Pure Sciences International Journal of Kerbala

Polymer hydrogels (PHGs) are materials bearing functional loving water for their water absorption and retention, which makes them highly valuable in agriculture, drug delivery, Environmental pollution, and other related fields. Their performance depends on synthesis parameters such as monomer composition, cross-linking density, initiator type, ion concentration, and functional group diversity. This review evaluates strategies to improve salinity tolerance, swelling kinetics, reusability, and overall efficiency. It also highlights emerging directions including AI-assisted design, quantum-informed modeling, multi-responsive materials, and bio-interactive systems that enable next-generation PHGs with enhanced performance and sustainability. Nevertheless, challenges such as reduced efficiency under saline conditions, mechanical instability during repeated use, and elevated production costs hinder broader application. Integration of computational tools, sustainable manufacturing, and interdisciplinary collaboration offers a pathway toward environmentally friendly PHGs with transformative potential in clean water technologies, precision agriculture, energy .storage, and biomedical engineering.

Humans are grouped by many different antigens. One of the most common ways to classify humans is with the ABO system - based on a hereditary presence or absence of two glycoproteins, (a&b) on our erythrocyte (red blood cell) membranes. It is a system with the most clinical significance among 44 blood systems, currently recognized by the International Society of Blood Transfusion. Mismatched transfusions or organ transplants can trigger severe immune reactions. Anti- (A, B) antibodies, typically IgM, are naturally produced in early life through exposure to environmental antigens. The aim of the current work was to assess some biochemical parameters alanine transaminase (AST), Aspartate transaminase (ALT) and hematological indices as hemoglobin (HB), white blood cell (WBC), red blood cells (RBC), platelets (PLT), and finally (HCT/PCV) among Iraqi patients according to ABO-blood groups. Eighty samples were collected in autumn 2023 from Baghdad. Results indicated that individuals with blood group A exhibited significant alteration across all measured parameters compared to other groups, while other groups showed selective changes in specific parameters.

This study investigates a class of nonlinear evolution partial differential equations (PDEs) incorporating fractional derivatives whose orders vary dynamically with time. These fractional PDEs extend classical models by integrating time-dependent fractional operators, enabling a more accurate description of complex dynamic phenomena exhibiting memory and hereditary properties. Employing advanced analytical techniques, including fractional calculus and nonlinear transformation methods, the work establishes existence, uniqueness, and stability results for solutions within this framework.

This study presents a study of a new class of single-valued harmonic mappings on the unit disc using a new operator based on the binomial series. The work defines the class of mappings ????̅
????,????????,????,???? and presents its most important properties, including parameter estimation, closure under convolutions and convex fitting, invariance under an integral operator, and characterization of the extrema and neighborhood of the mappings in this class. The results enhance the development of the theory of single-valued harmonic mappings.

This research aims to examine the effects of bio fertilization with Pseudomonas fluorescens bacteria and nano-zinc fertilization on the active compounds and productivity of flaxseed (L. usitatissimum L.), at 2025. The current flax experiment was carried out in the Iraqi city of Alhindia in Kerbala. A randomized complete block design (RCBD) with split-plot arrangement, two factors, and three replications was used to set up the amounts of nano-zinc (control, 0.10, 0.20, 0.25 mL-1) that were applied to the leaves one month following germination that were the initial factor. The second factor was tionfertiliza-bio, which entailed combining soil and P.fluorescens and cutting a 1-cm hole near the rhizosphere. During the growth season, four doses of P. fluorescens (control, 25, 50, and 100 mL-1) , indicate the results the concentrations of P. fluorescens 100 mL-1 and nano-Zinc 0.25 mL-1 varied significantly at plant height, fruit branches, seed oil percentage and yield oleic and linolenic acids.

Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) is primarily transmitted through respiratory droplets from sneezing and direct contact with infected individuals. COVID-19 mainly affects the respiratory system, particularly the lungs, as well as other body systems such as the circulatory, digestive, and urinary systems. Most patients recover after a period of infection, but some may experience health deterioration, presenting with hematological disorders such as thrombosis (blood clots), which can even lead to death. Therefore, early detection of potential outcomes is very important for clinical diagnosis and patient treatment. D-dimer is a fibrin degradation product; elevated levels indicate the presence of thrombosis and secondary fibrin in the body, making it very useful in diagnosing thrombotic diseases. It has been reported that COVID-19 patients suffer from a hypercoagulable state. The current research aims to highlight D-dimer in COVID-19 infection by presenting its levels in patients. Materials and Methods :The cross-sectional study included two groups: 55 patients diagnosed with coronavirus (COVID-19) who attended the outpatient clinic at Imam Hussein City Medical Hospital in Karbala and exhibited moderate symptoms, while the second group consisted of 29 healthy individuals as a control group. The ages of the experimental samples ranged from 18 to 60 years. Blood samples were drawn to perform the required analyses. Several hematological markers were measured, including D-dimer, C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6), white blood cells (WBC), lymphocytes, and blood glucose levels from both groups. Demographic and clinical data were collected from electronic medical records using a standardized data collection form and analyzed statistically using the t-test and analysis of variance (ANOVA) via SPSS software version 20.0. Results: The research included 84 samples, of which 55 were infected with the coronavirus compared to 29 individuals as a control group. Several blood parameters were measured, including D-dimer, C-reactive protein (CRP), white blood cells (WBC), lymphocytes, and blood glucose. There are statistically significant differencesin the level of D-dimer between the COVID-19 group and the healthy at the P<0.05 level. It was recorded as( 2711) ng/ml, while the normal level is always 500, which was recorded in the healthy individuals.A frequency curve representing D-dimer levels between males and females in patients infected with COVID-19.clearly indicating that the number of females is more prominent than males in the research. Also, no significant difference was observed in the level of interleukin 6 between COVID-19 patients and the healthy group, and was observed that there is a significant negative correlation between D-dimer and blood platelets, with an (r= -.316) a significance level of P<0.001. while, non-significant and negative correlations were found between D-dimer and C-reactive protein and interleukin-6, recorded respectively(r=-0.130, r=-0.06)

Background: Sepsis continues to be a primary cause of morbidity and mortality around the world, yet early diagnostic tools are currently lacking. transforming growth factor-β1(TGF- β1) is an immunoregulatory cytokine with a role in modulating inflammation, and polymorphism within the TGF- β1 gene might lead to variation in host response during infection .
Objective: This study aimed to explore the relationship between TGF- β1 rs1800471 (C>T) polymorphism and risk of gram-negative sepsis and examined serum TGF-β1 as a diagnostic biomarker.
Methods: A Case–control + repeated measures within cases study was carried out in Imam Hussein Medical City (Karbala, Iraq) during the period from December 2024 to April 2025. A total of 204 subjects (104 ones with sepsis and 100 healthy controls) were recruited. Culture of blood was carried out using BacT/ALERT® FA Plus and then followed by identification with Vitek 2 Compact., in addition to SOFA Score. Serum TGF-β1 levels were detected using sandwich ELISA. Genotype of rs1800471 was determined by allele-specific PCR. Statistical analysis was conducted with SPSS v23 and GraphPad Prism 8. They used odds ratio (OR) and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve .
Results: The patients with sepsis demonstrated a decreased serum TGF-β1 level compared to the controls; however, this difference was not significant (p=0.19). The distribution of rs1800471 genotypes was significantly different between cases and controls (p=0.0148). The CT genotype was also significantly associated with sepsis development (OR=11.38, 95% CI=2.29–56.55, p=0.001), whereas the TT genotype had a stronger association (OR=14.10, 95% CI=1.63–122.18, p=0.008). ROC analysis further revealed a poor diagnostic value for the rs1800471 polymorphism (AUC = 0.630, p = 0.004) as well as no diagnostic potential for serum TGF-β1 levels (AUC = 0.50, p = 0.936).
Conclusion: The TGF-β1 rs1800471 polymorphism is a risk factor for gram-negative sepsis. However, its diagnostic value is insufficient. Serum TGF-β1 is insufficient as an independent diagnostic biomarker. Subsequent diagnostic algorithms should combine genetic markers with clinical and laboratory measurements

In this research, six new hydrazone derivatives (ET1-ET6) were synthesized, focusing on two indole-2-carboxylic acid derivatives (5-bromoindole-2-carbhydrazide and indole-2-carbhydrazide) with three different aromatic heterocyclic aldehydes (2-pyrrolecarbaldehyde, 2-imidazole carbaldehyde, and 3-indole carbaldehyde). The new derivatives were synthesized by the reaction of hydrazide with aldehyde in ethanol with reflux to produce the target compounds in good yield and high purity. The structure of the prepared compound was elucidated using FT-IR, H-NMR, and C-NMR, confirming the synthesis of the hydrazones.
The study of anti-bacterial activity of the hydrazone compounds was examined against two pathogenic bacterial strain (S. aureus, and E. coli) using the agar diffusing method. The outcomes of antibacterial activity showed that ET3 demonstrate highest growth inhibition against S. aureus (MIC = 0.348), while ET6 derivative showed the most activity toward E. coli (MIC = 0.595 mM). The differences in activity noted between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria may be due to the variations in cell wall structure. Overall, the incorporation of indole and heterocyclic rings into the hydrazone structure yields promising compounds for further investigation into their antibacterial properties.

This study presents a mathematical model to study the peristaltic transport of a non-Newtonian pseudoplastic nanofluid in an asymmetric, inclined, rotating porous channel under magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) influences. The momentum, concentration, and energy equations are transformed into dimensionless, nonlinear ordinary differential equations by applying appropriate conversions. According to the assumptions of a long wavelength and low Reynolds number, approximate analytical solutions are obtained via the perturbation method, along with numerical solutions computed using MATHEMATICA. The effects of key physical parameters, including the Hartmann number, thermophoresis parameter, and rotation parameter, on the velocity distribution, temperature profile, nanoparticle volume fraction, and pressure rise are studied, as well as the trapping and pumping phenomena.

In this paper, new subclasses of analytic bi-univalent functions in the open unit disk are introduced by means of differential operators associated with Lucas–Balancing polynomials. These subclasses are defined through suitable subordination conditions imposed on both the function and its inverse. Estimates for the initial Taylor–Maclaurin coefficients are obtained, particularly for |????2| and |????3|. In addition, the Fekete–Szegö functional is investigated and corresponding inequalities are established.

In this work, we present a generalization of open and ????ℴ-Lindelof open (simply ????ℴℓ-open) sets termed ????ℴ-Lindelof-????-open (simply ????ℴℓ????-open or ????ℴℓ????-????) sets. Moreover, we investigate relationships between open, ????ℴℓ-open, and ????ℴℓ????-open
sets. Furthermore, we give new forms of ℳ????-function ,namely ℳ????ℴℓ????????, ????ℴℓ????ℳ???? and ????ℴℓ????ℳ????ℴℓ????????−functions. Additionally, we present a new form of ℳ????-function termed by Ɫ????−function. Furthermore, we introduce new forms of Ɫ????−space termed Ɫ????ℴℓ????????−space, ????ℴℓ????Ɫ???? –space, Locally Ɫ????ℴℓ????????−space, ????ℴℓ????Ɫ????ℴℓ????????−space and Locally ????ℴℓ????Ɫ????ℴℓ????????−space. Finally, several facts, theorems, and examples are given to illustrate the results.

Antimicrobial resistance is becoming a growing serious health problem worldwide and the utilization of medicinal plants has been recognized as an important source of new antimicrobial agents that has become attractive. Sonchus oleraceus is a traditional medicinal plant utilized in folk medicine for the treatment of infections, inflammation and various microbial diseases. Hence, the present study was designed to study the phytochemical composition and activity antibacterial of Sonchus oleraceus extracts against the Gram-negative bacterium Escherichia coli and the Gram-positive bacterium Staphylococcus aureus.Different group of bioactive compounds were isolated from aerial parts of the plant by using chloroform, methanol and distilled water. Phytochemical screening such as phenolic compound, flavonoid, alkaloid and terpenoids was performed on the extracts to determine the main secondary metabolites, which are biologically and antimicrobially important. The extracts were tested for their antibacterial activity by disk diffusion method at concentrations 50 and 100 mg/mL and for the ciprofloxacin was used as a positive control.Concentrations (50 and 100 mg/mL) of the extracts were used to assess their antibacterial activity against the tested pathogens using the disk diffusion method, with ciprofloxacin used as the positive control. The extracts were unable to inhibit the growth of Escherichia coli but the chloroform extract exhibited antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus at 100 mg/mL against Staphylococcus aureus at 100 mg/mL. These results are significant as they indicate a selective activity of the plant extracts, specifically on Gram-positive bacteria as potential presence of specific bioactive compounds with targeted antimicrobial activity. The differences in antibacterial activity of the extracts may be due to the differences in the chemical composition, polarity and solubility of the phytochemicals extracted by each extract solvent respectively.In conclusion, the study underscores the possibility of Sonchus oleraceus as a rich source of Bioactive metabolites exhibiting considerable potential pharmacological applications. The activity against bacteria was limited, in spite of the fact that it showed selective activity along with a variety of phytochemical components that offers a solid foundation for further studies to isolate, purify and characterize the active compounds that achieve these biological effects. Further research using advanced analytical methods (GC–MS), higher concentration of extracts, and other extraction methods is suggested to gain knowledge about the therapeutic applications of this plant as a natural antibacterial.