Wasit Journal for Human Sciences

This research is aim to proof that the poetry who wrote by the Almowalladen represents a new lattice school. Not just different renovation the jahileen conducted it on the poetry as all the researchers go. There for we are the fist to register a patent to consider the poem of Almowalladen as an independent school on poetry written in the pre-Islamic era and Islamic era and al amawee era. Almowalladen wrote their poetry according to their celtic language and according to the civilizational development. That is why all the abbasid poets write poetry according to this school. the research dealt with the characteristics of this poetic school. it is divided into two parts: radical change and sub-additions, we have separated them. Almowalladen school influenced in the time and after the time to vale today we write the poetry according vision of Almowalladen school.

Abstract
The Present Reserch aims at identifying on the orphan`s personal and civil rights according to Islamic view . it contains on three chapters , chapter one deals with the significance , aims , limitation and procedures while chapter two deals with four sections about the orphan`s civil rights and conclusions and recommendations and the most important recommendations that is necessary to systemize a special law with name of Orphan`s law including all the sides needed to those .

Abstract
The present research aims at knowing the effectiveness of the learning cycle strategy in the achievement of preparatory students in geography. The researcher used the experimental method through two sets of experimental group and control group. In addition to the tribal measurement and the telemetry of the variables related to the study, 25) A paragraph of multiple choice.
The study was conducted in the first semester of the 2016/2017 academic year by Sheikh Saad for boys on a sample of (50) students and two groups each (25) students studied group (B) representing the experimental group using the learning cycle strategy. ) In the normal way (without using the six-dimensional learning cycle). Statistical methods were applied, such as the T test, the Kai square, the Cure Richardson equation, and the Vakronich coefficient.
There were statistically significant differences at the significance level (0,05) and for the experimental group which studied the six-dimensional learning cycle strategy for the control group, which was studied in the normal method in the colored and remote map mapping test for this purpose

University of Dhi Qar Faculty of Arts Department of Geography
Email of the researcher: samee.chelab@gmail.com
Nassiriyah was developed in a simple growth over the area specified for it. Later this simple growth took larger importance as it covered larger area and embraced non traditional building construction. This was due to the development of the city services and housing needs. The growth started from 1957 onward when the city mushroomed to cover an area of 2981 hectars in 2017 after it had covered a total of 107, 1 hectars in 1957. The districts and suburbs whose number did not exceed 6 readhed 90 in 2017.
The current study proves that urban growth affected too much the need to review the old administrative borders. The paper finds also that there is no accord between the present material growth of the city and the plans put in advance for such a growth. The growth took a specific direction leaving other direction uninhabited due to certain internal and external constraints. Some of the adjacent suburbs could not be merged together

The issue of ethnographic practice is linked to and evoked by the relativity of information relativity and the ethics of research by subject. Cultural relativism is active in certain places and is weakened elsewhere, depending on the sensitivity and quality of the social process, as well as on the strength of the tools and the methodology it operates. From research, to achieve objectivity, the researcher must put himself in the moral and social context of culture and practice the integration of information or what is known as indulgence or separation, as ethnographic practice depends on being a stranger to society and alien to your culture in the same Time, in order to achieve objectivity and maintain as much as possible the moral distance of the research community.

formation of river islands through the sediments carried by the river. They represent part of the water mass flowing in the rivers and are specific to the quality of the water. And its impact on the formation of river islands in the course of the Tigris River, which is within the boundaries of the center of Wasit province and Maysan province in the city of Ali Gharbi for the purpose of determining the factors that led to the emergence and types, and factors affecting the composition, whether natural or human factors. As well as the morphology of the river islands and their effects on human activity in terms of exploitation in agriculture, grazing and tourism. The length of the Tigris River is within the boundaries of the study area between Kut and Ali al-Gharbi (164.9 km).
Opping Words: Water discharge, River Island and Kut dawn

Fear is one of the inherent qualities in the human self that is affected by the external environment, whether natural or human and according to the level and type of fear, this study aims to shed light on the images that showed fear in man in ancient Iraqi society by relying on one of the texts of Sumerian literature The epic of Gilgamesh and the Land of the Living is one of the stories of the Sumerian hero Gilgamesh, the ruler of the city of Warka, which showed one of the weaknesses of man through his influence around him. This epic illustrated a number of aspects of human fear, including the fear of death as well as the fear of the gods, as well as the fear of man, whether the fear of society to the ruler as well as the fear of the ruler for his flock and other forms of fear shown by the fear of other creatures. The epic did not stop at this point in giving pictures of fear, but clarified the ways followed by Gilgamesh in confronting and eliminating that fear.

Research Summary
Knowledge of concepts is important because of its importance in organizing experience, remembering knowledge, following developments, linking them to sources and facilitating access to them. The clarity of concepts and terminology is necessary for understanding, understanding and achieving understanding and scientific communication.
The current research consists of four chapters, which include the first chapter on the methodological framework of the research which includes the research problem which ended with the following question: Is the strategy (thought - co - partner) effective in acquiring the concepts of elements and foundations of art among the students of the art education department? The study also aimed at identifying the effectiveness of Fikr-Zaj-Sharek strategy in acquiring the concepts of elements and foundations of art among students of the Department of Art Education. In order to achieve the above objective, the null hypothesis was formulated. There is no statistically significant difference at (0.05) in the average score of the post-test in the students of the Department of Art Education who study concepts of elements and bases according to strategy In the normal way. The limits of the research included a study of the strategy of (Fikr-Zajg-Sharek) in teaching the elements and foundations of art for the experimental group and the usual way in teaching the control group to the students of the Department of Art Education - the first stage - the Faculty of Fine Arts - Babylon University. For the first semester of the academic year 2018 - 2019. The third chapter included the research procedures. The sample of the study consisted of two groups, one of which is experimental and the other experimental. The total number of students was 30 for each group of 15 students. And then the construction of a cognitive achievement test consisting of two independent groups with a post-test and then the construction of a cognitive achievement test consisting of (50) degree of verification of honesty, consistency and consistency applied to the sample for a period of four weeks were processed data by means of statistical tests (Man Witty) Athardon - 20). The fourth chapter included a number of results, the most important of which are: - The experimental group, which studied according to the strategy (Think - Zug - Share), is superior to the control group studied according to the normal method. Based on the theoretical basis for teaching concepts and have a relationship that illustrates these concepts, which led to the survival of knowledge of the knowledge of the students of the experimental group and retention and retrieval. In the light of the results of the research, the researcher recommends the following recommendations: - The introduction of a strategy (Fikr - Zaj - Share) in the training courses for teaching teachers during the teaching because of their good goals in the educational process. ) In the acquisition of the concepts of plastic materials in the fourth stage students Department of Art Education. (Researcher))
Keywords: Elements of Art, Strategic Effectiveness (Fikr-Zaj-Sharek), Experimental Design.

Abstract:
The new developments in our society have influenced the various levels (political, economic, social, legal and technological) in the philosophies of managing the public relations function, especially in light of the challenges facing it and the recent work that has been entrusted to it.
The social responsibility of public relations in organizations is activities based on the realization of the needs of the masses and the mutual benefit of each of them in order to win public support for the work of the Organization and help build its image.
Research Methodology and Methodology: The researcher followed the descriptive approach in order to identify the relationship between the different variables of the study, namely, (the dimensions of social responsibility for public relations and its role in promoting volunteer work / field study for public relations managers in government institutions in Wasit). The target population in this research (contact-based) is the public relations managers of the government institutions in Wasit Haniyeh who are positive about the organization.
The research results: revealed that the social responsibility of public relations managers in governmental institutions has multiple dimensions, most notably social, personal, religious, moral and national responsibility. The results of the research also showed that the voluntary work of social responsibility painted a positive image of the institution among its internal and external audiences. Of social responsibility contributed to the definition of phenomena and traditions and practices and wrongful and alien to the Iraqi society.
Conclusions: The researcher concluded that volunteering for social responsibility has given a positive image of the institution to its internal and external audiences and contributed to the rejection of sectarianism, racism and societal violence.
Recommendations: The researcher recommends that the senior managers in government institutions commit financial and administrative to the inclusion of social responsibility programs for public relations within their annual goals. The researcher also recommends that those responsible for social responsibility programs of public relations employ modern means of communication in marketing their voluntary work to the public.
Keywords: Social Responsibility for Public Relations

The manifestations and forms of the Arabic calligraphy and its variations and morphological constructs reflect a cultural and civilizational perspective. The Semitic peoples, especially the Arab ones, contributed to structuring, establishing and clarifying its functional and aesthetic dimensions over the years since the first symbolic forms of writing were put in place during the Sumerian civilization. Cuneiform), through the activation of the alphabetical data and spread from the north of the Arabian Peninsula to the rest of the world, which contributed to the dissemination of the spirit of culture, both material and non-material throughout the globe, the cultural dimension of the Arabic writing types God different fools historical Torat launched the current search for historical records its manifestations and legibility. The first chapter deals with the problem of the research and its importance, the need for it, its purpose, its temporal, spatial, and objective limits, as well as the definition of the terms contained therein, and then the second chapter, which consisted of three theoretical aspects: The third chapter deals with research procedures, which included the research community, which consists of selected models of historical and cultural documents and inscriptions that appeared in the north and south of the Arabian Peninsula, and what resulted From their formal transformations of the like Three types of linear formations were selected, including a sample of the research, which was analyzed according to the analytical descriptive method. Chapter 4 included the most important findings and conclusions. The research concluded.

The research aims to identify the level of efficiency of the academic, vocational and personal preparation of the student from the point of view of school principals. To achieve this, the researcher constructed the research tool and verified its validity and validity by presenting it to a group of experts and then applying it to the research sample (40) ) male and female principals, A number of conclusions were reached, including: (The level of preparation for the teacher in general is poor and does not meet the desired level of ambition of the preparation programs in the faculties of education and teacher training institutes). Among the recommendations: Extend the student's practical application for two full terms to increase practical field experience And to improve the talent and training in the ethics of the profession and the exercise of all the skills required for the outputs with the ability and skill and ability)

Crude oil is a strategic and important commodity in a market balance International exchange for its many advantages as an important source of energy and on the one hand, crude oil is the main source of financing the general budget of Iraq The problem of the search is that in Iraqi economy relieson a single financial resource which is revenues the oil sector. the hypothesis of a relationship. Directly between the prices of crude oil and the general budget of the State. The importance of research comes from the fact that the subject of the study cares for a vital sector at the international level as crude oil is one of the most important commodities traded globally and locally as the Iraqi economy relies directly on crude oil to finance its public expenses .The researchers relied on the two approaches, the analytical approach and the quantitative method in determining the structure of scientific research and the limits of research for the period (2003-2016) reached the search for a series of conclusions and recommendations:-
1. There is a direct correlation between the prices of crude oil and the deficit or surplus in the general budget of Iraq
.2. The need to adopt a policy of economic diversification in order to emerge from the problem of unilateral Iraqi economy

Abstract
1- We note that Ibn al-Sarraj, like other fanatical hard-liners, adheres to the philosophical norm, he agrees with the readings that agree with the rules and measures and refuses to disagree with them , Describes reading ugly or wrong or anomalies and find despite his protest to the seven readings , However, it has been after repeated reading in the abnormal reading if the rule agreed and measurement towards what we have mentioned in the reading of the verse : ((Or came you surrounded their breasts)) .
2- Ibn al-Sarraj abnormal reading stronger status than non-abnormal has been preceded by Siboih in that he says: ((people have read)) ((thief and the thief)) and ((adulterer and adulterer)), which is from the Arabic saying ((read It is lighter on the tongue, because the letter Y applied Kalta Vtitma skipper in the hearing)) did not mention the reading (Abu Omar): ((These two witches)) because it is contrary to the drawing of the Koran is a reading seven.
3- Through my knowledge of the views of scientists I found that many scientists go to the lack of frequency of readings The following is the opinion of some scientists:
• Zarkashi (d. 749 AH) says: ((The investigation is frequent for the seven imams and the frequency of the Prophet (peace be upon him and his family) it is considered)).
What seems to me that these readings come from dialects and differences in the readings is a difference in dialects and did not know that no one of the Muslims disbelieved anyone for any of this.
The truth is that the Qur'an and the readings are different and this is what al-Zarkashi (d. 794 AH) and (Sayyid al-Khoei in his book Investigations in the Sciences of the Qur'an).
On what I mentioned to you of the strength, but the general abstinence only reading lifting, but was the face in the matter and forbidding the monument, (because the limit of speech is the duty) and read the monument reading Isa bin Omar, and Yahya bin Omar and Omar bin Abi commander and Abu Jaafar and likeness)).
• Ibn al-Sarraj was not considered reading an argument except what was in accordance with the rules of the language and the priest and the established rules. The successor described as ugliness or error or anomaly.
• Ibn al-Sarraj did not distinguish between reading the Koran and reading the readers, but looked at them on the line, whether the reading of the Koran is to read Hafs from Asim.
• Reading is famous for them if read by only two readers and this is due to its fame and acquaintance scientists of the two countries.
• We find Ibn al-Sarraj is committed to drawing the Koran in the readings dealt with is not including a reading contrary to the drawing, and this when directing readings in the verse: (We gave the straight path).

Virtual reality has become an undeniable fact, after globalization has produced virtual reality through the colonial powers and with the help of its various means, most important of electronic technology, especially the sites of communication and media. This virtual life has been able to satisfy the aspirations of the individual and the community, Albeit temporarily or by default, because of its visual composition, which is based on the visual and visual expressions, Which helped to create a virtual reality that parallels the real reality in all its details. This made electronic technology, namely media, electronic media and media, more capable of arousing the attention of its recipients. As it contributes to the monitoring of the situation of the individual and the community consciously, through the reflections of distorted and false reality, and heroic symbols of destructive action of thought, and on this basis become those virtual worlds that exist in their symbols and ideologies political and social energy with destructive ideological dimension to the lives of the individual and the family, Across multiple methods that the research will address. For this purpose, this study necessitated the research of the integrated patterns of virtual reality created by modern electronic technology and its destructive methods in the Arab mindset. It is based on three topics: the first topic (image culture), the second topic (alternative destructive symbols), .(Space Hypothetical Perceived) The third topic

Abstract
We studied in this research the contrasting and its effects in poetry of Abbas bin alahnaf ,we foundit easy ,gentle and beauty.he used contrasting to reveal the feelings and reactions in side himself so contrasting in his poetry was the centra lpoint of his pure love which is clear in his lines of poetry which he used when he felt sorrow to rest hislife.`
Contrasting was the theatre of the warm love in abaas bin alahnaf potry that promote the value of the text.
The research shows the beautiful value of the poetic text in the reactions of the people who read his poetry.

This research aims to knowing the dimensions of organizational culture and strategic thinking. It also targets to identify the influence of organizational culture on strategic thinking for thinkers and creators in the Southern Technical University. The research trays to find some answers for the following question: is there an influence of organizational culture on the strategic thinking? To interpret and tackle the problem, the researcher proposes tow hypothesizes which have formulated to test the relationship of influence of the organizational culture on strategic thinking. To achieve the objective of this research, the questionnaire was developed and distributed to sample of (30) managers who work at top management for (3) Technical Institutes and (2) Colleges in the Southern Technical University. The statistic program (SPSS) is used to test the required tests. The results are significant at freedom of degree (29) which means there is an influence of the organizational culture on the strategic thinking. The research ends up with providing an useful recommendation which is “the top management should pay attention to supporting the organizational culture as well as depending on strategic thinking for solving current future problems.
Key Words: Organizational culture, strategic thinking, the holistic view, supporting of top management, creation, organizational climate, strategic vision.

The visual arts are characterized by moving arts according to the knowledge systems that borrow change and transformation from one situation to the other, thus rejecting the steadfastness and inertia. This is the secret of their vitality and growth, and a confirmation of the scientific vision that describes art with human knowledge. The form of art is related to the diversity and multiplicity of the means of presentation or (material) in the work of art or, in particular, Different Ideas embodied in various forms, and in this diversity and variation of different ideas, is the study of the naked body in the form of sculpture As well as borrowing from the intellectual influence that is affected by it. In these metaphors of the nude form, which is not lacking in artistic aestheticism in sculpture, it is possible to frame the entire structure of the naked body Aesthetically, because this construction is linked to the relationship of the human body, and according to those transformations in the structure of global art production, through the succession in the technical transformations, we find that this study has its specificity in the aesthetic transformation, to sculpt the naked body, this need to comprehensiveness bridge between the intellectual and influential a For the technician at the moment of the aesthetic sequence, , Which brings about a kind of development in the level of awareness, thought and aesthetic artistic movement, and the growing position of evolution in contrast to its understanding of the naked body, in accordance with the intellectual and ideological transformations, at the level of cultural and academic awareness of society, can reveal the reality of the naked body, Our daily life is the organizing principle of action and identity, in which we know and recognize things, through which the arts are classified. It is also the facade that betrays our most secret intentions. It is not unusual to find the naked body in secret or in public,

The problem of research is reflected in several questions: What is the degree of anxiety of the future and the psychological tranquility of the r contracts employees of the presidency of Qadisiyah University and what is the relationship between them? As for the purpose of the research is to identify the degree of anxiety of the future and the psychological tranquility of these employees, The researcher assumes that there is a relationship of significant correlation with statistical significance between the anxiety of the future and the psychological tranquility. The researcher used the descriptive method in the survey method and the interrelated relations between their variables to solve the research problem. The researcher concluded that there is a significant correlation between the two variables of anxiety of the future and the psychological tranquility of male employees by serving a contract between (1-5) ) Years .

The impact of a proposed training program for the development of physical fitness and sensory perceptions of national team players in the fencing
The aim of the research was to identify the effect of a training program to develop the effect of a proposed training program for the development of fitness and sensory perceptions of the national team members in the fencing. To achieve this, the study sample consisted of 16 players. The researcher used the experimental method in the tribal and remote standard of one group, The effect of the fitness program on improving some sense of motor variables (showing the sense of muscle strength of the grip, sense of time, sense of distance). The results of the study showed an effective effect of the program on improving the fitness level of the female athletes as well as improving the level of their cognitive sense variables. The results also showed a decrease in the error in the estimation of these variables in the sample of the study sample. The researcher recommended the need to emphasize the importance of physical fitness before starting to teach motor skills and the use of the proposed program for the development of physical fitness and variables of sense of movement among the players in the national team

The research consists of two variables the first one is the zero-budgeting and the available possibility to apply; this is the independent variable. Whereas, their applications reflected on reducing the financial and managerial corruption, which it represents the dependent variable. The researcher uses case study at (Sumer university ), the random sample is about (42) of workers and financial department employers; whom are responsible on setting the university budget. Moreover, the tool of the study was a questionnaire which consists of (27) statement dealing with one side of the organization's zero- budget. Whereas, the theoretical side of this study is represented by the Arabic and English related references. The researcher used certain statistical data for analysis like (statistic-mean, normative-deviation, T-Test) for results. In which zero-budget is the basic tool to get the balance this is by specifying financial means at the university projects. The best recommendation is to use Zero-Budget at the university for crises time.

Abstract
The lnstitutims of exhibitions and general government sales are important institutions attached to the ministry of commerce, as these institutions are not less important than the ministry itself .They do not specialize in the conduct of a certain aspect of the work assigned to the ministry in accordance with the principle of specialization in the tasks and duties adopted by the administrative system in the first republic , the best results are mediated by rebel organizations in the field of its work , independent administratively and financially and have a moral personality ,especially the institytion of the exhibitions developed under law no . 21of 1959 after the opposition became a means of publicity and promotion and expansion of economic ties at the international level , General government sales under law No . 173 of the same year to take over the disposal of surplus Iraqi products from the need of the market to conclude international commercial transactions based on mutual benefit and to make imports of the country in the service of its exports , as well as the role of the institutions of publicity to the Government of July 14 and its political and the establishment of the best economic and political relations abroad , the research will be : Introduction and three research and conclusion , the directions of the government of July 14 1958 regulatory organization, the second topic :the public exhibitions interest the reasonns ,addressed the third topic : general government sales .

The Influence of Highly Intense Periodic Training, by Using Different Times within ATP-PC in Some Physical Activities of Futsal Players
A.P Arkan Hassan Jabbar, Teacher at Physical Education and Sports Science Collage / Wasit University.
A.P Hayder Mahmood Allawi, Teacher at Physical Education and Sports Science Collage / Wasit University.
A.L Mohammed Abed Abu Al-Tharr, Lecturer at Physical Education and Sports Science Collage / Wasit University.
Summary Research The objective is to prepare a course of periodic highly intense training by using times of 10-15 within ATP-PC in some physical activities of futsal players / youth. To recognize the influence of the course in some physical activities of futsal players / Youth, and to recognize the best influential time within ATP-PC in the physical abilities of futsal players / Youth. Researchers assumed that Periodic Training, By Using Difference Times within ATP-PC in Some Physical Activities of Futsal Players / Youth. Aside from the physical differences assessed by between two group, first empirical group, and second empirical group. In favor of second group, researchers followed the training course in order to adjust the research and solve its issues. Samples of research society , representing 180 football players / Youth. Research society has been highlighted through deliberated method, which represents 15 of Al-Shuhadaa’ Futsal Players / Youth, 3 goalkeepers were eliminated. Research sample has become 12, representing 80% of research society. Research sample has been divided into two even groups through lottery, each group consists of 6 players. After physical examinations were made to the changes of research, and both of research groups. The main experiment was made , which consists of two training courses for both of research groups, one training unit for each group, which are 48 training units in the main experiment. Distance exercises were made to both groups in order to recognize the difference between its results and tests results physical exercises by using SPSS. During distance tests, Researchers concluded that periodic training for both groups during the times of ( first & second , Third & Fourth) , success of physical changes ( explosive ability , and speedy strength).first group succeeded the most, but the fitness test was succeeded by the first group.

Music is an important element in theatrical presentation because it is important to develop the dramatic event on the level of performance and create the atmosphere and the impact on both the recipient and the representative at the same time through the formulation of music expression cases that play a role in the basic or complementary in the production and development of the act The research problem, which was formulated by the researcher in question, is as follows: What are the mechanisms in the use of music to develop the dramatic act in the performance of the actor in the Iraqi theater?
While the importance of the research interest in the practical and theoretical, while the goal of the study is reflected in the establishment of music and the power of expressive music in diversity and expression and development of the performance of the representative while the limits of the search three
Spatial Limit: Iraqi Theater - Baghdad City, Time Limits: 2013, Objective Limit: Studying the musical influence on the performance of the actor in the play.
The theoretical framework consists of two sections. The first is how the music develops as a shroud and what are the important developments and the main stations that are related to and work in the theatrical presentation. The second topic is the performance techniques of the actor; the relationship between the techniques and the impact of music on the performance of the actor in terms of internal and external psychological and material impact.
The third chapter of the research procedures and analysis of the sample based on the most important indicators of the theoretical framework in the research and then Chapter IV conclusions, conclusions and recommendations and the conclusion of research in the references and sources .

The aim of this study was to discuss the impact of Russo-Turkish political conflict in 2015 on tourism activities which possess historical and geopolitical dimensions, the conflict was represented in the attitudes of the two states from ( domination zones overlapping, NATO alliance and Turkey membership, the Russo-Georgian war in 2008, The two states attitudes from the Arab Spring, The Crimea conflict in 2014, Russia government support to Syrian regime). The conflict reached its peak in November,24,2015 when a Turkish Air Force F-16 fighter jet shot down a Russian Sukhoi Su-24M attack aircraft near the Syria–Turkey border, as a consequence the Russian government imposed a number of economic sanctions on Turkey. These sanctions affected the tourism industry and resulted in decreased the number of tourists in 2016 with 76% compared to 2015, total Turkish loss linked to this decrease in tourists numbers estimated with 840 million dollars. In 2017 the tourism industry regained its scope as the Russo-Turkish relationships improved in a result of a series of steps initiated by the two governments, the second section of this work will cover these steps.

The city of NishapurHadithers Telle in the fourth century AH contributed to the spread of the sciences of modernity and knowledge, which became the city's prestigious scientific status. Historians have described it as the city of science and a stronghold of the famous Muslim scholars, and distinguished from other Khorasan cities with its great activity in religious sciences, Hadiths, which have had a clear impact in the progress of modern science, which has become the role of scientific and civilization in the offering, known for them to save the Hadiths and narrated by the above-mentioned, and heard many of the elders in their time, and thus became a Muslim model to contribute to their time to bear the modern and their performance thus undermined the light of Islamic civilization.

Although Iraq has great oil resources, its economy suffers from severe structural weaknesses. Iraq's proven oil reserves, which are around 143 billion barrels, are among the highest in the world, which is the third largest conventional oil reserves in the world after Saudi Arabia and Iran. The costs of extraction of oil is very low, so it was necessary to identify the most important options available for the advancement of the oil sector, which suffered from neglect as a result of wars and economic sanctions, which led the Iraqi oil sector to deteriorate and away from technological progress and means The modern technology used in the oil industry as well as the means used by the former regime in order to extract the largest amount of crude oil after allowing Iraq to export oil for food as pumping large quantities of water above the conventional quantities in the extraction of oil, led to a decline in the life span of oil wells from the