms coined by the Academy\'s committees in favor of the prevalence of other, foreign, and commonly used terms. It also seeks to explain the causes and consequences of this conflict and the possibility of addressing these problems. The research concludes that the Academy of Sciences must consider the pragmatic dimension, ease of pronunciation, and social acceptance in its cultural terminology.

This research examines the Sufi terminology of al-Qashani (may God have mercy on him), exploring the interplay between intentionality and arbitrariness. Al-Qashani was a Sufi scholar well-versed in the intentions of Sufis and their intended meanings, clarifying them for his audience. The research explores the origins of the Sufi lexicon, the evolution of its meanings, and attempts to connect modern and classical scholars in this field. It then examines the linguistic and technical definitions of terms, followed by an explanation of intentionality. Finally, it delves into al-Qashani's life, works, methodology, and the semantic development of the term, among other topics. The most important findings of this research are:
1- Sufi terminology is specific to its adherents and varies according to the breadth of the mystic's spiritual experience.
2- Sufi lexicons derive their meanings from diverse sources, most importantly Quranic meanings. Nature, letters, and numbers may also be employed as purely Sufi terminology.
3- Sufi lexicons are characterized by compound terms, specifically those composed of two words, such as "servant" and "one of the Beautiful Names of God".

The historical environment that defines (Iraq) geographically, historically and culturally created the concept of linguistic identity, and perhaps Iraq\'s identity is one of the most complex linguistic identities; as a result of the depth of its history and the succession of cultures and societies on it, and the linguistic diversity over the course of its civilisations reflects Linguistic diversity in the cultures that are an essential part of Iraq\'s identity, showing a richness in historical, geographical and social aspects, as its environment has varied throughout its eras between the exclusion of a race and the exclusion of a language, and the result of all this was a complexity and linguistic diversity that distinguished Iraq from others.
The research monitors the value of the linguistic identity of Iraq and the study of the languages that have lived since ancient times in the country: The term identity between the reference of language and philosophy. The term identity between the references of language and philosophy, the relationship between language and identity, identity, language, Iraq, linguistic conflict, and linguistic identity. Then the conclusion and recommendations.

The function of language is to create and influence the world, not merely to be a tool for description. This is what is called speech acts. This leads us to employ the pragmatic approach in reading speech acts among Islamic legal scholars (usul al-fiqh), considering them a tool and entry point for directing meaning in the texts of the Qur'an and Sunnah, or for deriving rulings in jurisprudential discussions. Implication is a logical concept more than a linguistic one, as its beginnings appeared among the ancients, and its pragmatic dimensions in discourse emerged. This occurs within implicit meanings that require understanding the intended meaning of the speech without its literal expression, which is called conversational implicature.

In Islamic legal theory, meaning is divided into the meaning of the explicit (mantūq) with its two parts: agreement and disagreement, and the meaning of the implied meaning, with its two parts: agreement and disagreement. The explicit and the implied are legal terms. The explicit is what is understood directly from the utterance, while the implied refers to what is understood from what is not explicitly stated. This is similar to Grice's natural and unnatural meanings and Searle's direct and indirect verbs.

This unique practical study that is based on computer spectroscopy analysis is different from the classic theoretical on simply because it depends on a program (Pratt) to realizes exceptional results. It is an attempt to put an end to the dispute regarding the controversial views among phonolgists regarding the Arabic/ha:/phoneme. It also sheds light on the new acoustic features that have not been fully investigated in the previous acoustic research. The study also aims to open new avenues to describe the features of this phoneme in the speaking as well as tajweed lesson.

This study aims to examine non-predicative nominal modifiers in legal texts from a structural and semantic linguistic perspective, focusing on their syntactic structures and semantic functions within the legal context. These modifiers are linguistic elements that restrict meaning without functioning as either a predicate or a subject. The most prominent of these include the direct object, adverbial complements (such as adverbials of place and time, objects of purpose, and absolute objects), adjectives, spatial and temporal adverbials, and genitive constructions. The study analyzes these modifiers as significant tools in legal texts due to their role in restricting legal rulings or clarifying the conditions of legal assumptions. They are employed to specify the parties concerned by legal rulings or to clarify their conditions and contexts, thereby contributing to precise meaning and avoiding ambiguity or vagueness.
These modifiers in legal texts are distributed between two main functions:
1. Legal ruling: where modifiers are used to specify the party to whom the ruling applies, as well as its manner, time, and place.
2. Legal assumption: where modifiers are used to determine the conditions that must be fulfilled for the legal assumption to be realized.
The study adopts an analytical approach based on samples of legal texts, highlighting how the grammatical structure of these modifiers contributes to achieving clarity and precision, which are among the essential characteristics of legal discourse.

Praise be to Allah, the Lord of the Worlds, and peace and blessings be upon our Prophet Muhammad, his pure and virtuous family, and his chosen companions.
Investigating what lies behind causes is one of the means of satisfying innate human curiosity, and it is also a means of persuasion. This study seeks to identify the most significant semantic relations arising from the influence of syntactic phenomena governing texts. No text is devoid of one of these phenomena, for every text is either cohesive or non-cohesive; and a cohesive text is either linked through explicit devices or through other means. These issues will be clarified throughout the course of the study, God willing.

The Arabic lexicon occupies a prestigious position among the world’s dictionaries, as its role has gone beyond merely recording and explaining words to reflecting a profound scientific awareness of the structure and system of the Arabic language. The compilation of the Arabic lexicon was founded on two central principles: the root and the morphological pattern, which together represent the morphological structure that supported the systematic and accurate arrangement of its entries. Early scholars understood that linking words to their roots, and analyzing their morphological patterns, offered a powerful gateway to comprehending the general meaning of words and recognizing their derivational extensions. This awareness was directly reflected in lexicographic works from their inception.
This is clearly evident in dictionaries such as Kitab al-‘Ayn by Al-Khalil ibn Ahmad, who placed the root at the center of organizing entries, believing that knowledge of the root opens the door for researchers to a broad network of related meanings. The pattern, for its part, helped to explain the grammatical functions of words and distinguish their nuanced meanings, thus serving as a complementary standard alongside the root in the indexing process.
However, the reliance on both the root and the pattern has historically generated critical debates, especially as modern researchers have become more inclined toward alphabetical arrangements. Nevertheless, the morphological system remains a rich and powerful asset of the Arabic lexicon, deserving of an in-depth study that reveals both its potential and its challenges.
Accordingly, this research seeks to explore the impact of the morphological structure, represented by root and pattern, on the arrangement of the Arabic lexicon, analyzing the advantages and challenges of this system, and comparing it to contemporary attempts to organize entries in a way that better serves researchers, language learners, and users in the digital age.

This section examines broken plurals In Ibrahim al-Mundhir's critical thought through five main issues: the plurals of hajah as hawajij, adah as awaid, fa'l as af'al and fu'ul (e.g., khasm–akhsam, zahr–zuhur), rih as aryah, the plural pattern fa'il for words with original waw or ya (e.g., magharah–maghawir/maghair), and maf'ul as mafa'Il.
The research adopts a descriptive-analytical approach, presenting al-Mundhir's views, comparing them with classical and modern critics, and drawing on linguistic academy decisIons.

This research constitutes a serious research attempt to shed light on this negative tool in terms of its application and neglect, and to expand the opinions of scholars on it and discuss those according to the analytical approach in language, and to compare those opinions and the scientific results we reach in this research with what was established in the sixth grade preparatory curriculum of mentioning this tool from a rule and applications, while we try to correct what can be corrected from what the committee writing this curriculum fell into in terms of confusion in the expression or mixing in the contents.

This research examines grammatical augmentation as conceived by one of the most prominent commentators on Al-Mufaṣṣal, Muwaffaq al-Dīn Ibn Yaʿīsh (d. 643 AH), as a pivotal concept affecting both word structure and predication. The research proceeds from a fundamental problem: How did Ibn Yaʿīsh theorize this concept? What controls did he establish to distinguish between original and augmented elements? And what are the grammatical and morphological implications of ruling that an element is augmented? The research adopted a descriptive-analytical approach, examining Ibn Yaʿīsh's texts in his commentary on Al-Mufaṣṣal.
In the preamble, the research revealed the definition of augmentation according to Ibn Yaʿīsh as: the addition of one or more letters to the roots of a word, to achieve semantic purposes such as emphasis (al-tawkīd), mutawaʿah (acquiescence/compliance), feminization (al-ta'nīth), analogy (al-ilḥāq), and genus comprehensiveness (istighrāq al-jins). It also reviewed its types (qiyāsī/systematic and non-qiyāsī/non-systematic) and its four positions within the word.
In the first section, it became evident that Ibn Yaʿīsh's position on augmentation rests on two pillars: first, considering augmentation as a "deviation from the original norm" (ʿudūl ʿan al-aṣl) that is not resorted to except with evidence; and second, observance of grammatical meaning (al-maʿnā al-naḥwī) as the purpose and rationale for augmentation, affirming that "the strength of expression indicates the strength of meaning."
As for the second section, the research presented applied examples of the augmentation of (al-fāʾ) in the predicate of (inna), and the augmentation of (min) in affirmative contexts, demonstrating how Ibn Yaʿīsh employed his vision in weighing between grammarians' opinions, and how "authentically transmitted usage" (al-samāʿ) takes precedence over the "presumption of continuity of the original state" (istishāb al-aṣl) when they conflict.
The research concluded with six results, most notably: that augmentation is originally an anomalous matter that is exceptional to linguistic structure; that it must have a meaning that can only be conveyed through it; that authentically transmitted usage is the basis for ruling on it; that augmentation in structure is an indication of augmentation in meaning; that Ibn Yaʿīsh established objective controls such as derivation (al-ishtiqāq), frequency of occurrence (al-shuyūʿ), and morphological possibility (al-imkāniyyah al-ṣarfiyyah); and finally, that augmentation transcended the traditional boundaries between morphology, syntax, and phonology, affirming the unity of linguistic analysis in the Arabic grammatical tradition.

This research deals with the words that were described as grammatically incorrect wrong in the book (Qasd al–Sabil)‚ or that the content of al–Muhibbi’s words suggests that they are grammatically incorrect. This research sheds light on the term (grammatical error)‚ in language and terminology‚ and whether there is a difference between (grammatical error) and (wrong). It also sheds light on the grammatically incorrect words‚ and their correct place in the language‚ and whether everything that was described as grammatically incorrect or wrong in the book Qasd al–Sabil is considered a grammatical error‚ or whether al–Muhibbi was mistaken or wrong in issuing this judgment on these words‚ and that they are correct and eloquent. This is what we will know through this research paper‚ by referring to language book‚ dictionaries and others.

This study examines lexical semantics in light of applied semantics, by tracing the structure of several modern Arabic linguistic forms, and revealing the nature of the relationships that correspond to the lexical in the linguistic context and actual usage The study is based on the premise that lexical meaning is not a self-contained semantic unit, but rather represents a primary basis that interacts with other linguistic levels such as morphology, syntax, and context The study also attempts to highlight the transformation that has taken place in the view of lexical meaning in modern linguistic studies, from a fixed and abstract concept to a dynamic concept that is shaped according to the conditions of use The study adopts the descriptive analytical approach based on applied models that highlight the impact of context in guiding lexical meaning.

Kitab al-Talkhis fi Ma'rifat Asma' al-Ashya' (The Compendium on the Knowledge of the Names of Things) by Abu Hilal Al-Askari is considered one of the earliest semantic dictionaries. It represents an advanced stage of lexicographical writing following the linguistic epistles. This research focuses on the vocabulary related to the sky and its components, examining the relationships between these words and exploring their semantic development.

This study explores the poetics of everyday details in the Maqamat of al-Hariri, one of the most prominent examples of the maqama genre in Arabic literary heritage. The research aims to examine the aesthetics of these details and their role in constructing the maqama text and shaping its meanings. It analyzes the artistic techniques employed by al-Hariri to capture the everyday aspects of his society during his time, highlighting the aesthetic and artistic values embodied in these details, which go beyond surface description to create rich semantic and aesthetic dimensions. The study also focuses on the relationship between these everyday details and the overall structure of the maqama, and how they contributed to shaping the unique stylistic identity of al-Hariri’s maqamat. The research adopts an analytical approach, combining textual analysis with traditional rhetorical methods to uncover the poetics of everyday details and their semantic and aesthetic implications in al-Hariri’s maqamat.

The research examines the worldview in the works of Hassouna Mosbahi through social, political, and religious conflict, highlighting the contradictions and tensions within Arab society. The text reflects the individual’s sense of alienation between the constraints of tradition and the desire for liberation, while also showing the impact of wars, migration, and oppressive authority on shaping collective consciousness. This vision is embodied in characters who struggle with identity and resort to escape through art, imagination, or even self-destruction. The study also reveals sharp criticism of cultural hypocrisy and the dominance of authority, emphasizing that literature is not merely a reflection of reality, but a tool for exposing its contradictions and constructing a critical awareness that anticipates the future.

This research seeks to read Mernissi's discourse within the context of religious, historical, and social heritage, in order to understand the manifestations of patriarchal authority in Islamic culture from her perspective. It also attempts to uncover the mechanisms by which male dominance is produced through religion, symbols, and language, and to highlight Mernissi's strategies for resisting this authority. This is achieved by employing cultural criticism and its methodologies to reveal the implicit and unstated aspects of the patriarchal narratives that shape Islamic culture, and to deconstruct the cultural patterns that have produced this culture.

Poetry has the extraordinary ability to capture deep human emotions and transform them into texts brimming with meaning. This is embodied in the collection "Another Sheba" by Dr. Ahmed Jassim Al-Khayal, which enriches the contemporary Arab emotional experience through a subtle blend of sadness and optimism. This study reveals how these two emotions are formed in the textual structure of the collection and their impact on shaping its poetic and existential vision. In doing so, it follows an aesthetic textual analysis approach based on stylistic and symbolic approaches, within the perspective of interpretive and existential criticism.Analytical tools: metaphorical reading, study of the field of symbolic meaning and poetic imagery, and elucidation of the psychological dimensions of the texts.

This study examines pragmatic sarcasm in a subset of interviews where it dominates the participants\' discourse. It aims to analyze pragmatic elements—Grice\'s principles, conversational inclusion, tactful techniques, and dialogue structure—to demonstrate the relationship between the speaker\'s authority level and their tactfulness. The study employs an inductive approach, reviewing literature related to the pragmatic aspects of interviews. Additionally, a survey of models used in data analysis will be conducted, including the model proposed by Grice (1975). Analysis of the results reveals the following from the literature review of radio interviews:
Since the interviewer has the authority to determine the agenda, its scope, and the topics that can be reasonably discussed, the power dynamic is heavily skewed in their favor. However, jeopardizing the interviewee\'s position weakens their own.
The balance of power shifts. Specifically, the interviewer employs less tactful techniques due to their greater authority over the interviewee. Accordingly, the interviewee is more likely to disregard Grice\'s principles than the interviewer, who is often more direct and seeks to clarify any potential implications in the interviewee\'s statement.

Improving listening comprehension among EFL learners is a widely recognised challenge in Arab educational contexts. This study examines the effect of closed captions—on-screen written text displayed alongside spoken English—on the listening comprehension of secondary-level students in Basra, Iraq. Using a quasi-experimental design, one hundred students drawn from three public schools were divided into an experimental group that watched captioned videos and a control group that watched the same videos without captions. Individual differences among participants, including reading speed and level of linguistic intelligence, were taken into consideration throughout the study. Pre- and post-tests measured listening performance before and after a twelve-week instructional period. Statistical analysis using an independent samples t-test and Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) showed a significant difference favouring the captioned group, supporting the use of closed captions as a practical tool in EFL listening instruction. The findings suggest that curriculum planners and teachers in Basra should consider integrating closed captions into regular classroom practice.

The referential theory which was explained by Ogden and Richards is considered one of the most significant theories in the area of lexical semantics especially in the domain of dictionary building relying on the method of definitions. Its guesses form the basis of one of the pillars of modern lexicography: the systematization of the signifiers of linguistic, and the signified referents to which they relate. It goes without saying that the main role of any dictionary is to control the correlation between a signifier and its signified or, to put it differently, the correlation between a signified and an entry. This control role is most clearly seen in the work of the lexicographer in creating definitions that are aimed at expressing meaning as concisely as possible. The construction process can be made either on a bare minimum where a new meaning is affixed to an old meaning or can remain a more detailed position where the lexical item is questioned about its component features, its semantic implications or its patterns of usage, especially when the term is incredibly abstract or ambiguous. What is important about referential theory is that it has helped to change the traditional paradigm of a direct correspondence between a word and an object to a more accurate, scientifically rigorous vision of finding a distinction between linguistic symbols, mental representations, and external referents. Al-Muajam al-Kabir is also an example of the recent dictionaries which were influenced by the linguistic theory, and its editors purposely included a range of theoretical knowledge, such as referential theory, in order to provide a high quality and accuracy of the lexicographical output.