Al-Esraa university college journal for Engineering Sciences

14AbstractThis study aims to evaluate the feasibility of using porcelain tile waste as a component to replace fine aggregate in concrete mixes. This aims to achieve environmental, economic, and technical objectives in the construction sector. The study seeks to reduce waste generated from porcelain manufacturing and crushing, improve concrete properties, lower construction material costs, reduce carbon dioxide emissions from mining operations, and support the move towards sustainable construction in Iraq. Five mortar mixes were prepared by replacing natural fine aggregate with fine porcelain waste aggregate at different percentages: 0%, 7%, 14%, 21%, and 28%. The suitability of replacing natural fine aggregate with fine porcelain aggregate was verified by conducting a series of mechanical and physical tests on the mortar, such as determining workability, compressive strength, and flexural strength, in addition to calculating the amount of carbon dioxide emitted from each mix. The results showed that replacing natural fine aggregate with fine porcelain aggregate led to improved mechanical properties. Both compressive and flexural strength increased with increasing replacement percentages, while the carbon dioxide content decreased. The carbon dioxide emitted is significantly lower than in the reference mix. The study highlights the dual benefits of reducing construction costs and promoting sustainable waste management, making porcelain waste a promising material in the pursuit of green building practices—that is, sustainable construction through reducing environmental degradation and promoting the circular use of waste

Modernist urban planning patterns, based on functional separation and reliance on private vehicles, have generated numerous environmental and functional challenges. These include high pollution. The COVID-19 pandemic has unprecedentedly revealed the fragility of these planning models and their inability to effectively respond to residents’ daily needs during emergencies and health crises. Furthermore, that necessitated addressing these shortcomings by re-evaluating concepts and developing more effective design and planning ideas that achieve resident well-being.Consequently, the 15-Minute Neighborhood concept emerged, seeking to enhance accessibility and active mobility, and to realize a self-sufficient urban neighborhood capable, through its design, of achieving the necessary quality of life. Despite the widespread adoption of the concept, urban literature suffers from a knowledge gap regarding the evolution of the 15-minute neighborhood concept from its modernist origins to the post-pandemic era. Therefore, the research aims to analyze the develop an analytical theoretical framework that clarifies its basic characteristics and variables, and develop an analytical theoretical framework that clarifies its basic characteristics and variables. To achieve this, the research adopted descriptive-analytical approach, drawing on theoretical literature and global experiences.The research proceeds from the hypothesis that the 15-minute neighborhood concept represents a fundamental shift in planning thought moving from reliance on the spatial dimension to a focus on the temporal dimension, and serves as a critical response to the deficiencies of modernist models. The research concluded with the formulation of an integrated theoretical framework based on the characteristics of the 15-minute neighborhood, which can serve as a reference guide to guide the design of more sustainable and resilient urban neighborhoods.

Smart cities are emerging as a critical solution for creating more efficient,
sustainable, and comfortable urban environments. This transformation is primarily
driven by the synergistic integration of the Internet of Things (IoT) and Artificial
Intelligence (AI). The IoT provides a pervasive network of connected sensors that
collect real-time urban data, while AI serves as the analytical engine that processes
this information to optimize city-wide systems. This paper presents a comprehensive
framework that leverages this AI-IoT convergence for dynamic optimization to
achieve long-term urban sustainability. The framework focuses on enabling
intelligent, data-driven decision-making across core urban domains. The discussion
and analysis reveal that the integration of AI and IoT is revolutionizing smart cities
by fostering decentralized, intelligent systems. This synthesis of real-time data,
advanced analytics, and distributed computing generates significant gains in
efficiency, sustainability, and security, evidenced by reduced latency, lower energy
consumption, and enhanced threat detection. However, the implementation of
such frameworks faces persistent challenges, including issues of scalability,
cybersecurity, data standardization, and equitable access. The paper concludes that
proactively addressing these technical and socio-technical barriers is essential for
building resilient, inclusive, and truly sustainable urban ecosystems for the future

The fourth-generation (4G) mobile communication is supposed to combine a
broad coverage of services, including high-speed data, video streaming, multimedia
applications and voice transmission, into a single scale. Adaptive OFDM (AOFDM) is
among the most popular techniques proposed to meet this objective in which the
settings of the transmission are dynamically optimized to the prevailing changing
conditions of the channel fading. This paper is concerned with the adaptive
modulation in OFDM. We find out the performance of un-coded adaptive modulation
on the schemes of QAM and PSK. An effort to use convolutional coding is also
integrated into the structure of the OFDM in a bid to enhance reliability. It was
found that adaptive modulation is far superior to the conventional fixed-scheme
transmission in that it minimizes the frequency of bit error rate (BER) as well as
throughput, and this factor demonstrates that adaptive modulation is superior in
un-favorable circumstances in wireless communications

This paper introduces a new design of cat-shaped antenna in super wideband
(SWB) and high data-rate multiple input multiple output (MIMO) systems. The
single-element SWB antenna has a wide frequency range of 2.23 GHz up to more
than 100 GHz with outstanding bandwidth ratio (BW Ratio = 44.84:1), fractional
bandwidth (FBW = 191%), bandwidth dimensional ratio (BDR = 5567) and a peak
gain of 9.52 dB.
The single antenna was also expanded to 22× MIMO array to further improve
performance on multipath environments. Measurements and simulation show very
good results using radiation patterns, isolation, channel capacity loss (CCL), envelope
correlation coefficient (ECC), and total active reflection coefficient (TARC). The
findings affirm the fact that the proposed antenna is quite applicable in portable
UWB devices, 5G communication, and multi-band systems in S, C, X, Ku, K, Ka, V,
and W bands

The energy sector in Iraq has lots of potential but the infrastructures are old and
lack optimum thermal efficiency resulting in high consumption of fuel and
environmental degradation. The study focuses on the urgent necessity of modernization
of the thermal energy conversion systems in the industrial plants of Iraq by means of
the further development of numerical simulation. The paper applies the Computational
Fluid Dynamics(CFD) through ANSYS Fluent to model and optimize a shell-and-tube
heat exchanger, which is similar to the ones employed in heat recovery units in Iraqi
thermal power plants like the Al-Dora power plant in Baghdad. The methods to be
used include the creation of a high-fidelity 3D model, mesh-independent study by a
rigorous mesh study and realistic boundary conditions based on operational data
involving the Iraqi climate and industry. They are three optimization cases: 10% growth
of flow velocity, a change in internal baffle geometry and a change in the wall material
(Carbon Steel to Low-Alloy Steel). The quantitative findings reveal the great
performance improvements. The greatest enhancement was observed by the
geometry change that provided a significant improvement of the heat transfer
coefficient by around 18 percent and a decrease in the area needed to transfer heat.
The resulting material modification resulted in a drop of 9 percent in pressure drop
that reduced the power needs of parasitic pumping. All these optimizations will lead
to an estimated fuel consumption of 2.7% reduction in an average unit at the Al-Dora
facility. This research confirms the hypothesis statement that CFD-based optimization
is an effective, inexpensive method of thermal efficiency optimization and offers a
practical, tested system to be used in the Iraq power generation and refinery industries
to help achieve national objectives of energy security and environmental sustainability

Petrochemical activities result in the generation of effluent that contain
highly toxic heavy metals and oil products, which are very hazardous to the
environment. The research tries to examine the adsorption capacity of three
materials synthetic clinoptilolite, synthetic Purolite, and synthesized mesoporous
carbon (CMK-3) in the removal of Ni2+, Cd2+, Pb2+, benzene, and toluene present in
real refinery effluent obtained at Al-Dora Refinery in Iraq (Baghdad). The experiments
were carried by batch adsorption that investigated the equilibrium behavior, kinetic
performance, and the influence of ionic strength and organic co-contaminants. The
heavy metal adsorption was higher in Clinoptilolite and Purolite reaching an
efficiency of more than 90%. Although CMK-3 is not a good metal remover, it proved
to possess high toluene and benzene removal capacity because of high surface area
and mesoporous structure. Co-contaminant experiments indicated that benzene
increased Pb2+ adsorption which could be as a result of Pbbenzene complexation
and Ni2+ and Cd2+ adsorption decreased. Hydrocarbons were characterized by a twostage
isotherm model pointing to multilayer adsorption behaviour. The paper offers
comparative perspectives on adsorbent performance with actual petrochemical
discharge and suggests that new ways of adsorption amplification or inhibition can
be offered under co-contaminant conditions.

Achieving consistent surface integrity in CNC milling under varying materials
and degraded tool conditions remains a critical challenge because fixed cutting
parameters often induce regenerative chatter, accelerate tool wear, and cause surface
and subsurface damage. This paper presents an integrated solution that combines an
Ensemble Digital Twin (EDT), real-time in-process vibration monitoring, and a hybrid
adaptive controller to maintain high surface quality while preserving productivity.
The EDT fuses a physics-based milling dynamics model with a recurrent LSTM
surrogate through a context-aware meta-learner that weights model outputs by
process state (e.g., tool wear, engagement). A compact real-time monitoring pipeline
computes a Chatter Severity Index (CSI) and summary spectral/time-domain features
at 40 ms cadence. These inputs feed a Mamdani-type fuzzy supervisory controller
whose defuzzified outputs are tracked by tuned PID actuators to adjust spindle speed
and feed per tooth with sub-100 ms round-trip latency at the edge. Methodology
includes numerical simulation, data-driven model training on a multi-source dataset,
and on-machine experiments on representative alloys and tooling conditions. Results
demonstrate that the ensemble yields substantially improved short-horizon
predictions of chatter probability and surface roughness compared with single-model
baselines, and that the integrated control system reduces vibration RMS and CSI,
lowers mean Ra and Rz, and virtually eliminates deleterious white-layer formation
while maintaining a material removal rate close to the baseline. The proposed
framework offers a practical pathway for deploying predictive, closed-loop quality
control in smart machining environments, reducing scrap and rework and enabling
safer, higher-yield production under challenging operating conditions

Piping supports in gas and process facilities in Iraq are routinely exposed to
operational vibration and moderate seismic actions, creating multiaxial, variable
dynamic loads that are not fully captured by conventional uniaxial, static design
checks. Welded brackets, in particular, are prone to local stress concentration and
fatigue at weld toes. This study aims to quantify the multiaxial stress and deformation
response of a welded steel pipeline support bracket under variable dynamic loading
and to assess the implications for structural integrity and design practice. It was
demonstrated by the development and validation of a three-dimensional finite
element model of a bracket-pipe assembly, which is based on the beam theory and
laboratory results of a full-scale specimen. In the time domain, harmonic loads of
operation (approximately around the first bending mode), random forces of broadband
nature and seismic-type of base acceleration as associated with the Iraqi conditions
were introduced. The numerically calculated and experimentally determined first
bending natural frequency were 28.0 Hz and 26.4 Hz respectively and differed by less
than 7 percent. At the working harmonic loading, the maximum tip deflection was
5.7mm and the dynamic amplification factor was 1.71 as compared to the 3.34mm
statical deflection. The various load spectra have peak von Mises stress in the weld toe
of 171-242 Mpa and the stress concentration factors of about 2.1-2.3. Random
excitation resulted in non- proportionate stress paths and intermittent stress peaks
similar to harmonic loading with similar RMS. The findings demonstrate that
dynamically amplified, multiaxial hot-spot stresses can approach critical levels under
nominal service loads, underscoring the necessity of dynamic, multiaxial assessment
and improved detailing for welded supports in Iraqi gas infrastructure

Spatial thinking constitutes a core cognitive ability in early architectural design
education, enabling students to interpret, organize, and transform spatial relationships into
coherent architectural configurations. Despite its importance, studio practice often indicates
that first-year students rely on surface-level representation rather than engaging in structured
spatial reasoning, which leads to fragmented compositions and weak spatial coherence.
Accordingly, this study investigates the following research question: To what extent
can guided mind mapping support the development of spatial thinking in early architectural
design studios? A quasi-experimental design was adopted to examine the impact of
structured visual–cognitive guidance on students’ spatial reasoning. The study involved two
groups of first-year architecture students: an experimental group trained using guided mind
mapping (n = 133) and a control group receiving conventional studio instruction (n = 127).
Students’ performance was evaluated through a house design task using standardized
descriptive–quantitative assessment rubrics, and statistical analysis was conducted using
paired-samples and independent-samples t-tests at a significance level of α = 0.05. The
results reveal a statistically significant improvement in the experimental group (Sig. = 0.000),
with mean scores increasing from 26.761 in the pretest to 89.445 in the posttest, whereas
the control group demonstrated a limited and non-significant improvement (Sig. = 0.089).
Although posttest differences between the two groups did not reach statistical significance
(Sig. = 0.068), qualitative analysis indicates that the experimental group achieved higher
levels of spatial coherence, clearer organization of spatial relationships, and stronger
integration between form and function.
The findings confirm that guided mind mapping operates as a cognitive mediator
that supports the transition from spatial perception to structured spatial reasoning. It
enhances students’ ability to regulate spatial transformations and contributes to the
production of more coherent and conceptually grounded architectural design outcomes in
early design education.

Seismic overall performance of buildings is a important issue in each architectural
and structural design, especially in regions exposed to seismic dangers. Despite giant
improvements in structural engineering technologies, the function of architectural
form stays insufficiently incorporated into layout practices geared toward improving
seismic resistance. This look at investigates the effect of the formal dimension of
architectural design on the seismic performance of buildings by analyzing key shaperelated
attributes, namely regularity, symmetry, simplicity, continuity, and slenderness.
An analytical–descriptive method is followed, based totally on an extensive evaluation
of applicable literature and the assessment of architectural configurations with regards
to their structural behavior underneath seismic loading. The findings indicate that
architectural form performs a fundamental role in organizing mass and stiffness
distribution, defining load paths, and influencing the dynamic reaction of homes.
Regular, symmetrical, and simple forms contribute to a greater balanced seismic
response and reduce torsional results, whereas abnormal and complicated
configurations cause multiplied structural vulnerability and unpredictable behavior.
Continuity enhances the integrity of load transfer mechanisms, whilst slenderness
presents great challenges in excessive-upward thrust buildings due to expanded lateral
displacements. The examine concludes that integrating formal design considerations
inside the early levels of architectural decision-making is essential for enhancing seismic
resilience. It also proposes a conceptual framework linking architectural form with
seismic performance, thereby bridging the gap between architectural design and
structural behavior, and assisting the improvement of extra green and resilien

Compressing video is an important and essential function in today’s
multimedia systems as it enables the efficient storage and transmission of large
volumes of video data. The proliferation of high-resolution videos that are being
used in various application areas such as video streaming, video conferencing,
surveillance, and autonomous systems has caused the strong demand for more
efficient compression algorithms. This paper presents an in-depth review of video
compression techniques with particular focus on AI methods. It also discusses
traditional video coding standards including H. 264/AVC, H. 265/HEVC, and AV1,
including motion estimation, transform coding quantization entropy coding, and
rate-distortion optimization. The paper provides an extensive review of the latest
transformative AI-based techniques which include machine learning, deep learning,
and neural networks that are used to effectively enhance compression and visual
quality. Lastly, the paper discusses the key challenges like computational complexity,
latency, and real-time implementation, and at the same time, it suggests future
research paths such as the study of lightweight AI models, hybrid compression
systems, and optimization of perceptual quality.

The research idea addresses improving the thermal performance of buildings
in Baghdad by selecting and employing facade materials to reduce heat gain and
energy consumption associated with cooling in a hot-dry climate. The study
discusses the pivotal role of facade materials in interacting with solar radiation,
heat transfer, and inward thermal transmittance, as well as their capacity to store
and release heat in ways that maintain thermal comfort within architectural spaces
and reduce reliance on mechanical cooling systems. A range of traditional materials
such as stone, earth, and concrete is presented alongside modern materials like
high-performance glass and thermal storage materials—phase change materials
(PCMs)—with an explanation of the variation in their heat-gain performance by
measuring their effectiveness in buildings where they have been used, their costs,
and their adaptability to Baghdad’s climate. The idea also proposes integrating
traditional and smart materials within an integrated design framework to achieve
functional distribution and appropriate insulating layers, while taking into account
local climate, economic, and environmental factors. The overall notion indicates
that improving a building’s thermal performance requires a rigorous design
approach that balances functional and economic factors, thereby contributing to
reduced energy consumption, increased thermal comfort for occupants, and the
sustainability of buildings in the face of climate change

Background: Freshwater scarcity and growing energy demand have promoted
interest in sustainable desalination technologies, particularly in arid areas like Iraq
which has high solar resource and decentralized water supply becomes a key factor.
Aim : The purpose of this study was to design and test a solar powered water
desalination system that could enhance fresh water productivity, thermal efficiency
and quality of water under the climatic conditions of Iraq. Methodology: It was
designed as hypothetical pilot-scale system that comprised of a single-slope solar
still combined with a flat-plate solar collector, a 200 W photovoltaic-driven
circulation pump and 18 kg of phase change material to enable thermal storage.
Three configurations were tested in the system namely conventional still, collectorassisted
still and collector-assisted still with thermal storage under Baghdad climate
conditions. The depths of the basin water (20, 30 and 40 mm deep well) were
examined. Results : The collector-plus-PCM arrangement at 20 mm depth gave the
highest productivity of 5.64 L/m2*day as compared to the conventional system of
3.38 L/m2/day, which is an improvement of 66.9%. Peak basin-water temperature
went up to 70.3degC compared to 61.4degC and thermal efficiency went up to
48.9% compared to 32.7%. The quality of the distillate was good, and TDS was
decreased down to 58 mg/L and the rejection of salt was 98.3 percent. Conclusion:
The suggested system had great potential as a viable and sustainable desalination
solution to remote and water-stressed areas

Android malware is not only increasing in size and sophistication but is also a
challenge to be detected on a large scale. Static analysis is popular due to its ability
to detect malware without running applications or tracing run-time events.
However, features, datasets, labeling methods, and assessment methodology differ,
which makes studying performance difficult. This is a systematic study of 78 peer
reviewed articles written between 2021 and 2026 regarding the Android malware
detection by static analysis. In each of the studies, the current survey cover the
following feature source, feature representation and engineering, learning
paradigms, datasets and labeling methods, and evaluation configuration
Permissions, API-based features, opcode-bytecode indicators, manifest-component
indicators, metadata-certificate indicators, hybrid static features, adversarial and
robustness-oriented designs, graph-based designs, and transformer-based models
are represented. Synthesis trade-offs include larger semantic and structural
representation, validity risks, that lack of obfuscation resistance is not evaluated,
and reporting of repeatability is poor. This study suggests an evidence-based
taxonomy and comparative synthesis of static detection methods, structured
dataset landscape for decision making, and gap analysis for time sensitive evaluation,
leakage prevention, robust benchmarking and repeatable reporting. These findings
point to building and experimenting with static detectors for Android malware.

This study describes the extensive survey of the Holy Kadhimiya Shrine in
Baghdad, Iraq, carried out with the use of a non-invasive geophysical instrument
called Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) to assess the conditions of subsurface and
the condition of the infrastructure in the site. The total area of the shrine is 19,575
m² that was systematically studied with the help of internal measures, satellite
imagery and radar profiling. The frequency antennas used for the GPR survey were
the 250 MHz, 500 MHz, and 800 MHz which have a penetration depth of 1-15 m.
Specialized software packages (Ground Vision, Reexplore and Object Mapper) were
used for data processing to ensure the correct interpretation of the subsurface
anomalies. The results were as follows: (1) The precise topographic surveys allowed
a reliable matching by radar; (2) Water and sewage pipelines were located near the
main gates; especially rain water drainage lines were interpreted as remains of an
ancient tomb; and (3) No unusual geological formations were detected, except for
historical brick layers which do not affect stability of soil. In conclusion the research
conducted could conclude that overall GPR is effective instrument for investigating
heritage sites, including the engineering and archaeological applications. Aerial
photographs taken using radar imaging have been helpful in gaining an understanding
of the area; it is recommended that further geotechnical validation work be
undertaken by collecting soil samples to determine bearing capacity and to feed
into plans for future restoration or development. The application of geophysical
methods together with traditional survey is an integrated survey method to preserve
and manage cultural landmarks that can also be adopted as a model for other
studies in historic urban environment.

This study aims to provide a comprehensive geospatial gas flaring intensity
and emission doses analysis throughout oil production areas in Iraq based on
remote sensing and GIS-based interpolation methods. Satellite image and spatial
data were combined to create a map of flaring locations, refinery locations, and
associated CO₂-equivalent emissions. The results show that there is a clear spatial
variation in the intensity of the emissions ranging from northern regions towards
the oil fields in the south near Basra, Rumaila and West Qurna, where refinery
density and high flaring activities are observed. Interpolation modelling suggests
that the majority of Iraq’s GHG emissions are concentrated in these areas, and in
some localised areas, emissions are significantly higher than very high limits. The
study shows the potential of reducing emissions by flaring reduction and gas
recovery projects and how GIS can be used to quantify environmental impacts
resulting from hydrocarbon operations. The results offer scientific evidence for
making energy policy and utilizing energy resources sustainably, which will help Iraq
reduce routine gas flaring to zero by 2030

This paper is a field-based performance assessment of a multi-stage natural
gas compressor that is operating in realistic industrial conditions. The data is analyzed
using the real operating data taken in a particular oil and gas plant and, therefore, the
actual operating data is used to determine the trends of thermodynamic behavior,
energy consumption, and efficiency, instead of theoretical or simulation-based
assumptions. The analysis was performed phase by phase in order to examine the
distribution of pressure ratios, temperature increase and power consumption in the
compressor stages. The findings demonstrate that there is a significant difference
between the power of compressing calculated and measured electrical which is an
important data of mechanical and electrical loss as compared to the total energy
power consumption. The efficiency analysis has shown that compressor is most
efficient at intermediate values of operation but deteriorates at high pressure ratios
because it has more irreversibility’s and less effective intercooling. Stage-wise analysis
shows that the first compression stage occupies the most power consumption and is
the one with the worst thermal loading.
The performance analysis of intercoolers establishes that it is a key component
in compressing work and managing discharge temperatures and downstream
intercoolers has more performance and is more effective than the first one. The
results have highlighted the importance of making an overall compressor efficient;
this calls on an integrated approach that incorporates thermodynamic optimization,
reduction in losses, and proper thermal management. The results of this research
offer implications to practical operations optimization, maintenance and energy
efficiency improvement in multi-stage gas compression system in industries

The current paper provides a detailed experiment and numerical study of the
performance of the combustion chamber of a heavy-duty diesel engine in the common Iraqi
industrial conditions at the State Company of Heavy Engineering Equipment (HEESCO). The
main goal is to close the difference between what is specified by the manufacturers
concerning the performance data, which is usually assumed to be under ideal conditions of
the ISO standard, and the real efficiency of operation as witnessed in the field. The
methodology is based on a hybrid approach that combines direct field measurements of incylinder
pressure, temperature and fuel flow of a MAN 18V32/40 diesel engine with a zerodimensional
single-zone thermodynamic model that was developed in MATLAB. A calibration
and validation of the simulation model is done using the experimental data that was
collected at different points of loads. The experiment showed an in-cylinder peak pressure
of 16.5 MPa and a highest brake thermal efficiency (BTE) of 38.5 percent at the rate of about
80 percent of rated load. The tested MATLAB model proved to be very accurate with the
difference of the model and experimental data of the pressure-crank angle being less than
4.5 percent. The comparative analysis shows that performance of the engine on locally
obtained Iraqi diesel fuel leads to a 3-5% lower BTE than performance expectations on the
use of EN 590 standard fuel. This difference is mainly explained by the fact that the local fuel
has lower cetane number and more sulfur, and, consequently, results in the increase of the
ignition delay and change in the combustion phasing. The paper ends with the validated
framework of performance measurement and gives specific, evidence-based suggestions on
how to optimize the functioning of diesel engines, improve the fuel consumption levels, and
shape the maintenance plan in the context of the heavy industry and energy complexes that
are critically important in Iraq.

Porous metal foams have emerged as a promising medium for thermal
management due to their high surface area, low density, and excellent thermal
conductivity. This study investigates the effect of copper porous foam baffles with
different pore densities (5 and 10 PPI) on the thermal and hydraulic performance of
a shell-and-U-tube water–water heat exchanger. An experimental setup was
developed to evaluate the Nusselt number, heat transfer coefficient, pressure drop,
and friction factor over a range of Reynolds numbers across the annular side. The
results revealed that incorporating porous metal foam significantly enhanced heat
transfer compared with the smooth-tube configuration. At Re ≈ 7600, the 5 PPI and
10 PPI foams increased the Nusselt number by approximately 21% and 50%,
respectively. However, these enhancements were accompanied by notable increases
in pressure drop and friction factor due to the reduced permeability and increased
flow resistance of the porous structure. The 10 PPI foam provided the highest heat
transfer improvement but at the expense of greater hydraulic losses. Overall, the 5
PPI configuration achieved a balanced trade-off between thermal efficiency and
pumping power, confirming that optimizing pore density is essential for practical
heat-exchanger design using porous media

High power density and operational flexibility make gas turbines an
indispensable part of contemporary energy conversion systems. However, in the
simple cycle configuration, the thermal efficiency is generally low because the
exhaust heat loss is large and the compression work is high. The current investigation
is focused on enhancing the thermal efficiency of a gas turbine by the introduction
of two augmentation schemes, namely a recuperator and an intercooler.
A numerical and thermal simulation study was carried out to model the gas
turbine cycle based on the first and second laws of thermodynamics. Simplicity and
Modified cycles Performance of simple and modified cycle are investigated. The
results showed that the recuperator raised the thermal efficiency of the overall
system by about 6–10%, and the compressor work was alleviated by the intercooling
system by about 12%. A maximum improvement of about 15% for the overall
efficiency was obtained from the application of both schemes simultaneously when
compared to the simple cycle.
The results verify that the parallel use of a recuperator and intercooler is a
feasible and attractive alternative for increasing the energy output of a gas turbine.
The integration process will be very valuable for application in Iraqi gas power plants
to enhance fuel economy and sustainable energy generation.

Rotating machines constitute the main part of the most important industrial
sectors in Iraq such as oil and gas production, power generation, and manufacturing.
The harsh operating conditions however, in the form of high temperatures, corrosive
agents and abrasive particulates are causes of premature failure of crucial
components such as journal bearings. This study examines the improvement of
tribological characteristics of normal steel journal bearings using superior ceramic
coating using thermal spray. In particular, atmospheric plasma spray (APS) was used
to deposit Alumina-Titania (Al₂O₃-TiO₂) and Zirconia (ZrO₂)coating on A106 Grade B
carbon steel substrates. This study consisted of the full characterization of the
coated surfaces, which included analysis of their microstructure using the Scanning
Electron Microscopy (SEM), the microhardness analysis, and the thickness of the
coating. A pin on disc tribometer was used to assess the tribological performance
under lubricated conditions that replicated the industrial service. The findings
reveal that there is a high positive change in the performance of the coated bearings
compared to those that are uncoated. The ceramic finishes provided a significant
enhancement in the surface hardness, which was of the order of 1000 HV, as
opposed to about 180 HV of the substrate. It resulted in the significant decrease in
the rates of wear and the coefficient of friction. The coating of Al₂O₃-TiO₂, especially,
was found to be better wear resistant and with constant and low friction coefficient.
This paper confirms that thermal spray ceramic coating would provide a feasible
and economical answer in the lifespan of rotating bearings and enhancing the
dependability of the rotating bearings in the harsh industrial environment in Iraq
thus lowering the cost of maintenance services and operational failure

Structural integrity and service life of engineering components is based on
fracture resistance. The paper presents an experimental study on the nano-additive
that can be added to the locally-produced Iraqi engineering materials in order to
enhance their fracture toughness. The research was inspired by the increasing
demand in high-performance materials in the main sectors of the country such as
infrastructure and energy besides the need to improve the properties of local
resources. The tested material systems were two Portland cement composites and
epoxy-based polymers. Nano-silica ( n − SiO₂ nano-alumina ( n − Al₂O₃ ) and
multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) were added to these matrices in different
weight ratios (0.5% to 2.0%). Parameters of the fracture toughness including
planestrain fracture toughness ( K _ Ic ) and the J-integral ( J _ Ic ) were established
according to the ASTM E399 and ASTM E1820 guidelines. The experimental evidence
proves that fracture toughness is improved significantly in the presence of
nanoparticles. In the case of cement composites, addition of n − SiO₂ in 1.5 wt.%
resulted in the increase of K ic by up to 45%. MWCNTs loading of 0.5 wt.% increased
J Ic by more than 70 in epoxy systems. Microstructural examination also indicated
that the observed improvements were as a result of microstructural toughening
processes, which include deflection of cracks, nanoparticles pull-out and bridging of
microcracks. Such conclusions support the practical importance of nanotechnology
in the improvement of the performance and reliability of engineering materials in
Iraq, and provide a possible avenue towards lessening dependence on imported
high-performance materials and improving the lifespan of national infrastructure

This paper has introduced an experimental research case on the impact of
nano-doping on electrical and thermal characteristics of organic semiconductor
thin-film. The overall goal of the study is to study the effect of controlled addition of
nano-dopants on charge transport characteristics and thermal stability that are
important criteria in organic electronic device applications. Solution-based
deposition was used to produce the thin films at a different concentration of nanodopant
and, systematic electrical and thermal measurements were carried out
under controlled laboratory conditions. Electrical characterization showed that
there was high improvement of electrical conductivity as the nano-dopant
concentration was high, especially at low to moderate doping levels. Both undoped
and nano-doped samples had current voltage (IV) characteristics which were linear,
indicating stable ohmic conduction. The conductivity enhanced was credited to the
addition of new paths of charge transportation and also the decrease in the effect
of charge trapping in the organic matrix. Nevertheless, the conductivity enhancement
velocity was slower at greater concentrations of dopants, revealing the changeover
of saturation conduct which is probably attributed to agglomeration of dopants or
augmented structural anarchy. Thermal analysis also indicated that nano-doping is
involved in enhanced thermal stability of organic semiconductor thin films. Nanodoped
samples experienced an elevation in the onset temperature of thermal
degradation compared to the undoped film, which indicates that a nano-doped film
is resistant to thermally induced structural alterations. The optimum concentration
of nano-dopant was determined at which electrical conductivity and thermal
stability were at their highest points. An overall examination of electrical and
thermal findings showed that there was a high level of correlation between
increased charge transportation and performance in terms of thermal aspects which underscored the multifunctional advantage of nano-doping. The results of
the experiment are in line with literature trends, as well as offering a comprehensive
assessment of the two properties in unified conditions. In general, this research
establishes that controlled nano-doping is an efficient approach to the optimization
of the organic semiconductor material performance and provides meaningful
information on designing materials and tools to be utilized on the device level

The Iraqi Museum’s remaining architectural form and traditional display
techniques do not allow for enough interaction between visitors and the items,
despite the museum’s great heritage and cultural value. This between visitors and
the exhibits. Additionally, the museum does not include interactive technologies
and contemporary architecture, which are now essential components of modern
museums around the world.This invites the question of how to optimize the Iraqi
Museum’s visitor experience by applying the principles of interaction design in
museum architecture within a contemporary developmental vision. In order to
revive the architectural spaces within the Iraqi Museum, the research aims to
generate a modern developmental vision based on interaction design principles
and contemporary display technologies. This will improve how visitors interact with
the objects and increase the quality of the museum experience.. To achieve this
goal, the research adopts a descriptive-analytical approach, focusing on building a
theoretical framework for a visitor interaction design plan at the Iraqi Museum.

This paper discusses how a solar-assisted thermal heating system can be incorporated
to enhance the efficiency of fuel pumping at the Karbala Fuel Depot which is managed by
the Middle Oil Distribution Company in Iraq. The aim of the system is to partially pre-heat
diesel before pipeline transfer and hence minimizing losses in pressure caused by viscosity
and saving electrical power consumed during pumping operations. The test is a combination
of field tests, thermal performance modeling, and thermal flow analysis using CFD to capture
the interaction between temperature, fuel rheology and pump load behaviour.
It was proven that the stratified thermal storage tank (8000 liters) could hold steady
temperature layering and allow early access to higher-temperature fuel in the morning
loading phase when pumping demand is at the highest. The exchanger also enabled even
distribution of temperature increase throughout the circulating loop and this reduced the
pump power consumption by an estimated 12-15 percent in the critical operating range.
Although annualized direct energy savings are low considering the existing Iraqi electricity
tariffs, the system provided some operational advantages including smooth startup behavior,
minimized mechanical stress on pumps and the minimized short-period flow discontinuities.
A discounted economic evaluation at a 7 percent rate revealed that complete capital
remuneration is not reached in a 15 years’ service horizon. Nevertheless, the usefulness of
the system grows by taking into account the reliability of fuel handling, possible increase in
tariffs, and strategic topicality of solar use in the industrial petroleum logistics. The paper
also concludes that the solar-assisted thermal integration is a technically viable and
operationally useful addition to the fuel distribution operations at Karbala Depot and can be
used as a pattern by other such plants in Iraq.

In developing metropolises, there is a risk to public safety in addition to the
usual traffic jams. Traffic delays can have life-altering effects every second that fire
trucks and ambulances are delayed. Large cities like Baghdad, which suffer from
haphazard road sealing and incompetent traffic management, are especially affected,
creating daily emergency crisis problems. We create a new intelligent routing system
for these top priority vehicles in order to solve this life-or-death problem. Our method
uses a trained model with real-time spatial information instead of outdated static
maps. A Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) neural network at its core constantly
forecasts the flow of traffic in the near future. Time-Dependent A* (TDA*), a dynamic
path planning algorithm, uses this predictive power to identify the actually fastest
path at each decision point. We conducted a number of experiments and used the
SUMO simulation to create a comprehensive digital structure of a region of Baghdad
in order to verify our proposal. The outcomes were striking.
Our AI-based solution reduced response times by an impressive 38.8% on
average during peak travel hours, and the overall distance traveled was shortened
by 25.4% compared to shortest-path methods in use today. The results we have
shown provide strong evidence for our initial claim: an intelligent, future-aware
routing system can make urban emergency-response substantially more effective
and reliable. We therefore deduce that there is no longer anything theoretical about
this model’s efficacy, and that it should now be seen as a practicable way to address
one of Iraq’s most urgent urban problems, in what could become a cost-effective
phased approach to smart city infrastructure development for the country

This study presents a hybrid Artificial Intelligence–Computational Fluid Dynamics (AICFD)
framework for optimizing heat transfer in magnetic bio-nanofluids subjected to
external magnetic fields. Magnetic bio-nanofluids, composed of biocompatible base fluids
containing superparamagnetic nanoparticles, exhibit tunable thermal and flow behavior,
making them promising for biomedical and micro-cooling applications. Conventional
optimization methods based on experiments or brute-force CFD are computationally
expensive and limited in exploring the full design space. To overcome these challenges, an
Artificial Neural Network (ANN) surrogate model was developed to predict two key
performance indicators, the Nusselt number and the friction factor, with high accuracy (R² >
0.997). The surrogate was then integrated with the NSGA-II multi-objective genetic algorithm
to generate a Pareto front capturing the trade-off between maximizing heat transfer and
minimizing pressure drop. Sensitivity analysis revealed the Reynolds number as the
dominant factor, followed by the Hartmann number and nanoparticle concentration, which
improved thermal performance but increased viscous losses. Representative Pareto-optimal
designs demonstrated up to 25% enhancement in heat transfer with only a 10% increase in
friction compared to baseline conditions. The results highlight the scientific value of
combining physics-based magnetohydrodynamic modeling with AI-driven optimization,
providing both methodological contributions and practical insights for cancer hyperthermia,
targeted drug delivery, and compact biomedical electronics cooling. Limitations related to
single-phase modeling and lack of experimental validation are discussed, with future work
recommended in multi-phase modeling and Physics-Informed Neural Networks (PINNs).

The paper will provide a multi-objective model of optimizing the strategic
placement and size of Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESS) in the Iraqi electrical
distribution systems. The power grid of Iraq has deep issues, such as chronic power
shortages, extreme grid instability, and astronomical technical and non-technical
losses, and they can be up to 50 percent of the power generated. These problems
require new solutions that will make the grid more modern and reliable in terms of
energy security. The suggested methodology combines a Multi-Objective Particle
Swarm Optimization (MOPSO) algorithm and the specific mathematical models of
BESS and renewable energy sources (RES) and a representative Iraqi distribution
network topology. The framework is supposed to address the natural incompatibilities
among three essential goals: minimizing the overall Net Present Cost (NPC),
minimizing the voltage variations across the network to increase stability, and
minimizing CO2 emissions to help to sustain the environment. The results show that
BESS is highly optimized to achieve high techno-economic advantages. Multiobjective
methodology in a Baghdad feeder case-study provided a 12-percentage
reduction in power loss, 45 percentage point volatility index enhancement and a
competitive Levelized Cost of Energy (LCOE) of 0.082/kWh. The outcomes indicate
the framework is a promising decision-making instrument to ensure the reliability,
economic viability and stability of the electricity infrastructure in Iraq to bring a
more robust and contemporary power system

In the study, nonlinear vibration and thermo-mechanical characteristics of
centrifugal pump bearings utilized in the cooling tower system of South Refineries
Company (Basra) were properly examined using a combined experimental and
numerical method. The intent of the study was to learn the impact of misalignment,
the nature of the lubrication film, and thermal gradients on the stability of the operation
of these bearings and their service life under realistic industry environment conditions.
Finite element model (FEM) was constructed and tested on the basis of real field data
obtained at the working pumps that allowed realistic distribution of stress and
temperature. The study then used a multi-objective optimization method using Genetic
Algorithm (GA) to ensure that the maximum von Mises stress and vibration RMS are
minimized and at the same time all the design parameters were held within the
acceptable value of ISO 20816 and API 610 standards. The optimized design had obvious
advantages: the mechanical stress was decreased by approximately 17 percent,
vibration amplitude decreased by approximately 22 percent, and uniformity of
temperature in the lubricant film was improved, which led to a decrease in the loss of
friction and increased the service life of the bearing. This is a combined approach that
has been found to be effective and convenient to diagnose and optimize the performance
of rotating machinery in the Iraqi refinery industry. The results of this research allow
not only to offer a validated modeling framework but also provide a valuable reference
point as far as concerns predictive maintenance planning and sustainable work in areas,
which are subject to the high loads of thermal and dynamic loads.

Historic urban spaces play a central role in shaping social interaction, environmental
comfort, and collective identity in cities with deep cultural heritage. Despite this importance,
empirical assessments of their performance in terms of Quality of Life (QoL) from the
perspective of contemporary users remain limited, particularly in the context of Baghdad.
This study examines Quality of Life indicators within a historic urban space through a case
study of Al-Mustansiriya Madrasa, one of Baghdad’s most prominent historic educational
complexes. A descriptive–analytical approach was adopted, integrating a structured
questionnaire survey, systematic on-site observation, and spatial analysis based on Space
Syntax techniques. The evaluation framework addressed six QoL domains: accessibility and
orientation, environmental comfort, safety and security perception, uses and activities,
sociability, and sense of place. The results indicate that the Madrasa continues to function
effectively as an urban space, achieving moderate to high levels of perceived quality of life.
Sociability and place attachment recorded the highest mean values, reflecting strong social
interaction and emotional connection, while correlation analysis revealed that accessibility,
spatial legibility, and environmental comfort were most strongly associated with overall
QoL perception. Spatial analysis further identified the central courtyard as the most
integrated, connected, and visually accessible element, providing a spatial explanation for
observed patterns of use and user perception. The study demonstrates that historic urban
spaces can sustain positive quality-of-life performance when their internal spatial structure
remains coherent and adaptable, even under contemporary social and temporal conditions.
These findings support the integration of Quality-of-Life indicators into conservation and
management strategies for historic urban environments

The aim of this study is to investigate the corrosion behavior and mechanical properties
of welded steel exposed to gases emitted from crude oil reservoirs. In this study, two types of
nanoparticles were used as fillers during welding to improve corrosion and mechanical
properties. TiO2 and SiO2 nanoparticles were mixed with soldering oil in four mass
concentrations of 0, 1, 2.5 and 5% by ultrasonic bath method and used as filler during the
welding process. In order to prepare the samples, plain carbon steel with a thickness of 3 mm
was used and they were welded together by electric arc welding. Then, characteristics such as
mass loss percentage, optical microscope and SEM imaging, polarization corrosion test and
tensile and bending test were performed on the samples. Also, this test was used as finite
element modeling by Abaqus software. The results of microstructure examination showed
that in the weld button, the grain size was smaller due to recrystallization and the grains grew
in the longitudinal direction, but the grain size in the base metal area was uniform. The results
of the weight loss percentage study showed that the effect of TiO2 nanoparticles in preventing
mass loss of the samples was better and the lowest mass loss was observed at a mass
percentage of 2.5%. Overall, the results of this study showed that for the use of 2.5% TiO2
nanoparticles as a filler material during welding of plain carbon steel, the corrosion resistance,
tensile and flexural strength of the samples improved by 97.38%, 16.67% and 24.19%. The
results of the tensile and bending tests showed that the addition of TiO2 nanoparticles during
the welding process increased the maximum flexural and tensile strength of the welded
samples, so that for the sample with 2.5% nanoparticles, the maximum flexural and tensile
strength increased by 10.74% and 9.93%, respectively. Comparison of numerical and
experimental modeling results showed that the error of numerical modeling by finite element
method in measuring tensile and flexural strength was 13.19% and 9.07%, respectively.