Journal of The College of Education

Sharia scholars paid attention to the science of men, and they compiled dictionaries on it, considering that derivation of the Sharia ruling is often done through the pure Sunnah, which is the second source of legislation after the Book of God, Blessed and Most High. It is known that the Sunnah has reached us through the narrators, so we must be honest in conveying it so that we can be confident that what they have conveyed to us is true and we can be reassured that what they have conveyed is the judgment of God. This is what the science of men is responsible for. This is why our scholars paid attention to men’s research, so they composed dictionaries that were responsible for explaining the conditions of the narrators and explaining their trustworthiness and weakness. It is unfortunate that most of these books did not reach us as individual and independent books, but rather reached us through the books of a group of companions whose words are documented in our present era.
The book of Ibn Noah is considered one of the most important lost books on men, as evidenced by the reliance of men’s scholars on his men’s opinions. It appears that this book is available to the Negus. It is directly from him. Therefore, this research came as a study of Ibn Noah’s views on men.

Nahj al-Balagha holds a prominent position among researchers and scholars from various affiliations and diverse approaches, as it provides a rich source of theological, philosophical, mystical, and ethical discussions. It is considered the book that follows the Holy Quran in terms of significance, comprehensiveness, and depth, as its sermons, letters, and aphorisms contain unparalleled wisdom not found in other works, with the sole exception of the Quran. Among the remarkable speeches in which Imam Ali (peace be upon him) is the ninety-ninth sermon, which eloquently describes the states of God's friends and beloved ones—those who have reached perfection on their journey toward the Divine. In this sermon, Imam Ali (peace be upon him) outlines important characteristics of the perfected mystics, mentioning forty attributes that signify the requisites for God's love. Thus, this study aims to explore these attributes and conditions which highlights the mystical dimension found in Nahj al-Balagha, which reflects the mystical personality of Imam Ali (peace be upon him.

This study examines familial relationships through the lens of toxic parental behavior and its influence on children, investigating the cyclical nature of such behaviors and their impact on character development through attachment theory. It explores how early parental relationships shape future relationships with partners and children, focusing on types of toxic parenting—dysfunctional, harmful, and psychologically damaging behaviors—and the resulting insecure attachment patterns: avoidant, ambivalent, and disorganized. Utilizing a psychological reading based on attachment theory, first presented by John Bowlby in 1978 and later developed by other theorists, the study analyzes how childhood attachment to parents affects future relationships. Findings suggest that toxic parenting significantly impacts self-esteem and self-worth, perpetuating similar behaviors across generations and affecting partner and child relationships. The study concludes that toxic parenting damages the parent-child bond and has far-reaching effects on all aspects of an individual\'s life, perpetuating a cycle of insecure attachments across generations.

Phonology is considered one of the most important and most respected Arab sciences, as it is the science that is considered one of the sources of the Arabic language in all its branches. It is a deep and large encyclopedia because of the various characteristics it carries in the field of sound. The study in this research focused on studying the phenomenon of sound in the book Lifting the Veil and showed the linguistic aspects included in the book. Interpretation and guidance using many linguistic and grammatical sources with high accuracy, through which the phenomena of sound were traced and the nature of the Arabic voice was deduced from it at its various levels. The study of the vocal system has levels spread in the air and has many characteristics. The study includes the visual-auditory system and the method of receiving and perceiving linguistic sounds.

Literature is an important element that cannot be dispensed with. Rather، it is the indicator of the civilization of nations and its preserver. Imagination is an important part in shaping and shaping this cultural element. Rather، it is the process that leads to the formation of an image that is distant from reality or that may be from pure imagination، that is، it does not exist at all in reality. Living reality، as imagination has the ability to bring the far closer together، distance the near، and connect the components.
The starting point of this study is the rich message of forgiveness، which has received remarkable attention from Arab and non-Arab scholars. They have examined its elements with study and scrutiny، and literature that has met such acceptance and spread deserves to be re-studied. In an effort to complete the picture of him، and to seek the secrets of creativity in him that are evident in his imagination and realism.
This research monitors reality and imagination in the literature of Abu Al-Ala Al-Maarri through his letters، with the aim of revealing his literary creativity and his extraordinary imaginative ability.

The present study focuses on studying the formation, vision, poetic images, and the symbolic and mythical significance of image in Raheem Al-Gharbawi's poetry. The use of symbols, myths, and their significance in Raheem Al-Gharbawi is not limited to word only, but it moves towards suggestions, perceptions, visions, and psychological waves that address the conscience. In modern poetry, symbols are mainly related to emotions and exploration of the poetic self through the poet's awareness of him/herself, with an attempt to explore unconscious desires through the basic motives of the literary creativity process. Whether the symbol is mythical, historical, or natural, the expressive formation of the symbol in the poem depends on the method of metaphorical semantic suggestion.
The present study aims to study and analyze the symbols and myths present in Al-Gharbawi's poetry. The significance of the present study is evident in studying the structural composition in modern poetry in its interpretive contexts, through the hints attributed to the symbols that convey ideas and feelings according to the circumstances and occasions. The present study sheds light on the mythological elements present in Al-Gharbawi's poems and how they are used in forming ideas and meanings by focusing on the descriptive analytical approach. The results of the present study indicate how Al-Gharbawi embodies myths in his poetry and uses symbols and mythological characters that take the reader on an imaginary journey.

Objectives: The study aimed to shed light on the true causes and motives that led to the exclusion of scholars in the Umayyad era (41-132 AH/661-749 AD), as scholars in the Arab Islamic state, especially in the Umayyad era, enjoyed a distinguished status granted by the Umayyad caliphs, who paid attention to science and scholars; hence, scientific movement reached its peak during that time. However, many scientists were subjected to exclusion and deportation, and the reasons and motives that led to their exclusion varied. Of the, are religious reasons and motives, which were one of the main and most important motives.
Methodology: The study adopted the analytical historical approach, which aims to monitor and analyze events in order to determine the religious reasons and motives that led to the exclusion of scholars by the Umayyad authority.
Results: The study showed the religiously motivated exclusions that affected Muslim scholars in the Umayyad era. It also showed positive and negative consequences resulting from these exclusions on the Arab Islamic state. There were many negative consequences for the country they were excluded from. While the exclusion of scholars and their deportation from their cities had positive effects on the areas to which they were excluded, as their people benefited from their knowledge and virtue.
Conclusion: The study concluded that the Umayyad caliphs excluded many scholars for religious reasons and motives, and the means and methods of this exclusion were numerous.

This study aims to shed light on the foundations and pillars of the economic policy adopted by Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) in addressing the phenomenon of poverty. The research concludes that the Prophet (PBUH) successfully implemented the best programs and solutions to address various economic issues faced by both individuals and the state. He employed a distinctive approach that balanced efficiency and justice in wealth distribution and worked on finding effective solutions by applying Shariah rulings to mitigate and alleviate poverty-related problems. The research seeks to uncover these policies and procedures and the blessed, favorable outcomes they achieved.

The research seeks to use Geographic Information Systems (GIS) tools for the purpose of adopting them in the cartographic representation of climatic characteristics, specifically thermal characteristics represented by (solar radiation, maximum and minimum temperatures, and thermal range), in addition to wind speed, relative humidity, and rainfall. The map is one of the most prominent methods of visual analysis in our current era, as it is possible to analyze phenomena with high accuracy and scientific accuracy with a reduction in effort and time. One of the most prominent findings of the study is that the climatic elements as a whole take a real representation in modern technologies, especially by adopting the tools provided by these technologies, the most prominent of which is (IDW).

This research aims to study and analyse the biodiversity in the environment of The Main Estuary and the potential for utilizing its waters in the development and preservation of various types of biodiversity, including plant and animal species. The Main Estuary is considered one of the significant environmental development projects in Iraq, capable of contributing to the national economic development due to its rich biodiversity. The study identified 16 plant species in The Main Estuary environment, including 9 aquatic plant species and 7 terrestrial plant species. The diversity of birds in the area reached 62 species, alongside 13 species of reptiles and amphibians. Additionally, domesticated animals graze in The Main Estuary environment, relying on natural pastures and agricultural lands that depend on its waters, which has facilitated the spread of various wild plant species. The research employed descriptive and analytical methodologies to achieve the desired results. The study concluded with several findings, the most significant of which is that illegal hunting is one of the primary threats to biodiversity in The Main Estuary area. The research also proposed important recommendations, including the implementation of legal regulations to curb violations against the natural environment and its biodiversity.

The research dealt with (spatial modeling of the flood risks of valley Umm Al Shababit in Salah al-Din Governorate - Al-Shirqat District using artificial intelligence), and after practical application and simulation of data and satellite images through the designed model, it was found that there are some villages and residential neighborhoods exposed to the risks of valley flooding as a result of the prevailing environmental conditions. The rock composition contributed to the occurrence of floods, as the rock layers with little permeability prevent water from draining and leaking into the ground. In addition to the climatic situation and topography of the basin between contour lines (170) and line (220) m, which played a prominent role in influencing the hydrological behavior of the watercourse and accelerating the force of water flow. Human factors also contributed to the exacerbation of the phenomenon of urban flooding, especially after the increase in population and urban expansion, which led to the transformation of agricultural lands into residential lands, which led to a reduction in seepage and losses and thus an increase in the amount of water in the valley stream, as agricultural areas consumed part of That water. In addition to this, there is a lack of planning in the process of designing hydrological facilities and bridges, and what is the carrying capacity that they accommodate, and not taking into account the water flow of the valley in extreme cases, in addition to the small number of model bridges, which are primitive and lack engineering specifications, as the residents built them.In addition to not irrigating the valley stream and spreading plants such as sedge reeds, in addition to constructing an earthen dam in the high areas north and west of Wadi Umm Al-Shababit, which was constructed according to non-technical specifications, as the intensity of the water flowing into the basin of that dam led to the breaking of parts of the earthen barrier, causing an increase in The amount of water coming from the western side.

The objective of this study is to determine the quantity of surface runoff. for the Al-Manziliyah valley basin ,located in the northeastern part of Maysan Governorate. The basin is a seasonal watershed with an area of (398.97) km². The analysis and processing of Digital Elevation Model (DEM) data, extracted from Landsat 8 satellite imagery, were conducted using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and Remote Sensing (RS) techniques to derive the hydrological characteristics of the basin.To estimate the surface runoff, the study relied on the (SCS-CN) method to determine the soil types and their ability to retain water. The results showed the presence of three soil types (A, B, C).The study revealed that (65.78)% of the basin area has medium permeability, which promotes the generation of surface runoff in a short period following a rainstorm. The maximum surface runoff volume in the basin ranged between (218 and 121) m³ over an area of (217.81) km², with a surface runoff speed of (0.34) m³/second. The time of concentration was found to be 10 hours, a relatively short duration given the size of the basin, which increases the risk of flash floods in the area, particularly following sudden rainfall events characteristic of the region.

The study of spatial organization of population studies is of great importance in geographical studies from a theoretical and applied perspective. Geographical technologies have revolutionized the analysis and processing of spatial data. They have created new concepts that have reconsidered previous traditional methods, and have provided different models and methods capable of simulating reality according to spatial models that combine mathematics, geographic statistics and computers, in the spatial processing and analysis processes to model the spatial organization of the population and interpret it based on spatial statistical methods (Spatial Statistics Tools) in the ArcGIS10.5 program. The cluster and outlier analysis model and the spatial autocorrelation model were used to analyze and explain the spatial variation of population distribution in the city of Kirkuk in Iraq. These softwares provide spatial statistical measurement methods to quantitatively describe population spatial models and determine the spatial relationships of distribution models with geographical factors, which is an important step to understand the spatial behavior of the geographical phenomenon.

A The study reveals that the concentrations of pollutants in the Al-Az river and the Euphrates River within the Al-Madina District are higher compared to the concentrations in the Tigris and Euphrates rivers within the Qurna District. It has been found that the water quality in these areas is unsuitable for human use due to certain dissolved elements.
The research identified two main factors contributing to the deterioration of water quality in the study area and the increase in pollutant concentrations beyond permissible limits:
Quantitative Changes in Water: These changes are primarily due to the activities of the upstream countries (Turkey, Iran, Syria).
Qualitative Changes in River Water: This issue arises from the direct discharge of sewage into the rivers without proper treatment to mitigate the pollution caused by chemical and physical contaminants from the wastewater in the study area.

The study aims to show the spatial and temporal differences of the population of the administrative units in the study area, in order to put this group of data specific to the study area under the microscope of planners in order to highlight the development needs targeting the study area by identifying the population centers and their dispersion between one administrative unit and another, as one of the most prominent findings of the study is that the largest number of residents is concentrated in the center of Karbala district.

This model is designed to measure the spatial relationships between geographic phenomena based on the correlation of location, shape, dimensions, areas, directions, adjacency, congruence, elevation, depression, classification, grouping, and spatial ordering. The purpose is to interpret these spatial correlations and utilize them, understand the factors of phenomena distribution at specific locations, and predict the spatial variables of these phenomena’s behaviors. Al-Shwejah Brick Factory is one of the significant industrial sites in Wasit district, containing (30) factories where more than (60,000) workers produce over 6 million bricks annually. The production is distributed across five Iraqi districts: Wasit, Diwaniyah, Babil, Amara, and Thi Qar. Due to the high quality and variety of the bricks, 29 testing sites have been relied upon for examining the soil used in brick production for its chemical and physical properties. These tests are conducted in the laboratories of the College of Engineering and the College of Agriculture at Wasit University to determine their properties and the extent of their compliance with international and Iraqi standards in brick production.

The research aims to study surface runoff modeling for the eastern valley basins in Wasit Governorate, as the valley basins receive seasonal rainfall amounts that are classified as heavy rain waves capable of generating surface runoff in large quantities. Measuring and determining the hydrological budget for the valley basins is based on estimation, as there are no stations. Hydrometry to measure the volume of flow. There are many different methods that have been found to estimate surface runoff in valley basins, and one of the most important and most widely used of these methods is the (SCS-CN) method, which was developed by the US Soil Conservation Service. It is the most accurate method and is used in a wide range of areas. Researchers estimate the amount of direct runoff from a rainstorm.

The aim of the study was to explore situational regret and its relationship to professional decision-making among secondary school principals. The researcher used the descriptive method, with a sample of 100 secondary school principals. A scale for situational regret was developed by the researcher, while the professional decision-making scale by Kerats was adopted. The validity (both face and construct validity) and reliability of both scales were verified using Cronbach's alpha for internal consistency. The study reached several conclusions: the situational regret among the principals was (60.458), which indicates a lower level compared to the hypothetical mean of (90), while their professional decision-making level was (35.2100), which is a high level indicating that the sample was highly influenced by professional decision-making, compared to the hypothetical mean of (23). Based on these findings, the researcher made several recommendations and provided a set of suggestions.

The current research aims to identify the role of practical activities and field trips in enhancing science concepts among primary school students. The researcher used the descriptive approach as it is the appropriate approach to achieve the research objective. The current research community consisted of sixth grade primary school students, numbering (13898) male and female students, with (7576) male students and (6322) female students in the center of Amara city for the academic year 2024/2025, while the current research sample consisted of (200) male and female students who were selected by the random stratified method from primary schools. In order to achieve the objectives of the current research, the researcher prepared the scales (practical activities and field trips) and (science concepts). The researcher reached a set of conclusions, including:
1. The statistical analysis of the data showed that the average of the sample individuals was (105.3) with a standard deviation of (11.6), while the hypothetical average was (90). In order to know the significance of the difference between them, the t-test was used for a single sample, where the calculated t-value was (25.86). When compared with the tabular value of (1.96) at a significance level of (0.05), it appeared that the average of the sample individuals was higher than the hypothetical average. This means that practical activities and field trips among primary school students are at a high level.
2. The statistical analysis showed a difference in the relationship between practical activities, field trips, and science concepts between males and females, through the values of the correlation coefficient and Fisher's standard value, in addition to analyzing the difference using the zygosity value. Considering the results of males, we find that the value of the correlation coefficient between practical activities, field trips and science concepts is 0.36

Aim of the current research is to analyze the content of the science book for the first intermediate grade of physics, as it includes deductive thinking skills. To achieve the goal of the research, the researcher used the analytical descriptive analysis method, and after studying a bachelor’s degree in a group of the following literature, research, and studies, he arrived at the search for analysis (3) skills distributed over ( 18) or a paragraph, and the skills (deductive thinking skills) were; presant arbitrators, indicators, speclists the field of methods. For purpose of ensuring their validity, the skills were thus formed in their final form, which are (the skill of induction, the skill of deduction, and the skill of acting). Then the researcher analyzed the science ok for the to determine the extant for where it included deductive thinking skills. The researcher adopted the explicit and implicit idea as a unit for counting and recording, and the accuracy was verified. The analysis scale was validated by presenting ,specialized arbtors,. Then himself. One of the always important results that the research, reached was the preencem of skills to deductive thinking in book to the one that were more comprehensive, way (935) repetitions to the skills. researcher recommended increasing Including deductive thinking skills more widely one stayp.

The study aims to investigate the impact of digital education techniques on the academic achievement of fifth-grade literary students in secondary education in Anbar Governorate during the second semester of 2023. The research employed a quasi-experimental design, with 62 students evaluated and divided into two groups: an experimental group using digital techniques and a control group relying on traditional methods. The research tools included teaching plans and an achievement test to measure students' understanding of fundamental concepts.
The results showed statistically significant differences between the two groups, with a "t" value of 7.573 and strong statistical significance (p-value = 0.000), indicating the effectiveness of the educational methods in the experimental group in improving students' achievement. The analysis of the "t" index revealed a significant improvement in academic performance among the experimental group, with the average score rising from 2.67 to 12.40, confirming the positive impact of educational intervention and suggesting the potential for broader adoption of new methods in education.

The research aims to identify the effect of educational blogs on the cognitive achievement of fifth-grade literary students and to develop geographical research skills and motivation towards learning in the subject of geography. The research sample consisted of two groups, one of which was experimental and the number of female students in it was (35), and a control group in which the number of female students was (35). ) A female student, and in an intentional manner, the researcher chose Al-Zohour Girls’ Secondary School from the research community, which included secondary and middle schools in the Salah al-Din/Tikrit Governorate Education Directorate. The researcher used the quasi-experimental approach for two equal samples, and after conducting parity between the two research groups, the researcher applied the experiment and research tools and obtained data that was processed. Using the statistical program (SPSS), the results showed the superiority of the experimental group that studied using educational blogs over the control group that studied using the usual method, and the researcher arrived at a set of results, recommendations, and proposals.

Using an augmented reality-powered book as a teaching tool, this study intends to improve computer educators' digital picture creation abilities in the pre-service phase. The research included a mix of descriptive and experimental methodologies, measuring digital picture creation abilities using two note cards and two accomplishment exams. There was a statistically significant change in the mean scores of the study group that used the reinforced book to improve their abilities before and after the measuring instruments were administered. As a vital ability considering technological advancements, the study suggests that computer instructors prioritize the development of digital picture producing abilities.

The research aims is to explore the effect of teaching using the visual memory strategy for fifth-grade female students in science on developing their visual thinking skills. To achieve this goal, the researcher proposed a single hypothesis: there is no statistically significant difference at the 0.05 significance level between the average scores of the experimental group, which was taught using the visual memory strategy, and the control group, which was taught using the traditional method, in terms of pre- and post-visual thinking skills in science
The research is limited to fifth-grade students in public schools under the Directorate of Education in Wasit.
Time boundaries: The first semester of the academic year 2023-2024
Place boundaries: Public primary schools under the Directorate of Education in Wasit.
Scientific boundaries: The first, second, and third units of the science textbook prescribed for fifth-grade students, issued by the Iraqi Ministry of Education 7th edition (2020).
The researcher applied a visual thinking skills test, which she prepared and consisted of 15 items. She conducted validity, reliability, and equivalence tests for the research variables, and used appropriate statistical methods. The results of the research demonstrated the effectiveness of using the visual memory strategy in developing visual thinking skills among fifth-grade female students in science. The researcher also provided some recommendations and suggestions based on the findings.

The study aimed to determine the degree of effectiveness of a proposed educational program according to the projects strategy in developing academic achievement and teamwork skills among second-year middle school students in Baghdad Governorate in biology, through the use of the experimental method with low control on two samples, the first experimental consisting of (25) students studying the course according to the proposed program, while the second control sample of (25) subjects studying the course using the traditional method. It was concluded that the proposed educational program contributed to increasing the scores of the students of the experimental group in the academic achievement test, and also contributed to increasing their scores in the scale of teamwork skills.

The importance of language in media programs is prominent, as language is through which information, ideas, meanings, and even messages are conveyed, whether hidden or apparent. Therefore, language is considered very important, and in our current research we focus on employing language in digital radio programs, including podcast programs, which are very popular in In the current period, podcasting is considered a growing and popular means of communication that combines modern technologies and direct interaction with the audience, which makes studying the use of language in it a matter of great importance. Through research, we attempt to analyze and dismantle the linguistic mechanisms that digital radio program presenters adopt in conveying their messages. The researcher used the content analysis approach and analysis categories to reach the results. He chose 15 episodes of the podcast program and analyzed them. One of the most prominent results that the researcher reached was the superiority of the professional and serious styles equally, which indicates a greater preference for these methods of communication, and less use of the personal style, which may reflect... Individuals’ preference for neutral or formal, and the lack of use of emotional style, which indicates avoiding emotional expressions in communication. The diversity of methods used reflects a diversity of communication methods among individuals. The preference for formal and professional methods indicates a focus on professionalism, and individuals tend toward methods that provide greater clarity and accuracy. The lack of personal style may indicate individuals’ caution in sharing their personal experiences

Iran's international and regional status occupies scientific and practical importance at the same time, as Iran is one of the rising regional countries in the Middle East region, as it influences and is affected by international actors, including regional and international countries and organizations, and by the environment surrounding it, according to each region's circumstances and rules governed by it, as this region is considered one of The most important strategic regions in the world. Many international and regional alliances have been formed in the region because it has many advantages and factors that make it the subject of the ambitions of major powers, and also due to the importance of its geostrategic location and the resources it possesses, which constitute about more than 50% of the world’s oil and gas reserves.
Iran is one of the countries that has a place in the regional and international hierarchy. This position came about through its role and its relentless pursuit to be a pivotal country and not a peripheral country in the system of international and regional powers, and to maintain one step closer to all parties, as it is a country with an active and proactive role. In all regional and international issues.

The doctor's error in diagnosing and detecting deformities or serious illness of the fetus during pregnancy led to the birth of a disabled child, because if the parents had known about this, they would have rushed to perform some surgical interventions on the fetus, if it was possible to reduce the extent of this disability or end it by performing these therapeutic interventions on the fetus while it was inside the womb, or resorted to abortion if it was not possible to reduce the extent of this disability or end it by performing some surgical interventions on this fetus, and thus it can be said that the doctor's error is the direct cause of the damage, and it does not change anything that the fetus was afflicted with a disability before committing this error, because if such an error had not occurred, the parents would certainly have resorted to one of the two options above, in order to avoid the birth of a disabled child, which makes the latter entitled to request compensation.

The employer is criminally questioned if he employs children without considering the formal conditions of their employment according to the law. These conditions are: not taking into consideration the child\'s age, not performing periodic medical examinations, not keeping his records, paying no attention to the allowed working hours for children. This research is a descriptive, analytical, and comparative one in which we do attempt to check the terms mentioned in the laws of Iran, Iraq and international agreements. The results of this research showed that the age of a child to work according to Iranian and Iraqi law and international agreements is between 15 and 18 years, with a condition that a medical examination is performed by a specialized medical committee. The examination is repeated every year until they reach the age of majority. Regarding the working hours allowed for children there is a simple difference between the Iranian and the Iraqi laws, the maximum working hours allowed for children in the Iranian law is 7 and a half hours, and in the Iraqi law it is 7 hours at most. As for international documents; which deal with formal conditions for children\'s labor, we can mention as an example the Convention on the Minimum Working Age of 1973, which defined the minimum working age for children aged 18 years. Also, Convention No. 77 and Convention No. 78 of 1946 for industrial and non-industrial activities, which state the necessity of the medical examination for children under the age of 18. Also, the 1989 Convention on the Rights of the Child, which indicates the necessity of regulating working hours, and other international agreements. Also, there are many important international agreements that recommend the necessity of protecting the rights of children in the internal laws of the countries, but they do not explain the formal conditions for the criminal responsibility of the employer, which can be defined as the set of conditions that precede signing the employment contract between the juveniles and the employer and that any violation to the terms of the contract will bring the criminal responsibility on the employer.

The topic of theoretical principles in the contract correction are not reflected in the Iraqi Civil Code and the Iranian Civil Code in direct legal texts that deal with it in detail despite the importance of these principles, and their role in correcting the avoidable contract is a set of legal rules that clarify the basis for the correction of the contract, as they are referred to in the cases of contract interpretation containing vague terms of true intention of the contracting parties. In the cases of conclusion the contract in bad faith and deception of the other party, these principles are the theory of simulation (simulated), the theory of accreditation, the theory of implicit clause, and the invalidity of unconditional clause.

The present study focuses on the use of swearing words in the Friends sitcom. It is a qualitative and quantitative analysis. The aim of this study is to investigate the types of swearing words used in the American society through analyzing one of the most popular TV. series, the Friends, in the United States and different parts of the world
Two models are adopted in this study, Andersson and Hirsch’s (1985) model which classifies swearing words into their syntactic and morphological patterns, and Tony’s (2006) model which classifies swearing words according to their positive or negative connotations. The data consist of ten seasons, each season consists of fifteen episodes. The data has been downloaded as PDF from the Internet, and an automatic research has done for every word in the sitcom.
The conclusions arrived at are that female actors do swearing more than male actors, the characters in the sitcom use different types of swearing words, the swearing words vary according to their syntactic and morphological patterns, and that mild and very mild swearing words are used most by the characters of the sitcom.

Recently, modern teaching methods have become a primary focus of interest for educational institutions.
This is because of the effective role that these methods play in developing and improving the learning process and increasing the number of students’ participation.
This research describes the most important of these modern teaching methods regarding concept and theoretical foundations, and explains the challenges facing their application in practice.
This study shows some of the modern teaching methods that have received great attention recently, the most prominent of which are: lecture, discussion, and the inductive method.
In addition, this research explains the theoretical foundations of each of these methods, as well as their most important advantages in improving the educational process, and their disadvantages.

The current study aims to highlight the role of “artificial intelligence-based conversational bots for learning English” as an innovative tool that delivers advanced educational solutions, since it offers an effective and free learning opportunity for all students at all educational levels. It also discusses how to benefit from the capabilities of chatbots, including learning about some text and voice chat programmes designed in artificial intelligence applications for learners of English as a second language. These bots have reached a degree of professionalism, as they have transcended imagination and have entered the fields of creative vision, self-learning, and greatly simulating the human mind. The current study follows the descriptive method in collecting, classifying, and analyzing information by studying literature and previous scientific research related to artificial intelligence technology and its applications. The results of this study are: AI English language learning applications and chatbots offer numerous benefits, including personalized learning, voice recognition, and writing and reading skills development. They provide instant feedback on grammar and writing style, offer flexibility in accessing resources, and enable students to apply English knowledge in real-life contexts.

The current study qualitatively addresses concept as the main theoretical problem in cognitive linguistics on the one hand, and the abstract nature of things on the other. In this regard, scholars maintained that the issue with concept is still controversial. Besides, to deal with abstract nouns is also difficult, let alone when dealing with the concept of abstract noun. Of course the problem will be doubled as the nature of both concepts and abstract nouns is invisible, perspectivised, and changeable. Accordingly, the objective of the present work is to examine the semantic range of the abstract word BLACKMAILING from the perspectives of a number of talented participants in drawing. That is, the researchers are to address the following research question: What is the semantic range of the selected abstract word (blackmailing) from the participants’ perspectives who are talented in drawing? The researchers adopted Fillmore's (1976/77/82) theory of Frame Semantics. As for the data, one abstract word (blackmailing) has been selected based on the juror’s opinion to be applied on a number of six college students, who are talented in drawing. The study has concluded that: there is no fixed referential connection between an abstract word and its concept; the participants anchored their understanding of abstract nouns in pictures that represent minimized scenes or events of reality using concrete referents and associations. Moreover, one might encounter a similarity in terms of using some the frame elements; however, their employment is different. Finally, the semantic range of BLACKMAILING is between four to 10 elements.

This paper explores the ethical dimension surrounding the conduct of military soldiers in Kristin Hannah's The Nightingale, specifically focusing on the situation involving billeting German soldiers in Vianne's house. The paper delves into the moral complexity present in wartime scenarios through an examination from an ethical viewpoint, i.e., jus in bello principles. It examines the ethical dilemma experienced by soldiers and civilians, encompassing issues such as human rights, power dynamics, invasion of privacy, and safety of non-combatants. Moreover, the analysis evaluates the extent to which soldiers adhere to jus in bello principles, including discrimination, proportionality, and respect for civilian property. By unraveling the ethical complexity depicted in The Nightingale, the aim of this paper is to illuminate the multifaceted nature of soldier conduct during house billeting and provide a more profound understanding of the ethical challenges in wartime.