Journal of Almaarif University College

This study is devoted to a precise literary and rhetorical analysis of Sūrat al-Mumtaḥanah, a Qur’ānic tableau that speaks with divine wisdom, distinguished by its meticulous structure, lofty discourse, and profound significations. The article offers an in-depth analytical reading of the surah, viewing it as one of the Qur’ānic chapters of considerable legislative, ethical, and rhetorical importance. It is marked by a finely crafted stylistic architecture and by eloquent figurative expressions that illuminate the surah’s guiding and instructive purpose. The study centres upon demonstrating the surah’s significance within both religious and rhetorical scholarship, and upon uncovering the expressive mechanisms that shaped a coherent Qur’ānic discourse of powerful impact upon its audience. The research problem lies in questioning how the surah’s rhetorical structure is formed, and to what extent its stylistic devices—such as fronting and delaying, ellipsis, and shifts in address—contribute to the construction of meaning and to the reinforcement of its legislative and moral message. From this central problem emerge the aims of the study, which focus on analysing the surah’s syntactic and semantic framework, examining its rhetorical techniques, and elucidating their psychological and conceptual purposes, in addition to studying its examples and similes and relating them to their historical and social contexts. The research adopts an analytical rhetorical methodology in its study of the Qur’ānic text, seeking to reveal the artistic beauty and precision of the structures that distinguish the surah. The significance of the study lies in addressing a gap in specialised rhetorical research on this chapter and in highlighting the exquisite harmony between form and meaning within it—an aspect that enriches the reader’s understanding of the Qur’ān’s rhetorical inimitability. The study is organised according to a structure that begins with a general introduction, followed by two sections offering an extensive examination of the surah’s rhetorical architecture and its analytical stylistic features.

The study of terminology and semantics has profoundly impacted the methodologies of deduction and the derivation of legal rulings. Recognizing this paramount importance, eminent scholars have historically accorded it profound attention and meticulous scrutiny. It is through comprehending the text’s explicit wording (‘Ibarat al-Nass), its allusions (Isharat al-Nass), its implications (Dalalat al-Nass), its conformity with the intended meaning, and its necessary corollaries, that the intent of the Lawgiver (Al-Shari‘) is understood, subsequently leading to practical application. Accordingly, this research investigates a crucial aspect of the Hanafi methodology—commonly known in the Principles of Islamic Jurisprudence (Usul al-Fiqh) as the Jurists' Methodology (Manhaj al-Fuqaha'). It is well-established that their approach relies on the inductive study of substantive legal branches (Furu'), followed by the formulation of foundational maxims based upon them. From this context emerges the core premise of the implied meaning" (‘Umum al-Muqtada). However, they encountered certain rulings based on implicit elements (Mudmarat) that require (Taqdir) yet are estimated in a general sense. Consequently, the "implicit" (al-Mudmar) into two categories: the "implied" (Muqtada), which possesses no generality, and the "omitted" (Mahdhuf), which does possess generality. This research is dedicated to tracing and analyzing this phenomenon, discussing the justifications necessitating this differentiation, and distinguishing between the Muqtada and the Mahdhuf by identifying their differentiating features, despite both being subcategories of a single concept: the implicit. Given that the research falls under the broader scope of semantics (Dalalat al-Alfaz), it was imperative to define these terms to delineate the study's boundaries and objectives, alongside presenting jurisprudential examples that necessitate distinguishing between the two concepts. Praise be to Allah for His abundant blessings, first and last.

Arab society has known patterns and customs that have influenced linguistic understanding to the extent
that customary understanding has governed the determination of the meanings of words and structures.
A single word can carry different meanings depending on the intent behind its usage. For instance, the
meaning in the sentence *"May God have mercy on the people"* differs from that in *"Zaid showed
mercy to Omar."* Here, there is a significant distinction between the source of the two mercies. The
concept of speech evolves and diversifies within society, and this is one of the beneficial ways to develop
articulation in the Arabic language. This has been confirmed through the derivation of rulings and
intellectual interpretations. As a result, Arabic expanded from its limited Arab sphere to far-reaching
horizons across the wider world, culminating in the notable civilizational renaissance. This
transformation encompassed various aspects of life, along with an expansion in different arts and
activities extending to economics and diverse sciences, alongside the influences of modern civilization,
which impacted the language in various ways—its vocabulary, structures, meanings, and styles.

This research primarily aims to investigate the aesthetic, cognitive, and cultural dimensions enabled by digital media and contemporary technological approaches within the field of modern literature—particularly in the realm of Iraqi virtual narrative and digital creativity. These dimensions are evident in novels where the digital aspect has become a central thematic component, harnessing the potential of the Internet and its various extensions as both an aesthetic and epistemological medium. Through this lens, the study addresses the Iraqi virtual narrative in light of Wolfgang Iser’s theory of reading and reception, offering broader horizons for readers’ interaction with the texts of virtual digital media. Undeniably, the virtual narrative in Iraqi fiction opens a new horizon for authors to engage readers in a deeper and more effective dialogue. It seeks to prepare them for a dynamic and exploratory reading experience that aligns with the cultural transformations of the digital age. By equipping readers with the mechanisms of digital literacy—now considered an essential intellectual and aesthetic foundation—this narrative form enables them to confront the challenges of the new era and to participate in the evolving rituals of the third civilizational wave: the wave of information and technological advancement.

This research seeks to examine the concept of discourse in its various dimensions, focusing on media discourse and poetic discourse as two overlapping fields in terms of influence, guidance, and the creation of collective consciousness. The term “discourse” has been found to have multiple meanings and connotations, as it is used in various disciplines, including philosophy, linguistics, sociology, media, and literature, with different references. The research confirms that media discourse, with its audio, visual, and linguistic tools, has become an indispensable means of shaping public opinion and reproducing culture. In contrast, poetic discourse is an aesthetic and symbolic tool for influence and persuasion, and is considered an ancient means of communication deeply rooted in the consciousness and history of nations. The research concludes that media and poetic discourse complement each other in their use of images, language, and sound to influence the recipient, and that intentionality remains at the core of the discursive process in its various forms.

This study is positioned within the framework of modern and contemporary Western critical discourse in general, and within Arab criticism and narrative studies in particular. It aims to examine the temporal evolution of narratives and to explore the process through which narrative referentiality is established. The study constitutes a research journey that begins with classical narrative criticism, serving as a detailed introduction to an independent scientific field—classical narratology—derived from Saussurean linguistics and situated within the frameworks of modernism, formalism, and structuralism. It then traces the emergence of postmodernism and poststructuralism, developments that gave rise to postclassical narratology with its diverse branches and its multiple connections across different fields of knowledge.

The ultimate value of arbitration comes to an end with the issuance of the award reached by the arbitrators. This award will have no legal or practical benefit if it remains merely written words that cannot be implemented. The success of the arbitration system as a whole and the recognition of its superiority in resolving disputes of an international nature can be demonstrated by the implementation of arbitration awards outside the country in which the award was issued, There is nothing more important than the possibility of enforcing the ruling, especially in the international arena, since the success of arbitration is measured by the extent to which its rulings are implemented. Since the arbitration ruling is a matter like a judicial ruling, it is subject to error by the arbitrator, and this error may relate to the application of the law or the correctness of the assessment of facts.

This research addresses an important artistic aspect of the poetry of Ibrahim ibn Harmah, one of the most prominent poets of the Abbasid era, who combined lyrical elegance with profound meaning. His poetry is known for its meticulous attention to rhythm and internal musicality, making it appealing to the Arab sensibility and in tune with the spirit of the age. This research focuses on the study of musicality in his poetry through two main aspects: external musicality, represented by meter and rhyme, and internal musicality. The research reveals that musicality in his poetry was not merely a decorative element, but rather an artistic tool that served to enhance meaning and evoke emotion. The rhythms contribute to highlighting his romantic sentiments and imbue his descriptive imagery with life and movement. Through these characteristics, ibn Harmah's poetry demonstrates that the appreciation of poetic musicality was an integral part of the Abbasid poets' awareness of the importance of rhythm in conveying meaning and impacting the audience. In conclusion, this research asserts that musicality in ibn Harmah's poetry represents a genuine aesthetic foundation that unites formal beauty with profound content, thus highlighting the uniqueness of his poetic style within the context of early Abbasid poetry.

After a thorough reading of Ahmed Matar’s poems, we found that his creativity is based on a crisis and ordeal characterized by misery and depression, rather than humor and satire as most scholars have suggested. This ordeal began the day he cried out to authority and rulership from the depths of his miserable soul. He depicts the misfortune of his people with remarkable skill, appearing on the surface to convey humor and satire, while beneath it lies misery and lamentation. We note that the poet lives within the ideological system and knows no other, and his words and imagery reflect bitter realities. He was committed to the concerns of his people through criticism and opposition to authority, yet he was defeated by the harsh reality, his hope for change shattered. He emphasized this through his sensory impressions and his poetry filled with continuous complaints and the harshest and most extreme terms to describe the corruption of rulers, their injustice, and the ugliness of their deeds.

This study aims to analyze the impact of smart auditing on enhancing financial and administrative sustainability in Iraqi governmental institutions through a field study based on primary data collected via a questionnaire distributed to a sample of employees working in governmental bodies concerned with financial and administrative oversight. A total of 74 valid questionnaires were obtained for analysis. The independent variable is represented by smart auditing through five dimensions: operational efficiency, improvement of internal control, risk prediction, decision support, and the enhancement of governance and transparency, while the dependent variable is financial and administrative sustainability. The study employed the SPSS software to conduct descriptive analysis, reliability testing using Cronbach’s alpha, and multiple regression analysis. The results revealed varying effects of smart auditing dimensions on sustainability, with internal control improvement, risk prediction, and decision support showing positive and statistically significant effects, whereas other dimensions exhibited negative or insignificant effects. Accordingly, the study recommends strengthening technological infrastructure, enhancing staff training, and re-evaluating the dimensions with weak effects, in order to promote long-term financial and administrative sustainability.

This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of intelligent accounting systems and to design and build an automated intelligent accounting system based on relational databases to address the chronic challenges in payroll reporting, specifically: lack of accuracy, administrative routine, and the absence of transparency and real-time monitoring. The study measures the system's effectiveness in enhancing the quality of payroll reports through four dimensions: (Accuracy, Timeliness, Transparency, and Comparability). The research methodology adopted a case study approach, supported by a quasi-experimental method and statistical analysis, implemented at the College of Computer Science and Mathematics, University of Mosul. The study sample consisted of (79) specialists, and a questionnaire was utilized as a tool to measure user satisfaction and output quality post-implementation, with data analyzed using SPSS. The practical results demonstrated the system’s success in achieving automated integration between payroll items and the general ledger (GL), which significantly reduced human errors and provided advanced features for historical archiving and comparison. Statistical analysis confirmed a strong correlation of (0.830) between system characteristics and report quality, with a high explanatory power (R-Square) of (68.9%). Furthermore, the calculated T-value of (13.053) established a decisive significant impact of the system on enhancing transparency and auditability. The study recommends the institutional adoption of this system and the activation of "Employee Self-Service" (ESS) interfaces to boost transparency and reduce administrative burdens. It also emphasizes the necessity of intensifying technical training programs for accounting staff on intelligent database management to ensure maximum utilization of financial automation features.

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The issue of income distribution inequality is one of the key concerns for economic policymakers due to its various impacts on society and the economy. This research aimed to examine the extent to which current expenditure contributes to reducing disparities in income distribution. The hypothesis stating that current expenditure has a positive effect on reducing income inequality was proven. The results of the research showed a significant inverse relationship between current expenditure and the Gini coefficient in the long term. This means that a 1% increase in current expenditure in the long term leads to a reduction in income distribution inequality in Iraq by 0.06%, which aligns with the economic theory that increasing current expenditure reduces the rate of income distribution inequality among individuals.

Digital media and digital transformation in Iraq have witnessed significant development in recent years, providing wide opportunities to improve media content quality and expand digital broadcasting, both through television channels and online platforms, and seeks to provide recommendations to enhance digital content quality and expand legal access to digital broadcasting in Iraq.

Al-Andalus Street (Al-Mustawda’) in Ramadi has witnessed significant changes in land use in recent years, resulting from economic, social, and urban factors that have impacted the city's urban fabric and morphology. This research aims to analyze the nature of this transformation through a field study and survey of the manifestations of land use change (residential, commercial, service, and industrial) and to identify the contributing factors, such as improved security, urban expansion, increased population density, and changing patterns of economic activity. The results show that Al-Andalus Street has gradually transformed from a predominantly residential area into a bustling commercial and service hub, which has affected the street's form, functions, and real estate value. The study recommends the adoption of modern urban planning schemes that balance the various functions and preserve the street's architectural identity.

This study primarily aimed to explore and analyze the nature of the relationship and impact between digital human resource management practices as an independent variable and organizational sustainability as a variable. The study problem stemmed from the accelerating challenges facing the banking sector in light of comprehensive digital transformation, and the extent to which these institutions can balance keeping pace with modern technologies while maintaining their continuity and sustainability in all its aspects. To achieve the study's objectives, the researcher adopted the descriptive-analytical approach, as it is the most suitable method for describing the phenomenon and testing the related hypotheses. Private banks in Anbar Governorate were chosen as the field of application. The study included a purposive sample of 54 individuals from administrative leaders and specialized staff working in these banks. To ensure the accuracy of the statistical analysis, the study relied on the SPSS program to conduct the necessary analyses and test the hypotheses. The study reached a number of conclusions, the most prominent of which was demonstrating the essential and pivotal role of digital human resource management in enhancing levels of organizational sustainability. It was found that the strategic orientation towards digitalization and the technological empowerment of leaders directly contribute to improving the efficiency of banking operations, reducing the environmental footprint, and achieving social balance. The results also revealed that the human dimension—specifically, attracting digital skills and developing leaders—is the strongest driver of influence compared to organizational frameworks. The study concluded with strategic recommendations for the banks surveyed, emphasizing the need to integrate digital technologies into the core of their organizational culture, develop recruitment and training policies focused on future skills, and improve the institutional environment to be more agile and responsive to the requirements of comprehensive sustainability within the digital business landscape.

Most of the previous dramatic studies focused on the social and cultural issues related to privilege, race, and gender, but they rarely talked about their linguistics representation in the individual’s mental framework in some cultures. This lack of the linguistics expression for these social and cultural practices and experiences is called hypognition which is the main concern of the present paper. Thus, this study examines the concept of hypocognition in a working-class community of Reading, Pennsylvania, and its relation to social privilege in Nottage's Sweat. It examines how privilege shapes individuals' lives and relationships. Moreover, it investigates the conditions where the characters fail to find suitable linguistic articulation for their social, cultural and economic troubles. It adopts Robert Levy's perspective of hypocognition (1989) as a theoretical framework that reveals the role of culture in articulating conceptualization patterns in the cross-cultural structuring of experience. The study conducts a textual analysis of the characters, themes, and narratives enhanced by the framework’s assumptions. Therefore, the study concludes that people who have the sense of hypocognition of privilege experience misunderstandings, conflicts, and systemic inequalities. It finds that hypocognition manifests the inability or unwillingness of the privileged characters to comprehend the challenges faced by the working-class characters. So, working-class characters experiences become invisible because their voices and concerns are ignored.

In all of the recent wars, women are oppressed and their voices have been stolen and banned by violence. This systematic silencing not only affects their immediate circumstances but also hinders the progress of society as a whole. It is imperative that we amplify these voices and recognize the crucial roles women play in conflict resolution. Moreover, the patriarchal system sustains double oppression, beside war violence, to women in most of these wars. The Patience Stone, by Atiq Rahimi, is the mirror of Afghan women’s trauma and suffering due to war and the patriarchal system. The story bestows the woman with the power to speak and reveal everything to a paralysed husband injured in a conflict in a country similar to Afghanistan. This power is conjured by a Persian myth that tells about the stone that absorbs the torture of everyone who confesses to it. Thus, the story is of unnamed characters, an unnamed town, and even an unnamed conflict: “Somewhere in Afghanistan or elsewhere.” This paper stresses that war violence and patriarchy are juxtaposed in the country of Afghanistan, which witnesses political and tribal conflicts causing people’s PTSD (Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder), women’s in particular. PTSD's most famous symptoms are continual hallucinations, flashbacks and nightmares. These symptoms can leave serious negative impacts. Finally, in this story, trauma, disability and rape are the main war violence issues that caused PTSD to women. All these concepts will be analyzed throughout the conceptual framework.

After several periods of uncertainty, Iraq faces many challenges. Various internal and external factors pushed Iraq into conflict. A country's relationship with neighboring countries also plays a significant role in a country's development and growth. This paper presents the situation in Iraq with its neighboring countries. The paper also discusses the geopolitical analysis of Iraq to understand its neighbors' policies toward other countries. We discuss some internal and external challenges faced by Iraq, including security threats, the health system, infrastructure, and water management. Accordingly, this paper suggests some future directions to address the current challenges to improve the situation in Iraq. This paper helps new readers to understand the past and current situation of Iraq and proposes solutions. Finally, the study highlights three core determinants shaping Iraq’s geopolitical trajectory:

This paper attempts to investigate the various intentions and reasons beyond the Iraqi’s choice of nicknames in their counts on Instagram. It aims to examine the types of nicknames created and their connotations. This current paper was adopted mixed methods research design to collect quantitative and qualitative data using questionnaire and semi-structured interviews, respectively. Random sampling was adopted to collect data from 70 males and 30 females who are undergraduate students at the Open Educational College in Al-Anbar. Out of them, 20 students (10 females and 10 males) were chosen to participate in the semi-structured interview. The results revealed that the intentions beyond using nicknames on social media (Instagram) are the significance of privacy, identity exploration, and personal expression. The results also showed that learning a foreign language, cultural influence, and nature of the society, in addition to gender differences are the most central variables that have a greater influence on Instagram users’ choices of nicknames. This implicates a desire for self- expression and freedom without any restrictions or fear of judgment or consequence. Finally, the paper might contribute to the existing literature of sociopragmatic by adding knowledge to context which conjugates the application of pragmatics on the social media, namely the Instagram.

The epic is an important part of folk literature. As a folkloric genre, it reflects the Heroic culture, and experiences of a nation or society, especially in and romantic stories. Epics are usually divided into two main types:Heroic epics and romantic epics. Each type shows society in a different way and presents its values through artistic and literary expression. This study uses Vladimir Propp’s theory of morphology as its main framework. Propp’s theory focuses on the structure of the text itself and analyses the story based on its internal rules. He identifies thirty-one narrative functions that come from the actions of the characters, which help in understanding how epics are formed and organized. The present study is entitled: “Analysingthe Kurdish Folk Epic Memê Alan Using Vladimir Propp’s Narrative Theory “shows that the main goal of this research is to identify the narrative functions that appear in the Kurdish epic. The importance of the study lies in examining these elements according to Propp’s rules and principles. Although Propp developed his theory based on Russian folk tales, this research assumes that his functions may also apply to the Kurdish epic. Therefore, the study aims to explore whether these functions appear in Memê Alan, and if so, how they are expressed within the Kurdish narrative tradition.This study is divided into two main sections. The first section explains the folkloric background of the Memê Alan epic and outlines the key ideas of Vladimir Propp’s narrative theory. The second section applies Propp’s functions to the Memê Alan epic to identify which of these functions appear in the story. The findings show that many of Propp’s functions are present in the epic. This demonstrates that Propp’s theory can be used not only for analysing mythological tales but also for examining epic narratives

The research of revolutionary chants is a comparatively abandoned space of the study, leads to the
uncommonness of in-depth studies about it. The current work aims to focus on the role played by patriotic
chants within the context of Western independence and civil rights movements as an influential means
in uniting levels and portraying social and collective identities. In addition to that, it searches for
recognizing the nature of the relationship between these anthems and the formation of identity, and to
analyze their influence on both members of the internal group (in-group) and members of the other groups
(out-group). To accomplish this, the concentration is placed on some selected chants drawn from the
American Civil Rights Movement (1955-1968) and the Independence Movement of Irish (1907-1921).
It sheds light on analyzing these chants depending on Van Dijk’s model of Critical Discourse Analysis.
The results state that revolutionary discourse is not restricted to a set of enthusiastic phrase, yet instead
of representing a fundamental tool of the impact which donates to building collective identity and
encourages participants who come together toward the same targets to carry on their resistant and
perseverance until their requests are met.