Journal of Education for Humanities

The Prophet, peace be upon him, was characterized as a skilled and exceptional military leader, surpassing all professional military personnel and commanders. This demonstrates his genius and brilliance, despite being illiterate and never having participated in any wars. His leadership qualities, noble characteristics, and ethical virtues qualified him to be a perfect example and model of successful and wise leadership, capable of guiding the Ummah (Muslim community) to achieve its goals and objectives. After the Prophethood, he led wars with strategic tactics and emerged victorious, surpassing prominent military leaders. He had a comprehensive approach, paying attention to both immediate and long-term matters. He focused on military construction, including the formation and administration of the army, field engineering, and innovative combat techniques that were unprecedented. He emphasized information security and adopted innovative strategies such as the element of surprise, organized cooperation, preemptive warfare, and the principle of consultation before each battle. He succeeded in unifying the Arabian Peninsula and establishing the first organized army, transforming previously warring tribes. In a short period, he led successful operations that reached the borders of Bilad al-Sham (Greater Syria). However, his military revolution, which spread Islam, was not driven by material motives like conventional armies seeking to establish empires or accumulate wealth. Its purpose was to spread the message of monotheism after ages of darkness and idol worship.

This research addresses the partial objectives of prohibiting marriage with prohibited women in the book "Fath al-Qadeer". It focuses on the specific objective that Imam Ibn Hajar al-Haytami built the jurisprudential branches upon in his book "Fath al-Qadeer". It also mentions the opinions of scholars that support Ibn Hajar's conclusions.
The partial objective of prohibiting marriage with women who have a prohibited relationship of kinship, affinity, or breastfeeding is to honor and sanctify these family ties. This is because marriage with such women leads to severing these connections, which contradicts the intended purpose of marriage, which is based on companionship, mercy, love, and communication. The legislation and rulings of Islam are in accordance with human nature and call for the preservation of these ties, in order to uphold the dignity of the marital contract and highlight its importance. This is due to the effects, rights, and obligations that result from marriage, ensuring the well-being of the individual and society.

Praise be to God, Lord of the Worlds, and prayers and peace be upon the Seal, the Trustworthy, the Master of Messengers, our Prophet Muhammad, and upon his good and pure family and companions, and those who follow them in righteousness until the Day of Judgment...
As for what follows: The research aims to show Islamic morals and values that play a major vital role in sustainable development, and which promote positive behavior, social responsibility, and respect for society. Islamic morals and values are an essential part of the teachings of Islam and include many values, including Justice, wisdom, cooperation, balance, moderation, humility, benevolence, etc. The Islamic religion emphasizes the importance of justice and equality in dealing with others and preserving the rights of everyone, as the Prophet (may God bless him and grant him peace) said: (I was sent only to perfect good morals) This also extends to social and economic justice. We conclude from this that there is a fair distribution of wealth and opportunities to ensure the sustainability of development. We also find that Islamic morals and values encourage the preservation of natural resources and the environment. Because excessive consumption of these resources leads to pollution and environmental destruction, and this is contrary to the Islamic concept of sustainability Islamic values push believers to practice charity and charitable giving, and encourage them to direct aid and support to those in need and promote sustainable development in society. Through this, applying these values in daily life, Islamic individuals and communities can work towards achieving a balance between current and future needs and preserving natural, economic and environmental resources. For future generations, and employing ethical aspects to complete the development process.

ويتناول البحث الموسوم الجذور التاريخية لحقوق المرأة والتحولات التي أحدثها الإسلام فيها من خلال ثلاث مباحث يتناول المبحث الأول التطور التاريخي لحقوق المرأة، ويتناول المبحث الثاني التحولات التي أحدثها الإسلام على حقوق المرأة، أما المبحث الثالث فيتناول أهم المبادئ الإسلامية المتعلقة بحقوق المرأة وكرامتها، وأخيراً يقدم البحث قائمة بأهم المصادر والمراجع التي اعتمد عليها .

The study aimed to identify the effect of employing the aesthetic approach in developing the emotional intelligence of fifth-grade literary female students in the Holy Quran and Islamic Education course.
The study was based on the experimental method and adopted the experimental design of two equivalent groups with a pre-test and post.test. The study sample consisted of (44) female students who were divided into two groups: experimental and control. The first group represented the experimental group an
d consisted of (20) students who studied using the aesthetic approach. The second group represented the control group and consisted of (22) students who studied using the traditional method.
The researcher developed a tool to measure emotional intelligence consisting of (47) items distributed over five dimensions based on Daniel Goleman's scale (1995). To extract the research results, the following statistical methods were used: the independent two-sample t-test and the paired two-sample t-test. After applying the research tool before and after on the two research groups (experimental and control) and conducting the statistical analyzes, the results showed the superiority of the experimental group that studied using the aesthetic approach over the control group that studied using the traditional method in developing emotional intelligence. In light of that, the researcher presented a set of recommendations and suggestions.

Abstract
The research focuses on an issue within the second category of evidence in Islamic legislation, which pertains to the actions of the Prophet where the intention of seeking nearness to God is not apparent. The significance of this issue and the intensity of the resulting controversy and its consequences cannot be denied. This topic holds clear importance due to the debates surrounding it. Some scholars argue for the obligation to emulate the Prophet's actions where the intention of seeking nearness is not apparent, while others consider them recommended. I will clarify this further in the course of this research.
In conclusion, several results have been derived. Firstly, the actions of the Prophet (peace be upon him) without the intention of seeking nearness are integral to the overall understanding of the Prophetic tradition (Sunnah). Undoubtedly, the Sunnah constitutes the secondary source of legislation. Secondly, among the Prophet's actions, there are those that fall under the category of non-legislative actions, while others fall under the category of legislative actions. Additionally, there are actions specific to the Prophet himself. Some actions are evident in their intention to seek nearness and worship, while others are not. The latter category is the subject of this research.
Keywords: Sunnah, Prophet, legislation, worship, nearness.

Human rights and freedoms in Islam are numerous and their forms have appeared in Islamic legislation as commands or prohibitions from Allah Almighty and then from His Messenger, which emphasize the balance between the rights, freedoms, and duties of individuals. We do not find in contemporary systems anything similar to what Islam brought in training Muslims to exercise their rights and public freedoms through performing their acts of worship by which they draw closer to Allah while they exercise the manifestations of rights and freedoms. Accordingly, no surprise that this is the case with the Islamic political system as Allah’s legislation clarifies their rights, freedoms, and political, social, and economic duties and regulates their relationships and ties. Since the issue of rights and public freedoms is of great importance in that they are among the pillars on which the Islamic political system is based, and which members of society enjoy within the state, and since the individual and society are intertwined and inseparable, the relationship between the system and the rights and public freedoms of individuals must be regulated. To achieve the objectives of the study, its approach is based on objective analysis as a basic approach to reach the result that all those subject to the Islamic political system enjoy the rights and public freedoms and the rights and private freedoms, regardless the creed and religion. The study also concluded that the tolerance of Islam was not limited to Granting rights and freedoms to Muslims only, and even including non-Muslims with Muslims in many of these rights and freedoms.

Globalization is one of the political terms that became popular, especially after the collapse of the Soviet Union and the emergence of the unipolar system represented by the United States of America. Many intellectuals discussed the definition of globalization, its origins, goals and stages of development, but first we must know what is meant by propaganda and whether propaganda is in the stage of globalization. It has political, economic or social goals and dimensions.

Praise be to Allah, the Lord of the worlds, and peace and blessings be upon our Lord Muhammad and his companions and those who followed them with charity until the day of judgment.
The Quranic verses have indicated the protection and preservation of money and human offspring, and this is clear from the verses that forbid waste and extravagance, and the Prohibition of waste and extravagance is the butt of what was recently called (Sustainable Development), protecting natural resources from waste, and maintaining the health and safety of the soul from waste and extravagance in eating and drinking to preserve the human offspring and preserve money, so the preservation and development of money is achieved in this.
In the research, we dealt with two parts in which saving money and the human soul revolves (the effect of waste and extravagance in natural resources, eating and drinking(
Islam forbids extravagance, extravagance and vilification of the doer, and commands moderation, economy, moderation and moderation in daily life, and forbids nothing except harm to the individual and society.
The extravagance and waste of Natural Resources leads to their waste - water, oil and its derivatives, forests, animals, fish and electricity - which are the elements of the life of the individual and society, and this in turn leads to poverty, deprivation of the individual and society and the loss of the rights of others.
And the extravagance of wasteful eating and drinking is harmful to human health and a waste of money. (eat, drink, and do not go astray. he does not like wasteful people.) (usages/31)
This verse shows the preservation of health by food and drink, when an individual ends up eating and drinking excessively; because it leads to serious diseases, a good example is obesity, heart disease and gastrointestinal tract.
The Prophet Muhammad ( peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) explained this to us in what was narrated about Al-Muqaddam Ibn Ma'di as the Lord, may Allaah be pleased with him, who said: I heard the messenger of Allaah (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) saying: (no human being has filled an evil vessel from the belly, according to the son of Adam, the eaters are doing his crucifixion, if it is inevitable, then a third for his food, a third for his drink, and a third for himself). (al-Tirmidhi,1998, with the number (2380) and said: Hadith is good).
Our research has required to be divided into three investigations:
First: definition of search terms ( development, sustainability, waste, Extravagance).
The second is the wasteful waste of Natural Resources and their depletion and its impact on Sustainable Development.
And the third: extravagance and waste in eating and drinking, loss of blessings, harm to health and its impact on Sustainable Development.
Then the conclusion with the most important results, research sources and references.

Literature, especially poetry, is a fertile land for science and knowledge, and it is holistic by its horizons and perceptions, as it is inspired by issues and topics that fit its identity and works to adapt it in different ways to benefit from it and make it the center of its care. So, it is a title that does not separate from philosophy in its various dimensions and affects. It is influenced by the amount of awareness available and desired. It takes from them general concepts and cross-cutting issues and moves away from the allocation, techniques and proofs that are the basis of its basic work. Despite the great caution in dealing and integration, the distance remains close between them, which generates a pattern of new ideas that combine feelings and controls. Also, we decided to study the value of this property of the philosophical thought in the poetry of the companions based on the theory of deliberative arguments, through which we will reveal the depth of thought and that the features of its composition to change the knowledge of the settlement in the minds of the recipient, according to this the research plan is the following :
Introduction: The deliberation of arguments: We talked about it in the power of arguments to correct ideas, restore and benefit from them through maneuvering and direction methods .
The first chapter: The arguments of justification: We have shed light on the arguments of the premises, taking into account the conditions, shrines and power, and we have explained its role in presenting the philosophical thought of the Companions .
The second chapter: The arguments of proof: in which we talked about the arguments of proof in the Holy Qur’an and the citation of proverbs and customs, and we explained their role in forming concepts and refining them from additions.

Studying health indicators in Iraq is one of the main components of achieving comprehensive development, and this has an impact on providing services to the population. Health indicators are also important standards for measuring levels of sustainable development, and any defect or deficiency in these services has negative repercussions on human life. The research is focused Regarding identifying health indicators and the degree of their application to some social standards that determine infant mortality, maternal mortality, children under the age of five, and the index of longevity. The aim of this research is to identify an indicator of sustainable development, which is the indicator of health development and the extent to which it achieves its goals on the ground in various aspects. Human life, as well as highlighting the spatial disparity between the Iraqi governorates and then analyzing and interpreting this disparity within the framework of health indicators. We have relied on data issued by the Ministry of Planning for the years 2016 and 2023. In this research, population growth indicators were studied and health indicators that include deaths were reviewed. Children, maternal mortality, life expectancy, and the effect of income on maternal mortality. Statistical methods were also used to measure the relationship and correlation between health indicators.

The argumentative theory seeks to reveal the means that operate in the language which has the effect of persuading the addressee (the recipient) and attracting him to what the addressee tends. This theory finds that the discourse contains a persuasive aspect, even if it is hidden. One of these methods is metonymy that the ancients used in language at all levels. Today, we take it from the point of view of argument to perform the task of attracting the attention of the recipient and convincing him of what is presented to him. It is through it the souls can be revealed and try to persuade others. The metonymy represents one of the technical means that possess expressive capabilities that enriches the meaning and raises it using a sound way in which it leaves the feature of presence and increases both persuasion and influence. The research originated its roots in the theoretical aspect of the most recent quotations of argument and rhetoric in ancient times. It comes as an application to reveal the use of metonymy as arguments in Shawqi’s poetry selecting samples of his poetry in the form of poems or verses or stanzas that highlight the basic idea of the text. The effect of metonymy which is used in his poetry is one of the means of persuasion.

This research, from the beginning of the manuscript, to the mention of what was mentioned about honey and its blessing, contained twenty hadiths from the Prophet, may God bless him and grant him peace, and his companions, may God be pleased with them. The study concluded that there are ten authentic hadiths, eight weak hadiths, and two fabricated hadiths. If I do not find any, the ruling is valid. Among the scholars, I ruled on the chain of transmission of the hadith, briefly explaining the conditions of its narrators according to the scholars of jarh and ta’deel.

Looking into new emergences such as showing the Islamic judgment regarding marriage through social media is an important matter. Bounding is the opposite of separating. Technically, the term could be general and specific. Marriage means connecting and integrating, and technically, it means the right of both spouses to enjoy each other in accordance with Shariaa Law. Marriage can not be true without its pillars and conditions. Social media are a means through which convey an image, a voice, or both. Marriage through social media is not free of danger or weaknesses. Hence why Muslim scholars disagree on this matter on different levels.

The author considers Sheikh al-Hanafi one of the scholars of his time. He took knowledge from the great scholars, the first of whom was his father, who grew up and was raised by him. He took knowledge from him and the sheikhs of his time, and he became a teacher in the schools of Bursa and Edirne. His interpretation is considered among the Important books of interpretation, as it contains valuable and useful sciences. It contains: interpretation, grammar, rhetoric, readings, and other sciences. The author followed a good and clear approach in his interpretation, as he began the surah by mentioning its name, whether it is Meccan or Medinan, and the reason for it. Its revelation, and in his interpretation, he paid attention to the school of interpretation based on the hadiths. He also mentioned the interpretation based on opinion. He cited the sayings of commentators such as Al-Baydawi, Al-Thaalabi, and Al-Samarqandi. His interpretation was distinguished by mentioning narrations with lessons. It also contained indicative interpretation, as the author followed a good scientific approach in his interpretation. Explanation, citation, and reasoning, and he paid attention to mentioning jokes in grammar, morphology, and rhetoric.

The science of Maqasid is one of the sciences that are relied upon in understanding the texts of the Shari'ah, as it is an important part of the science of the fundamentals of jurisprudence, and it is known that the fundamentals are of great importance: The scholars of the Shari'ah have been interested in the science of Maqasid in order to establish and standardize it, and the pioneer of this science was the blessed Abu Ishaq al-Shatibi(1), who compiled his book Al-Muwafaqat, and in our modern era it is correct to call Al-Tahir Ibn Ashur the renewer of this science, and because of the importance of this science in knowing the secrets and rulings for which The secrets and wisdom for which some rulings were enacted, including the provisions of zakat, I reviewed the book Fath al-Qadir by Kamal ibn al-Hammam al-Hanafi (the book of zakat) as much as I could and extracted the wisdom and purposes, and I found that the purposes of the legislation of zakat are four that Kamal ibn al-Hammam explicitly mentioned in his book Fath al-Qadir, and these partial purposes are as follows: To save money in this world and the hereafter, to purify the soul from the filth of stinginess and disobedience, to thank for the blessing, and to test the rich.

Intention is the basis of actions and distinguishing actions, and through it a person’s thought is settled regarding go away . Either the womb is hidden and only God Almighty can see it, or it is apparent. In all of that, the eminent scholars addressed these stations with their guidance and efforts from what they understood from the Holy Qur’an and the fragrant Sunnah of the Prophet .
Among these stations is the ruling on intention in ablution and pronouncing it. According to the Hanafi masters, the ruling is that it is Sunnah and it is permissible to pronounce it to help the heart. As for the Shafi’i masters, the ruling is that it is obligatory, and pronouncing it is permissible if it helps the heart at that time.

After these distinguished scholars, the banner of vocal lesson was carried by eminent scholars who followed in the footsteps of the predecessors, studying their efforts and interpreting their sayings. Among them was Dr. Khalil Ibrahim Al-Attiyah, who had a sober style, a solid texture, and the courage to present his opinions based on expertise and experience, which enabled him to know the features of the vocal approach, which is summarized in Most of the Arab phonetic studies fall within the science of phonetics. Because it includes the study of the anatomical formation of the speech apparatus, and the elements of sound at the level of the human group, it also includes some aspects of phonology, including the laws of affect and influence, stress and intonation, and the length and shortness of the sound

The study of the morphometric characteristics of the water drainage basins is one of the important indicators of the course of geomorphic processes in the region and the time period that these basins have reached in terms of their erosional and sedimentological capacity in order to develop and highlight economic plans. Accordingly, the Zawa region in northern Iraq was chosen, which is part of the region. Investment tourism for the purpose of determining their morphometric characteristics through quantitative analysis and the use of modern technologies using geographical information systems programs (Arc GIS Desktop 10.8). The morphometrics of the basins of the Zawa region in northern Iraq were studied, and the following standard coefficients were revealed: Areal characteristics (the total area of the basins is 69.19 km). (The actual length of the basins is 75.17 km). (Ideal length is 65.31 km). (Total width of the basins is 18.62 km). (The total circumference of the basins is 205.51 km). As for the formal characteristics, they were (the roundness of the basins ranged between 0.74 - 0.24). (The elongation ratio of the basins ranged between 0.66 - 1). (The shape factor of the basins ranged between 0.16 and 0.80). (The ocean cohesion ratio for the basins was limited to between 1.16 - 2.08). While the topographic characteristics were (the ratio of indentation ranged between 34.11 - 216.76). (Hyposometric integration rate of 0.02). (The ruggedness value recorded ratios between 0.52 - 1.29). Then finally came the characteristics of the water drainage network (the order of the basins is second-order basins and third-order basins). (Number of sewers: 126). (Length of sewers: 139.94 km). (bifurcation ratio 3.30). (Deflection coefficient 1.14) (Longitudinal drainage density1.95). (Numerical density 1.88). These results contribute to preparing a small part of a comprehensive database of water basins in the Zawah region that can be used in developing the region, especially since it is considered a tourist area.

This research provides important information about writing and writers in the Arab-Islamic civilization, Islam in general and the Prophet (peace be upon him) in particular interested in writing and writers and encouraged to learn them as they are the main pillar of his establishment.
The Almighty said in the first verse revealed to the Messenger (peace be upon him): Q1ra1 by 1 A.D., Your Lord who created, created 1 human being from 1 hung, 1 Q1 and your Lord.
We note that this verse encouraged reading and writing by referring to the pen, which is the writing tool, so the Islamic state gave great attention to writers who are considered one of its most important employees and the research has shown their great role in the state, then a statement of their varieties and the development that has occurred to their tools and talk about their most prominent qualities and methods of training and the most important rights they enjoyed under the Islamic state and this research came in an attempt to shed Light on this important category that played an important role in the development of state institutions.

The research aimed to identify factors to raise the attainment of students of education colleges from the point of view of their teaching in the light of some variables, and the research sample formed from (210) Teaching and teaching staff members who are permanent owners at the faculties of education at Mosul University for the academic year (2021-2022), selected at random from the departments of pure and human education faculties, to achieve the objective of the research and to not provide a ready scale to the extent of the researchers' knowledge, a measure of the factors for raising the attainment of students of education colleges by six basic factors, including paragraphs by the nature of each worker and becoming a final component of (41) A paragraph followed by five alternatives, and after presenting the instrument to a panel of arbitrators to ascertain its suitability, the researchers verified its honesty and consistency and its final form became a component of (34) A paragraph, after which the measure was applied to the individuals of the research sample, and after the collection and statistical analysis of the data, the researchers reached the following findings:
1. Agreement in the views of the faculty of education faculty members that all factors are important and necessary to raise the level of students' achievement and cannot be dispensed with both in general.
2. The different views of faculty of education faculty members on the factors of raising students' achievement according to gender variables (male, female), specialization (scientific, humanitarian) and service (five years old, less than five years old).
3.There is no difference of statistical function at an indicative level (0.05) in the factors of raising students' achievement from the point of view of teaching staff according to gender variables (male, female), specialization (scientific, humanitarian) and service (five years less, more than five years).
At the end of the experiment, the two researchers came up with a set of conclusions, including that the teaching staff of the faculties of education at Mosul University compile the importance of most factors that contribute to raising their student's attainment level and consider it a top priority. The researchers recommended several recommendations and proposed similar future studies that reveal the correlation between attainment and other variables.

This study examined the partial objectives in the form of the contract. It is the pillar of sale according to the Hanafi imams, as it is an objective rule that carries within it many partial legal objectives. The one who examines the general foundations and general principles on which financial transactions and contracts are based will find the rule of considering satisfaction one of the greatest principles and the most important foundations upon which the wise Sharia built the solution of exchanging money and rights. Because of it, the transfer of benefits and assets between the contracting parties was justified by way of compensation or donation, and the basis for the transfer of funds and legitimate rights is that they are issued by the consent of the contracting parties and obtained willingly from both of them. The wealth of a Muslim person is not permissible except with his consent and choice. Based on that, rules and reasons emerge from this rule, including preventing disputes, removing disputes, and achieving exchange on the basis of justice, benevolence, kindness, and interest, away from the forms of deception, deceit, deception, deception, deception, concealment, and everything else that causes hatred. And hostility between the contracting parties, and thus the goal of saving money is achieved.

The approach of the Prophet, may God bless him and grant him peace, and the Companions in fulfilling the covenant
Before Islam, good morals prevailed in Arab society in terms of values, principles, and virtues, such as generosity, courage, help, chivalry, neighborliness, fulfillment of covenants, and other good morals. When Islam came, it recognized those virtues and praised those who possess them, and the Prophet, may God bless him and grant him peace, explained that his mission came to complete what was lacking. Arabs are among those noble qualities, and among the virtuous qualities and good qualities was fulfilling a covenant, which was the characteristic that adorned the Arabs before and after Islam, as it became one of the legal duties due to its praiseworthy effect and desired virtue. History has recorded many situations and deeds regarding fulfilling a covenant, which contain lessons and sermons. It is one of the virtuous values that deserves to be recognized, praised, and raised by the Muslim generation.

This research tagged "The Book of Capital of Nadim by Abu Abbas Al-Qashi (D. 510 A.H. / 1116 A.D.) as a historical source" aims to display the book and analyze its content and indicate its importance as a source for the study of Islamic history in different historical periods without Al-Qashi in his book, and there is no doubt that such studies are matters of care because of the importance they carry in the statement of the authors' approach in their books and the analysis of what they contained of scientific material, and this research is only an attempt to participate in these studies hoping that We add to the heritage of our libraries what is new and original, where the study deals with the definition of the book "Capitals of Nadim "In terms of naming and proving the attribution of the book to its work, analyzing the introduction and conclusion of the book, describing the manuscript of the book and its editions, indicating its historical and scientific importance, and the reasons for its authorship.

The current study includes an introduction and two sections . The introduction deals with the poetics of the place. It also contains a definition for both poetics and place . the first section accounts for the habitual place and what it represents on dispersed places in the novel. The second section concerns the negative place which is considered a scene for intermingled events and a reflection for different experienced by different characters in the situations novel.
Tatran is a very important work among Nassir's works whether they are novels ,short stories or eritcism. It is translated to different languages in addition to its abundance with literary content. It tackles interaction among different civilizations and the underground world as well as the curbed losses and wishes shown by the character's movement right from the hero to other characters who affect or are affected by fictional representation in the textual content throughout the novel pages.

Anyone who follows the role of women in Islamic history will find that there are many women who had prominent roles and contributions in various Sharia sciences, which had an impact on advancement and scientific and cultural progress. A group of women emerged whose role in caring for the Sharia sciences had to be demonstrated.
The study dealt with clarifying the role and status of women in the Islamic sciences in terms of learning and teaching. Through our research, we found that women had a share in studying and working in Sharia sciences in Iraq and the Levant during the sixth and seventh centuries.

The study of educational services is one of the necessary and extremely important topics that is no less important than other community services such as health, recreational, and other services, because they are the real beginning for developing the individual’s artistic capabilities because of the upbringing and preparation of a conscious, educated generation that has the actual ability to develop society and build its cultural renaissance .
Therefore, the two researchers crystallized the idea of evaluating the efficiency of secondary education services because it is considered one of the important educational stages that the student of this stage passes through. The city of Kufa was chosen as a study area because it is considered the second city in terms of importance in the Al-Najaf Governorate. The research included three sections, the first of which came as a theoretical and conceptual guide. For research, while the second examined the geographical distribution of secondary schools in the city of Kufa, the third dealt with evaluating the efficiency of secondary education services in the city, based on educational, demographic and cadastral standards, as well as measuring the efficiency of geographical distribution using the nearest neighbor presumption, standard distance, the direction of the geographical distribution of this service, and defining areas. The impact of secondary schools in the city. This was done with the help of a geographic information systems program. The research reached a number of conclusions, the most important of which is the variation in spatial distribution of secondary schools at the level of neighborhoods in the city of Kufa, and the variation in secondary education services in the city compared to the aforementioned standards. They are efficient when compared to some standards and others. Efficient compared to other standards .
 

Social policies across the world indicate that investing in youth is an effective and equitable system. The Iraqi society, being youthful, represents a positive aspect of participation in the developmental process and the reduction of vulnerabilities faced by youth politically, economically, socially, and culturally. Expanding interventions to empower and enhance sustainability and equity, fostering social capital, and strengthening youth capacities to meet their livelihood needs are crucial for ensuring the sustainability of developmental roles. The current study does not cover all aspects of youth and their role in development, nor their social, economic, and political conditions, but it aims to address the gap in the available information about them. It reflects fundamental developmental indicators in their lives, the supportive environment and culture, and the policies needed for their empowerment. Additionally, it provides a set of options that could contribute to enhancing development and sustainability opportunities.
The study concluded several key findings, including:
- Providing training and development for youth to enable them to face challenges, market demands, and changes at the economic, political, and social levels.
- Reforming and developing the education system and ensuring that educational outputs are aligned with the labor market.
- Expanding youth options to achieve gender parity in the workplace.

This research is concerned with the diversity of clean energy sources or alternative energy, as the diversity of clean energy sources today is considered one of the basic requirements for developing sustainability to build the strength of the contemporary state and its positive impact on addressing the sufficiency of the need for electric energy production as a result of the increasing demand for it and contributing to reducing negative climate change and sustaining development. Sustainable clean energy for humanity, thus preserving public health by being an environmentally friendly source, Accordingly, countries interested in the clean energy transition seek to hold wide-ranging dialogues among themselves, as well as to communicate with the opinions of the United Nations World Organization to reach reliance on strategic plans in order to reach the development of energy with low or no carbon emissions and that does not pollute the environment. These clean energies are diverse in their sources, the most important of which are: The most important of them are (solar energy - wind energy - hydroelectric energy, geothermal energy and others), and relying on them contributes to the shift towards modern development of alternative or clean energy and the transition from the old traditional energy, which is fossil fuel energy.

Praise be to Allah, Lord of the worlds, and peace and prayers be upon our Prophet Muhammad and his companions and followers with charity until the day of judgment
The sustainable development aspect of Islamic legislation has an unparalleled interest because it is based on an infallible revelation to what was based on the consideration of the effort in which the greatest share, and hence the different comparative jurisprudence emerged in the perception of judgment derived from its sources, the source is infallible but the beholder is prone to error.
If we take a closer look at what was revealed from the Qur'an or the Sunnah that is true for the elderly, general frameworks and clear foundations on which to build a sincere, sustainable development and everyone is in the interest of the slave, and we find this evident in the words of the maqasids that the legislation came to collect the interests of slaves and pay off the harm from them, and a closer look at the purposes of the legislation from the point of view of the obligation to act or should be left to be sure that each of its commands came to collect interests either public or private, all that we forbid came to pay public or private spoilage. To represent this fact, we chose to write about sustainable development as an art during two legislations, the first (the inviolability of Riba) and the second (the imposition of Zakat). the first is a vivid example of the inviolability of something that has always pushed the owners of money to eat the money of people in need, and the second is obvious to the spirit of community solidarity that pushes the rich to share his money with those who are in need of people to raise the standard of living from nowhere to sufficiency or even to wealth. in the papers of this research, he presented these facts scattered in the pages of the book revelations and Sunnah.

The present research deals with the Arabic deceptive language used by advertisers within a pragmatic framework. It tackles the problem related to the tricks used by advertisers in presenting their advertisements in an attempt to affect their consumers' perceptions. Thus, it aims to reveal the different types of speech acts used by advertisers in presenting their advertisements and the ways through which these presented speech acts can be effectively deceptive. It hypothesizes that different types of speech acts are used by advertisers in presenting their deceptive advertisements and the assertive speech act is the most frequent type of speech acts used by advertisers to fulfill their deceptive aim.To achieve the aim of the study and to test its hypotheses, two independent models have been adopted for data analysis. The first one is the "deception by implication" model by Hastak and Mazis (2011); it is concerned with identifying deceptive claims. This model has been applied to 400 advertisement claims related to different types of products collected through an observation method from different sources. The second model is represented by Searle's speech act theory (1979) ; it is concerned with identifying the different types of speech acts used in deceptive advertisements. The methodology of the study has been designed by following the exploratory mixed approach through which both qualitative analysis and quantitative analysis have been applied to the collected data. The study has arrived at two conclusions: first, it concludes that all types of speech acts are used by advertisers in presenting their deceptive ads. The second conclusion reveals that assertive speech act is the most frequent type of speech acts used by advertisers in presenting their claims.

Many studies on pragmatic competence have analyzed the pragmatics of different groups exploring the importance of the language's global reach. Moreover, since English as a Foreign Language (EFL) is prevalent in non-English-speaking countries, its use often remains limited to specific functions. Despite grammatical proficiency, fluency and competence may not be automatic, as learners often encounter pragmatic errors and struggle with sociocultural nuances upon encountering non-standard English expressions. The present study examines how EFL and ESL groups perform the speech act of requests in English, compared to native speakers of English (NSE). A purposive snowball sample comprising 18 Badini Kurdish EFL learners, 14 Badini Kurdish ESL learners, and 10 NSEs participated in the study. The data set was created by collecting utterances of requests in English using a quantitative research method, that is, a discourse-completion task (DCT) with nine scenarios of requests. Their pragmatic features were classified, quantified, and analyzed based on the classifications established by Blum-Kulka et al. (1989). The findings of the ESL and NSE groups showed more similarities in terms of directness, politeness standards, and modifications when compared to the EFL group. The research showed that social factors such as power and social distance impact participants' speech act of requests.

Adopting anti-discourse against the stereotypical images of black women is Rita Dove’s strategy to defend her people’s rights. She used her poetry to reshape the blacks’ programmed identity imposed by the whites. Her poetry has been visited by different researchers. However, her poetic anti-discourse is rarely tackled within Foucault’s Theory of Transgression (1963). Thus, the study examines the strategies of rebellion of Dove in “Heart to Heart” and “The Bistro Styx” (2016) in light of Foucault’s Theory of Transgression. Following a descriptive qualitative analysis, the study utilizes Foucault’s concept of Discontinuity as a tool for data analysis. The concept relies on the contrast of two ideas to create an opposition for the main institutional discourse, through which the Blacks can celebrate their heritage. The study concludes that through differentiation between the traditional and nontraditional views, Dove de-stereotypes the blacks as inferiors to the whites. The resisting technique in “Heart to Heart” is presented via introducing unconventional definition of the heart that exceeds the heart’s definition as a site of emotions only. Likewise, Dove in “The Bistro Styx” presents Persephone as a rebellious African-American woman who defies traditional white-man norms choosing her independent lifestyle. The study de-mystifies the white-made fabrications against the blacks, equalizing them to their made-up masters.

Genre analysis has been widely investigated from various theoretical and practical perspectives. Genre analysis was found to play an essential role in building up a coherent text and speech at the structural and functional levels. The proper way of producing discourse, spoken or written, structurally and functionally enables hearers/readers to comprehend information presented in the text easily and effectively. Due to its importance in written and spoken discourse, Genre analysis includes various approaches to examine the linguistic forms and functions of discourse. In this regard, three prominent approaches were reviewed: the English for Specific Purpose Approach (ESP), the Systemic Functional Linguistics Approach (SFL), and the New-Rhetorical Approach. Although these three approaches have widely been used, they were not without theoretical and practical limitations. The present study aims to provide a critical review of these approaches as used in various types of contexts. This investigation highlighted their strengths, weaknesses, applicability and suitability for analysing various types of spoken and written discourses. Despite the huge variance between the three approaches, the review showed they complete each other. While the discourse-coherence approach answers the role of these markers in creating discourse coherence, the relevance-based approach demonstrates with evidence that these markers are necessary tools in the hand of speakers to control the direction of their speech and how this speech can be interpreted whether semantically or pragmatically by hearers.
 

The current study reviews two prominent approaches within the realm of critical linguistics, Critical Discourse Analysis and Critical Stylistics. It is known that Critical Stylistics and Critical Discourse unearth ideologies represented in the texts. These approaches are used in a wide manner to involve, as much as it is possible, various types of discourse. The present study aims to provide a critical review of these two approaches as used in different types of contexts. Also, it aims to show the differences and similarities between them. The review explained that these two approaches complete each other even though there is huge variation between the two approaches. While Critical Discourse Analysis answers to analyze language in terms of its socio-political dimensions, Critical Stylistics demonstrates with evidence that it uses the co-text (i.e., linguistic context) when referring to the concept of context. Both of these two approaches are necessary for the hand of the critical analyst to language. Due to that, this study traces the diversity and usefulness of those two approaches. The finding shows that Critical Discourse Analysis emphasizes power relations in opposition to Critical Stylistics.

This study embarks on a critical discourse analysis (CDA) of Abu Bakr’s inauguration speech. It aims to uncover the underlying ideologies and textual as well as discursive strategies employed by the first Caliph of Islam. Employing an eclectic model predominantly based on Fairclough’s three-dimensional framework, the analysis delves into the textual strategies, including the use of ideologically contested words, meaning relations, and transitivity, while also exploring discursive strategies such as presupposition and intertextuality. The study reveals that Abu Bakr’s speech is intertextual with other religious texts and characterized by positively oriented ideologies that emphasize social justice, equality, leadership humility, accountability, and obedience to Allah.