Journal of Engineering and Sustainable Development (JEASD)

1

Non Linear Finite Element Analysis of Confined HSC Columns Under Concentric and Eccentric Loadings

Ibrahim S.I . Harba

Pages: 1-18 English

Abstract

The high compressive strength concrete is especially advantageous in compressed members such as columns, which can be made more slender and consequently, make economic benefits possible. This paper presents a nonlinear finite element analysis of eleven square high – strength plain and reinforced concrete columns confined with transverse steel under concentric and eccentric compressive loading. In this study, the columns were modeled as discrete elements using ANSYS 12.1 finite element software. Concrete was modeled with 8-node SOLID65 elements that can translate either in the x-, y-, or z- axis direction. Longitudinal and transverse steels were modeled as discrete elements using 3D-LINK 8 bar elements. The nonlinear constitutive laws of unconfined and confined reinforced concrete columns were implemented in the modeling. The results indicate that the axial stress-strain relationships obtained from the analytical model using ANSYS are in good agreement with the experimental data. This has been confirmed with the insignificant difference (1% to 10%) between the analytical and experimental results.

Keywords

confined concrete high strength concrete Nonlinear finite element

2

Mixed Noise Reduction in Gray Scale Images Using Hybrid Filters Scheme

Karim M. Al-Jebory, Ekbal H. Ail, Ekhlas H. Karam

Pages: 19-35

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Abstract

n interactive algorithm to restoration of noisy image is presented in this paper. This algorithm composites of two filters working together with scalar recursive Kalman filter at same time. The first one is the arithmetic median filter with a suitable window length, while the second one is the mean filter with only five neighboring point, the output of these two filter are entered to a scalar Kalman filter, which process the image with raster scan. The suggested scheme is able to reduce the mixed noise(Additive Gaussian and Impulse) from the gray scale images. The output of the scalar Kalman filter is used to adjust (modify) the median and mean filters. Different examples are given, which illustrate the performance of the proposed algorithm comparing with the single mean, single Kalman, single median filter, and median- rational hybrid filter (MRHF) using two bidirectional median sub-filters.

Keywords

gray scale image hybrid filter Noise Reduction

3

Evaluation of the Local Scour Downstream Untraditional Bridge Piers

Hamid H. Hussein, Inam A. K. Juma, Nashwan I. Hammo

Pages: 36-49 English

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Abstract

The reduction of local scour downstream bridge piers got a massive concentration by several studies. In this study the D/S edge of the rectangular section semicircular bridge pier was reduced. This reduction was built to determine its influence on the local scour D/S these piers. Four models of the piers were manufactured from thermo-stone. The upstream semicircle diameter was fixed by a 10 cm, while the D/S diameter was changed to 4,6,8 and 10 cm . The experimental results provide evidence that the reduce of the D/S diameter of the pier leads to decrease the D/S scour depth and length . Moreover, in its place the sand was noticeably deposited D/S the pier. The experimental results was used to develop two liner empirical relations the first to estimate the ratio of maximum scour depth to U/S diameter of the pier ds/d1 . While the second to estimate the ratio of the length of scour to U/S diameter of the pier X/d1 , in terms of the ratio for D/S diameter of the pier to U/S diameter of the pier d2/d1 , length of the scour U/S the pier to D/S diameter Z1/d2, maximum width of scour to D/S diameter Z2/d2.

Keywords

ANN Bridge piers Hydraulic structures local scour

4

Minimizing the Energy Consumption for Building by Using the Concentrating Water Solar Collector in Hot Arid Region "Experimental Work"

Munadhila Kassim Ahmad

Pages: 50-60 English

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Abstract

This work deals with the possibility of reducing energy consumption. This was accomplished by blocking or eliminating the effect of direct solar radiation in summer. Also it was achieved by using the blocked solar radiation to obtain hot water in buildings where the cooling demand is dominant and hot water is required simultaneously. The procedure was done at Baghdad (Lat. 33o N) on 28th,29th, July and 21st, 22nd, 23rd, September 2010.In this work a room was built. Each wall is of 1m2 area. Also, the concentrating water solar collector (CWSC) was manufactured using steel frame with mirror, glass and tubing. Water was pumped into the (CWSC) which was installed in an adjacent place to the room. This study shows encouraging results. The heat gain through the wall was reduced by 30%. In addition, the instantaneous efficiency of the solar collector was 45%. However, this value was reduced when the water inlet temperature was increased. It can be concluded from this work that using the (CWSC) helps to reduce the required energy consumption for cooling and heating simultaneously.

Keywords

arid region energy consumption hot region solar collector

5

Improvement the Properties of Cement Mortar by Using Styrene Butadiene Rubber Polymer

Ahmed S. Ali, Hawraa Saeed Jawad, Inas Sami Majeed

Pages: 61-72 English

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Abstract

The use of polymers in mortar and concrete as admixture can improve the physical and mechanical properties like higher strength and lower permeability than the conventional concrete. Rheomix 141 is styrene-butadiene co–polymer latex (SBR), specifically designed for use with cement composites. It is used in mortar and concrete as an admixture to increase resistance to water penetration, improve abrasion resistance and durability. The objective of the present investigation is to examine the ability of improve cement mortar by using SBR (Rheomix 141). Polymer-modified cement mortars were prepared by varying polymer/cement ratio (P/C). The effects of styrene–Butadiene rubber (SBR) emulsion on the physical properties like bulk density and setting time, and mechanical properties like compressive strength and flexural strength of cement mortars is studied. The results explained the improvement in compressive in flexural strengths in cement mortar with added 8% polymer content. The rates of increase in compressive strength at 3,7, and 28 days were in the range of 13.5%, 8.35% and 9.12% respectively compared with conventional mortar (0% polymer), while the maximum increase in flexural strength (at 8% polymer content) was 11%. Also that, as the polymer content increase up to 8%, setting time of modified mortars decrease.

Keywords

prperties of cement mortar rubber polymer Styrene Butadiene

6

Design and Implementation of Neural Network in FPGA

Rana D. Abdu-Aljabar

Pages: 73-90 English

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Abstract

This paper constructs fully parallel NN hardware architecture, FPGA has been used to reduce neuron hardware by design the activation function inside the neuron without using lookup table as in most researches, to perform an efficient NN. It consist of two main parts; the first part covers network training using MATLAB program, the second part represents the hardware implementation of the trained network through Xilinx high performance Virtex2 FPGA schematic entry design tools.

Keywords

FPGA MATLAB Neural Network

7

Effect of Channel Slope on Energy Dissipation of Flow for Single Step Broad–Crested Weirs

Sahad Salim Elyass

Pages: 91-103 English

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Abstract

The effect of channel bed slope on energy dissipation of flow for single step Broad– Crested Weir was studied experimentally under free flow conditions. Five weir models were manufactured and tested , and one hundred twenty one experiments were conducted in a laboratory horizontal channel of 12m length, 0.5m width and 0.45m depth for a wide range of discharge. The experimental results showed that water surface profiles were smooth and continuous and had a descending trend from the point of measurement taking the shape of the weir with a steep drop near the downstream face of the weir. It was found that for the same ratio (P/P1) the channel slope effect (S) was inversely proportional on the energy dissipation. In addition, the effect of (He/P) did not appear when (P/P1 =1&1.2), while in the other weirs appeared. An empirical non-dimensional relation was obtained to determine the energy dissipation ratio in terms (He/p), (P/P1), (S) and (Fr2) with high correlation coefficient.

Keywords

Broad–Crested weirs channel slope energy dissipation

8

A Novel Approach to Deducing of the Data- PAPR Relation for OFDM System

Dhafer R. Zaghar, Tahreer Sh. Mahmoud

Pages: 104-117 English

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Abstract

Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) is a very attractive technique for high-data-rate transmission in wireless and wired applications. The main drawback of the OFDM technique is its high peak to average power ratio (PAPR). Several approaches exist to reduce PAPR of OFDM symbols. All the previous approaches have a common disadvantages that are not having a scientific or mathematics rules to prove them or to measure the effect of these methods on PAPR. This paper will propose a useful model for the relation between the input data and output PAPR as main aim. This aim satisfies in two steps: 1- Study and analyze the effect of peak value (PV) problem in OFDM system, that intern influence directly in the value of PAPR. 2- Conclude the results in a graphical model to joint the relation between the input data and output PAPR.

Keywords

BFSK graphical model OFDM system PAPR peak value

9

New Fractal Geometry for Dual Band and Small Size Microstrip Patch Antenna

Amer A. Osman

Pages: 118-125 English

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Abstract

A new technique to reduce the size of microstrip patch antennas is proposed for dual band operation, by replacing each side of conventional square patch and drilling in center. It is found that, the resonant frequency of the antenna can be greatly lowered (from 1.44 GHz to 0.925 GHz), for the higher iteration order. And this property can be utilized to reduce the size of the microstrip antennas (5.5 times of patch size reduction is achieved). It is also found the variation in gain between the two resonances (ƒ0 =0.925 GHz and ƒ1=1.8 GHz) does not exceed 1 dB , which represents good variation for most applications. The patches derived from this technique can find applications in integrated low-profile wireless communication systems. Antenna performance has been evaluated using HFSSv11software package.

Keywords

dual band fractal geometry Microstrip patch antenna

10

Simulation of Digital Control of Human Arm Based PSO Algorithm in Virtual Reality

Mohammed Z. Al-Faiz, Abduladhem A .Ali, Abbas H.Miry

Pages: 126-138 English

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Abstract

Soft computing research is concerned with the integration of artificial intelligent tools in a complementary hybrid framework for solving real world problems. This paper tries to explore the potential of using soft computing methodologies in control of plant (human arm),utility and effectiveness of soft computing approaches for the control of seven degree of freedom of human arm with structured is presented. It presents a PID tuning method that uses a Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) as a main gain of PID tuning using multi objective to improve the time response of system such settling time and overshoot. The method implements in the 3D space using Virtual Reality (VR) to compare between the proposed tuning rules and the traditional tuning rules under disturbance load . MATLAB Ver.2009a software is used to show the efficiency of the proposed tuning rule. Simulation results demonstrate that better performance can be achieved with this method relative to 1) trial and error tuning 2)Ziegler-Nichols tuning 3)conventional tuning.

Keywords

Human Arm Particle Swarm Optimization PID controller Virtual Reality

11

Design, Simulation, and Performance Analysis of Pigmentation Removal by Using Laser

Oras Ahmed Shareef

Pages: 139-148 English

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Abstract

The paper describes the design and performance analysis of pigmentation removal using a Q-switched lasers ( Nd:YAG 1064nm and frequency doubling source of 532 nm ) at fluence(2-12.7J/cm2) used to remove (black, blue, and green) and (red) pigment respectively, for different skin types(I-IV). All parameters calculated and selected by using a model for a laser system simulated and practically(clinically ) by using IPL Q-switched laser source depending on skin color and tattoo specifications to satisfy the number of lesions.Visual observation and histological analysis of biopsies performed to evaluate the results of relation among spot sizes, laser intensity and skin parameters for several treatments. The behavior of the Nd:YAG 1.064 nm was the safer to use clinically in real cases to get minimal adverse reactions and complications.

Keywords

KTP Nd:Yag laser Pigmentation Q-Switched laser Tattoo Removal

12

The Effect of Transmitter Channel State Information (CSIT ) on The MIMO Capacity Performance

Ghanim Abd AL Kareem, Raad H.Thaher

Pages: 149-161 English

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Abstract

Wireless communication systems employing multiple antennas at both the transmitter and receiver have been shown to offer significant gains over single-antenna systems. It is shown that the ergodic capacity and outage capacity increases linearly with respect to NRNT. It is also shown that the capacity is improved when the channel state information (CSI) is known at the transmitter for MIMO system and for all values of SNR. In this work, MIMO system has been studied in detail and simulated for different cases and concentrated on the capacity performance when the channel state information is known (Water filling ) and when the CSI is unknown to TX (Equal power allocation ).MIMO system was described and simulation results ( using MATLAB computer simulation program) were presented and discussed.

Keywords

CSIT Ergodic and Outage Capacity MIMO. SNR Multiple Input Multiple output Single Input Single Output SISO

13

Reed Solomon Coding in Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) Communication Systems

Kadhum Al-Majdi, Raed Saleem Al-Moussawy, Laith Anwer Hasan

Pages: 162-174 English

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Abstract

This paper presents a MATLAB simulation that has been developed to investigate Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) communication system using Reed Solomon (RS) Coding process. The efficient encoding and decoding algorithm, and the powerful of error correction capability of Reed Solomon Coding make it one of the most widely used error correction codes algorithm, so we use it with OFDM systems to merge the benefits of multicarrier modulation and Reed Solomon Coding to obtain system that has excellent performance capability in multipath and fading channels. Single-carrier QAM and multicarrier OFDM are compared to demonstrate the strength of OFDM in multipath channels. The bit error rate and the number of error bits are calculated during each test on the system. Two simulations of OFDM are developed with inter modulation QPSK or 16-QAM with Reed Solomon Coding are using to correct errors of transmitted data.

Keywords

Multicarrier OFDM Multipath and Fading channels Reed Solomon Coding Single-carrier QAM

14

3-phase Induction Motor Bearing Fault Detection and Isolation using MCSA Technique Based on Neural Network Algorithm

Nawal A. Hussein, Dhari Yousif Mahmood, Essam M. Abdul-Baki

Pages: 175-189

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Abstract

This paper shows a system that has the ability to diagnose bearing fault in three phase induction motor by using Motor Current Signature Analysis (MCSA) technique associated with artificial neural network (ANN) algorithm. Mathematical models for healthy and faulty conditions built to demonstrate theoretically the behavior of 3-phase induction motor in both cases. The effects of such a fault on motor currents waveforms at different loads studied experimentally using practical data acquisition and Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) analysis. The harmonic content for this fault current, through the loading range, is studied, and fed to neural network algorithm. A numerical optimization technique using Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm has been done for ANN training and testing.This system prepared to be used in industrial applications to diagnose and isolate the faulty motors immediately at their incipient stage, and to avoid any damage occur for the motors, or for their supply system.

Keywords

and bearings fault data acquisition diagnosis fault detection Induction motors modeling

15

Residual Punching Strength of NSC, HSC and LWC Panels Exposed to High Temperatures

Bayan S.Al-Numan, Nura Jsim Muhammed

Pages: 190-210 English

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Abstract

This work aims at studying the post – heating behavior of normal strength concrete (NSC), high strength concrete (HSC) and lightweight concrete (LWC) slabs and assessing the residual punching shear strength of two-way slab specimens. Eleven reduced scale reinforced concrete slab specimens divided into three main groups, each of which is divided into subgroups for heating levels, representing the NSC, HSC, and LWC types of corresponding cube compressive strengths of 50, 94 and 37 N/mm2 respectively, are prepared in the laboratory. Residual punching shear strengths, load–deflection curves, crack patterns, failure characteristics and details, and effects of temperature level exposure are all recorded, investigated and discussed. Effects of concrete type and structural failure type when slabs are exposed to different temperature levels are also discussed. Results indicate a reduction of strength with exposure to high temperature. Residual punching strength percentages at maximum temperature exposure are 33.3%, 53.8% and 69.2% for NSC, HSC and LWC slabs, respectively.

Keywords

high temperatures HSC LWC NSC residual punching strength

16

Using Multi wavelet Network for Identification

Ahmad Qasim A, Thakwan M. Saleem

Pages: 211-217 English

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Abstract

Multiwavelet neural network is a new class of artificial neural networks whose their activation functions are multiwavelet functions. The neurons in the hidden layers have been divided into two parts, each part contains wavelets of the same type. The multiwavenet algorithm consist of self-construction of the network and the minimization of the error. Here the constructed network is used for identification of a non-linear function. The network showed the excellent ability to identify the required function compared with the single wavelet network.

Keywords

identification multi wavelet wavelet

17

Experimental Study on Geogrid-Reinforced Subbase over Soft Subgrade Soil under Repeated Loading

Saad Farhan Ibrahim, Gandhi Ganem Sofia, Abbaas Inaayah Kareem

Pages: 218-240 English

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Abstract

The present work investigates the behavior of unpaved road overlying soft clay layer reinforced with single layer of geogrid placed at the subgrade/subbase interface. A laboratory model is reinforced with two different types of geogrid and subjected to repeated load using Wheel Tracking Apparatus. Unreinforced and reinforced subbase over soft subgrade were constructed in a large testing box (500mm*500mm*750mm). The test results show that for the same rutting value (75mm); the using of geogrid reinforcement layer produces an increase in number of passes and stress distribution angle and a decrease in displacement on the soft subgrade surface on the reinforced models as the equivalent unreinforced one.

Keywords

Geogrid Reinforcement rutting Soft soil Unpaved road

18

FPGA-Based Implementation of Genetically Tuned Fuzzy Logic Controller (GA-FLC)

Emad A. Hussein, Ammar G. Samir

Pages: 241-257 English

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Abstract

Fuzzy Logic controller (FLC) contains three operations; the fuzzification of the inputs, the knowledge base (data base and rule base), and the defuzzification of the output. In this paper our fuzzy controller contains two inputs and one output each have five membership functions. This fuzzy controller will pass through two operations; the first is to tune the input/output scaling factor (SF) and the second operation is to tune the membership function parameters. This tuning is done by the use of Genetic Algorithm (GA). The tuned fuzzy controller then will be reduced to a look-up table by taking the whole fuzzy probabilities. The output for the tuned fuzzy controller will be obtained using center of gravity method. To apply this tuned circuit we must translate the resulted table to digital binary values using a special encoder then to a set of boolean functions. Finally FPGA technology will be used to describe the resulted boolean functions by the use of the FPGA programming language (VHDL) hardware description language.

Keywords

FLC FPGA and VHDL fuzzy logic controller GA Genetic algorithm

19

Effect of Additives Types and Contents on Permanent Deformation

Rana A. Yousif, Qais Sahib Kareem, Dunya Sahib Ellk

Pages: 258-268 English

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Abstract

The permanent deformation (rutting) of asphalt concrete is considered one of the major distress that affect the performance of pavement structures. It is one of the major form of distress a bowel-shaped depression in the wheel paths gradually with increasing number of load applications. Heavy axle loadings besides high pavement summer temperature and high loading repetitions enhance the problem of rutting in Iraq. The asphaltic paving mixture is normally subjected to various detrimental types of distresses during its service life. These distresses are caused by load, weather, and construction practices, and /or deficient materials. Some of these serious distresses include rutting (permanent deformation), shoving, stripping, and fatigue cracking which finally may lead to completed failure of pavement at the same time. Such distresses will reduce the performance of asphalt pavements, which is not only causes inferior ride quality to motorists but also yields higher life-cycle cost. Some of the mentioned distresses are associated with the asphalt cement binder and can be controlled significantly by modifying the material with chemical additives The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effect of additives type and content on the permanent deformation out by preparing asphalt mixtures specimens using aggregate from Al-Nibaay State, (40-50) grade asphalt from dourah refinery and two types of additives Rubber with different content (1.5,3, 4.5, 6, 7.5 &9 )% by weight of asphalt and wool with different content (3, 6, 9,&12)% by weight of asphalt.

Keywords

creep test Permanent deformation Tensile strength Wool & Rubber

20

Employing Analogue and Digital Solenoid Hydraulic Valves in Position Control System

Munaf F. Badr

Pages: 269-286 English

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Abstract

During the last decades, the rapid advances in hydraulic valves involving their driver electrical circuit have made a physical integration of electro-hydraulic system. Such hardware architecture is widely employed in many industrial applications due to their ability to provide speed, high force and direction control. These procedures have been accomplished with considerably greater power/weight ratio and with the help of some simple components. Position control system with hydraulic actuators represents one of the most commonly technologies implemented in several industrial applications. The heart of this system is the hydraulic solenoid valve which can be subdivided into two categories, conventional and proportional valve. They are often packaged to provide both direction and flow control of hydraulic and can be classified as digital if the conventional hydraulic valve was implemented or analogue for proportional solenoid valves type. The objective of this work is to build a prototype electro-hydraulic system constructed from solenoid directional control valves as well as a double acting single ended hydraulic cylinder with limiting position electrical switches to meet the demands of position control system.

Keywords

Hydraulic cylinder PID controller Solenoid Hydraulic Valves

21

Digital Watermark Algorithm Based on Key-Frames Detection

Nadia Moqbel Hasan

Pages: 287-296 English

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Abstract

In this paper a new digital video watermarking scheme based on detection of video key-frames using histogram color techniques. The watermark is embedded in the DWT of the blue band of all key-frames using LSB algorithm, (as blue color is less sensitive to human visual). Stream cipher is included in the proposed scheme for encryption of the watermark for better security. The watermark is recovered by averaging the watermark from all the key-frames. Results show that the proposed method is robust against different type of attacks like lossy compression, frames dropping, frames swapping, sharpening, lightening, darken, noising, and distortion.

Keywords

Discrete Wavelet transform histogram color techniques key-frame least significant bit

22

Finite Element Calculation of Leakage Reactance in Distribution Transformer Wound Core Type Using Energy Method

Kassim Rasheed Hameed

Pages: 297-320 English

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Abstract

This paper presents the accurate energy method for calculation of leakage reactance of wound core transformers. It takes into consideration the curvature of the winding. The energy technique procedures for computing the leakage reactance are based on finite element analysis. This method is very efficient compared with the classical design methodology which based on magnetic circuit theory. The electromagnetic stored energy is obtained by leakage magnetic flux computing based on finite element method (FEM), and then leakage inductance can be computed. The Finite Element model of distribution transformer with non-linear magnetic characteristic for iron core is built using software "ANSYS".Two dimensional (2D) and three dimensional (3D) finite element modeling of distribution transformer have been used to analyze the leakage field, The obtained results have shown that the 3D model provides higher accuracy in the prediction of the leakage reactance than 2D model, with respect to the test value, due to the better representation of the transformer geometry especially the portions of the coil out of the core window(End and Curvature region),Therefore, the adoption of this energy technique during the design phase is able to enhance transformer manufacturer ability to predict the transformer leakage reactance, thus resulting to better performance and reducing the design time and cost before manufacturing.

Keywords

energy method finite element analysis leakage reactance wound core type

23

One parameter Viscosity-Temperature Correlation for Homologous n-Alkanes Series from CH4 to C20H42

Harith Hasoon Jasim

Pages: 321-341 English

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Abstract

The main aim of this paper is to establish a correlation for prediction the dynamic viscosity of homologous n-alkanes from CH4 to C20H42 at isobaric condition within a given temperature range. In this paper, new empirical correlation for dynamic viscosity is generalized as a function of carbon number and temperature. The mean average absolute deviation between the experimental data [13] and the empirical correlation is 2.8411% for 97 data points. These values showing that the statistical analysis model is stable and can be used to obtain good predictions for the same components in a wider range of temperature and for compounds that were not used in the model calibration

Keywords

carbon number Correlation homologous n-alkanes Viscosity

24

Sidelobe Suppression of Polyphase Coded Signal Using Different Filters

Ismail M. Jaber, Saif Ali Abdulhussien

Pages: 342-356 English

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Abstract

This paper deals with different types of polyphase coded signals in terms of their correlation properties. The (Frank, P1, P2, P3 and P4) polyphase codes and the Iterative Reweight Least Square(IRLS) procedure were used in this work. Each polyphase code is used as a parameter to (IRLS) procedure and this work is accomplished using MATLAB software. Additive White Gaussian Noise(AWGN) is introduced in the assessment made to the codes that are adopted in this paper. The Peak Sidelobe Level (PSL), the Integrated Sidelobe Level (ISL) and the Signal-to-Noise Ratio Loss (SNRL) criteria are used to evaluate the performance of polyphase codes. It is found that, the P3 code is the best code in terms of (PSL and ISL) criteria within an acceptable (SNRL) when using IRLS procedure. When use AWGN=10dB and for the range P=N till P=N+174, It is found that, PSL of P3 improvement approximately 33dB and ISL of P3 improvement approximately 29dB, but SNRL is equal approximately 2dB.

Keywords

Integrated sidelobe Iterative Reweighted Least Square Procedure Peak sidelobes polyphase codes Sidelobes Signal to Noise Ratio Loss

25

Effect of Cooling Media Viscosities during the Hardening Process on the Mechanical Properties of Steel Materials

Jumaa Salman Chiad

Pages: 357-373 English

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Abstract

Effects of Cooling Media Viscosities during the Hardening process on the Mechanical Properties of Steel Materials. This study involves two parts: the first is manufacturing and testing the steel specimens without heat treatment, while the second is the treatment of the steel specimens by hardening process using different viscosity of quenching cooling oil media. In the beginning, the chemical and mechanical properties of steel specimens are measured and (mid so know the mechanical properties of untreated steel specimens using tensile and hardness and fatigue testing instruments, and the microstructure photo is taken for the same specimen The same tested procedures are followed for all the heat treated steel specimens using four types of cooling oils with different viscosities. The Four types are used with viscosities of(I60,480,960 and 1540) for (S1, S2, S3, and S4 ) respectively. The results show that using cooling oils with different viscosities in the hardening arcs raised (ultimate and yield stresses) with (8.5, 21.0)% '11.1)%,(0.85,13)% and (1.2, I.1)% for (S1, S2, S3, and S4 ), respectively. While young modulus , elongation and reduction in area increased with values of 4, 55,17.3)%, ( 7.7, 70, 30. 7) %, (9.2,100, 36.5)% and (10.2, 100, 34.15)% for S1, S2, S3 and S4, respectively. Brinell hardness also increased with (70.6,56.5,41.17and 23.5)% *S1 S2 ,53 and 54 )respectively. Finally, the endurance stress limit increased aid (62.5,50,3 0, and 5)%for (51 S2, S3, and S4 ), respectively, and the best fatigue life and fatigue limit are recorded with specimen S1...

Keywords

hardening process Mechanical Properties Media viscosities Steel

26

Design and Implementation of a Digital Luxmeter for Investigation of a Lighting Standard

Ibrahim Amer Ibrahim

Pages: 374-389 English

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Abstract

The aim of this research is to design and implementations of a digital lighting meter (or Digital Luxmeter DLM) and use it to investigate, establish and test a proper standard for good lighting in our different living environments in order to have a good human health. An electronic circuit was designed and implemented experimentally as a digital lighting meter (or digital Luxmeter) and by using our digital Luxmeter we found tables of readings of that circuit which as decimal numbers related to the light intensity for making the good lighting standard. The standard was tested by taking different lighting, living environments and recording the response of groups of people. The results was discussed and founded the stander deviation of that’s responses. Finally, by conclusion, establishes this standard we tried to find the optimum of the good lighting conditions in our different living environments.

Keywords

digital Luxmeter good lighting light meter light standard

27

UV Radiation Effect on Static and Dynamic Behavior of Fiber Reinforced Composite Plates

Safaa H. Abdulrahman

Pages: 390-410 English

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Abstract

The exposure to sever environment has undesired impact on the behavior of mechanical and physical properties of composite materials. This research studies the effect of ultraviolet radiation on composite material of symmetrical and anti-symmetrical cross ply [0/90] 8-layer glass-fiber reinforced composite laminates. The samples were placed inside a special designed container and exposed to the radiation which simulates the natural sun light for 2000 hrs .The flexural properties (strength and stiffness) were determined experimentally before and after exposure to the radiation. Samples were examined using the three point bending test method to determine the properties of the composite laminate. Analytical solution based on the classical laminates theory been used, where shear effect taken into consideration because of and due to merging this theory with three point bending equations to compare the convergence between experimental and theoretical results of samples without environmental effect. The finite element analysis method were used to verify the experimental results ,and analyze the vibration characteristics to obtain the natural frequencies , response and stress distribution when exposed to radiation for different time range and harmonic load.

Keywords

effective stresses Physical properties UV – radiation vibration characteristics

28

Biodegradation and Bioaccumulation Rate of PCBs in Cows

Alaa Kareem Mohammed

Pages: 411-420 English

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Abstract

The object of this research is to focus on bioaccumulation and biodegradation rate of hydrophobic, persistent pollutants namely PCBs in cows. A simple mathematical mass balance equation which represents the input and output streams of these persistent pollutants to a cow was developed. Samples were taken from rural agricultural farms in Abu-Greab in Baghdad. These samples were analyzed for input and output terms which represent vegetation, soil, concentrate, milk and feces to measure the concentration of PCBs in these samples. It was found that bioaccumulation and biodegradation rate of PCBs in cows is a bout 202.6 µg/d. and most of PCBs input the cow is by vegetation rather than concentrate or soil while PCBs input to the cow by air or water are very low values and can be neglected so as the PCBs out put the cow by urine and air. Also it was found that the output PCBs from the cow is about 62.5% by milk and 37.5% by feces.

Keywords

Contaminants in cows Hydrophobic contaminants PCBs Pesticides

29

Experimental Study of Reinforced concrete Columns Strengthened with CFRP under Eccentric Loading

Waleed A. Waryosh, Mohammed M. Rasheed, Alaa Haider AL-musawi

Pages: 421-440 English

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Abstract

This paper presents the results of experimental studies on reinforced concrete columns strengthened with carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) under the combination of axial load and bending moment. A total of twelve specimens with square cross section (120 mm×120mm) were prepared and tested under eccentric compressive loading up to failure. Theoverall length of specimens with two haunched heads was 1230 mm. Test parameters were the type of concrete material(Normal and Self-compacting), thickness of layer (CFRP)and the load eccentricity, (eccentricity/ column depth ratio of 0.5 and 1). All specimens are Prepared and tested under eccentric compressive loading up to failure. The effects of these parameters on load-displacement and moment-curvature behaviors of the columns as well as the variation of longitudinal strain on different faces of the columns were studied. The results of the study demonstrated a significant enhancement on the performance of strengthened columns compared to unstrengthened columns.

Keywords

fibre reinforced polymeric composites RC columns strengthening systems Type of material

30

Modern Techniques and Methods in Engineering Education

فائق محمد سرحان, أسماء عبد الجبار هادي, هدى فرحان ابراهيم

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Abstract

Teaching methods have evolved significantly since the advent of computer, engineering education as a science mission benefited greatly from the techniques and styles that have been made to modern education. With the advent of the Internet appeared educational websites in various scientific fields. Engineering Science has received a large share of this new medium, because the websites Engineering is one of modern technologies in engineering education, but the Iraqi engineer standing in front of puzzled by this new technology not only to limitations in its use, but the lack of information easily. There are quite a number of engineers or even students in the engineering disciplines are not good at English language proficiency full, forcing them to search the World Wide Web using their mother tongue to face the sad reality of the Arab Engineering sites. In addition, despite the scarcity of these sites engineering, we find that interest in this type of sites is forgotten and ignored, despite the increasing number of engineers in Iraq, which may lead to late arrival of information engineering to this category of specialized, and therefore there was a lack or gap development in the human element leads to the non-sensor Iraqi engineer for each new to put on the world market and stand bewildered before the rapid progress in various fields, and the inability to develop himself to acquire advanced skills or project development works, which could lead to delays in production...

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Engineering Education Modern techniques

31

The Concept of Value in the Production of Architectural

لهيب علي الصائغ

English

Full Text Issues

Abstract

The concept of value is one of the most important measurement concepts for the formulation of formal output and moral achieve understanding and knowledge of man. It also helps to determining the ways of communication with historical standards, by investment, selection and the determinants of a new revolutionary surge is characterized by producing renewable energy which integrate the human with the surrounding environment, and a component of transport within the ideology blades civilized culture in spite of the different frames of reference and community living environment for each vocabulary.The current research is trying to delve into the concept of value from an architectural point of view and through the monitoring of network concepts and fields of knowledge associated with it, that man lives in her dependents for the purpose of system scenarios out a conceptual framework to identify the nature of the concept and contribute in determining the customary standards of private and public variable with an attribute common reference check the axioms of knowledge in relation to the identity of a community is a creative architectural production tools.

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architectural production Value concept

32

Theoretical Framework of Inclusion Strategy in Architecture

عباس علي حمزة, عباس علي حمزة

English

Full Text Issues

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Since the architecture is series of events human activities that record the history of art and determine its style over each a period to regroup the most knowledge fields, the architecture symbolize itself as a result of interfere and absence of crossing liners between those different knowledge .the architecture is effect and also effected by those fields with complicated dialectic relationship diagram. Different texts are included in different styles and ways in order to create architecture with ideal richness so the architectural movements investment different concepts as design strategy one of these concepts was the inclusion that the research trying to discover a theoretical framework for this concept to explain it as design strategy for architectural projects.

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التضمين الاستراتيجي النتاجات المعمارية المعاصرة

Journal of Engineering and Sustainable Development (JEASD)

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